The document discusses how cold temperatures can negatively impact operator performance and safety in vehicle cabs. Cold temperatures can cause loss of feeling, stiffness, and reduced grip strength in hands and fingers. It can also lead to hypothermia. To address this, vehicle cabs need to be designed to maintain warm temperatures, control airflow and humidity, and provide features like heated seats, steering wheels, and windows. The cab and external areas also need space for bulky cold weather gear and to prevent snow and ice accumulation on walkways and controls. An effective heating system is important but not enough - the full operating environment needs consideration to ensure operator comfort, health and productivity in cold conditions.
Are you doing everything you can to minimize your workers’ exposure to heat-related illnesses? Does your company have a heat illness prevention program in place? We’ve go you covered with these tips and guidelines for keeping your workers safe and productive during these hot summer days.
Working in the cold can be dangerous if you don’t take the necessary precautions to keep your body warm and dry on the construction site. These 10 tips will help you and your employees work safely and more effectively in frosty weather conditions.
This document provides winter safety tips across several areas: cold exposure, walking, driving, home safety, holidays, snow removal, recreation, and seasonal affective disorder. Key tips include dressing in layers and covering exposed skin to avoid cold injury, having emergency supplies for cars, checking home heating systems and installing smoke detectors with fresh batteries, using caution with decorations and fire hazards during holidays, wearing protective gear and riding safely during winter recreation, and getting outdoor exercise and sunlight to avoid seasonal depression.
The document provides information on winter driving safety. It discusses adverse weather conditions like black ice, snow and fog and their effects on traction and visibility. It also covers cold weather injuries, preventive vehicle maintenance, driving techniques for conditions like ice and snow, and communication techniques like using turn signals and adjusting speed based on conditions. Preventive measures include dressing in layers, maintaining proper tire pressure and fluid levels, and driving defensively by allowing extra space between vehicles.
This document from the Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program discusses heat stress and provides information on heat-related illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It notes that heat stroke can be fatal and that hundreds die from heat-related illnesses in the United States each year. The document outlines risk factors for heat illness, signs and symptoms, and treatment recommendations. It also briefly discusses cold stress and hypothermia.
Thermal agents such as cryotherapy use cold temperatures to provide therapeutic benefits to injuries. Cold application causes vasoconstriction, reduces inflammation and pain, and decreases cell metabolism, allowing tissues to survive with less oxygen. The optimal temperature range for cryotherapy is between 32-65°F. Applying ice for 10-30 minutes can reduce skin temperature enough to provide benefits like analgesia or reduce intra-articular temperatures in joints. Precautions must be taken with certain medical conditions or injuries. Overall, cryotherapy facilitates recovery when used appropriately in conjunction with rest, compression, elevation and early movement.
This document summarizes human physiological adaptations to acute cold exposure. It outlines behavioral adaptations like clothing use and physiological adaptations including cutaneous vasoconstriction, increased metabolism, and shivering. The metabolic adaptations help generate heat through processes like shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Certain groups like the elderly or those under the influence of drugs may have reduced ability to adapt to cold.
Exposure to extreme heat or cold can cause hyperthermia or hypothermia in the human body. Hyperthermia refers to high body temperature from heat exposure and can cause heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Hypothermia is low body temperature from cold exposure and can lead to frostbite. Symptoms of hyperthermia include dizziness, nausea, and rapid breathing. Symptoms of hypothermia include shivering, impaired movement, and confusion. Management techniques for hyperthermia involve moving to a cool place, loosening clothing, and giving cool fluids. For hypothermia, techniques include preventing further cooling, replacing wet clothes, and gradually rewarming with blankets or body heat.
Are you doing everything you can to minimize your workers’ exposure to heat-related illnesses? Does your company have a heat illness prevention program in place? We’ve go you covered with these tips and guidelines for keeping your workers safe and productive during these hot summer days.
Working in the cold can be dangerous if you don’t take the necessary precautions to keep your body warm and dry on the construction site. These 10 tips will help you and your employees work safely and more effectively in frosty weather conditions.
This document provides winter safety tips across several areas: cold exposure, walking, driving, home safety, holidays, snow removal, recreation, and seasonal affective disorder. Key tips include dressing in layers and covering exposed skin to avoid cold injury, having emergency supplies for cars, checking home heating systems and installing smoke detectors with fresh batteries, using caution with decorations and fire hazards during holidays, wearing protective gear and riding safely during winter recreation, and getting outdoor exercise and sunlight to avoid seasonal depression.
The document provides information on winter driving safety. It discusses adverse weather conditions like black ice, snow and fog and their effects on traction and visibility. It also covers cold weather injuries, preventive vehicle maintenance, driving techniques for conditions like ice and snow, and communication techniques like using turn signals and adjusting speed based on conditions. Preventive measures include dressing in layers, maintaining proper tire pressure and fluid levels, and driving defensively by allowing extra space between vehicles.
This document from the Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program discusses heat stress and provides information on heat-related illnesses like heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. It notes that heat stroke can be fatal and that hundreds die from heat-related illnesses in the United States each year. The document outlines risk factors for heat illness, signs and symptoms, and treatment recommendations. It also briefly discusses cold stress and hypothermia.
Thermal agents such as cryotherapy use cold temperatures to provide therapeutic benefits to injuries. Cold application causes vasoconstriction, reduces inflammation and pain, and decreases cell metabolism, allowing tissues to survive with less oxygen. The optimal temperature range for cryotherapy is between 32-65°F. Applying ice for 10-30 minutes can reduce skin temperature enough to provide benefits like analgesia or reduce intra-articular temperatures in joints. Precautions must be taken with certain medical conditions or injuries. Overall, cryotherapy facilitates recovery when used appropriately in conjunction with rest, compression, elevation and early movement.
This document summarizes human physiological adaptations to acute cold exposure. It outlines behavioral adaptations like clothing use and physiological adaptations including cutaneous vasoconstriction, increased metabolism, and shivering. The metabolic adaptations help generate heat through processes like shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Certain groups like the elderly or those under the influence of drugs may have reduced ability to adapt to cold.
Exposure to extreme heat or cold can cause hyperthermia or hypothermia in the human body. Hyperthermia refers to high body temperature from heat exposure and can cause heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Hypothermia is low body temperature from cold exposure and can lead to frostbite. Symptoms of hyperthermia include dizziness, nausea, and rapid breathing. Symptoms of hypothermia include shivering, impaired movement, and confusion. Management techniques for hyperthermia involve moving to a cool place, loosening clothing, and giving cool fluids. For hypothermia, techniques include preventing further cooling, replacing wet clothes, and gradually rewarming with blankets or body heat.
Cryotherapy, or the application of cold, can be used to decrease pain, inflammation, and edema. Various methods like ice packs, ice massage, and vapocoolant sprays can be used depending on the body area and desired effects. Precautions must be taken to avoid tissue damage and ensure proper application time based on the goal of treatment and patient factors.
This document discusses heat stress management for workers. It begins by outlining some of the dangers of heat stress, including increased mortality and reduced productivity. It then discusses factors that impact human tolerance to heat like humidity, acclimatization, clothing and health. Several heat stress indices are described, including WBGT, which is the most widely used but has limitations. Guidelines for work-rest regimes using WBGT values are provided. The document emphasizes that heat stress management requires considering both environmental and individual human factors. It suggests weather intelligence tools could help optimize planning to reduce heat risks.
(LTS) Low Temperature Shift Catalyst - Comprehensive OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses low temperature shift catalysts used in hydrogen production plants. It describes the purpose of low temperature shift catalysts in further converting carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide to improve hydrogen yield and remove impurities. It then covers the chemistry, typical operating conditions, factors influencing catalyst activity like temperature profile and poisons, and byproduct formation issues. The document promotes the VSG-C111/112 series as superior catalysts, highlighting their resistance to poisons like sulfur and chloride, low methanol byproduct formation, high activity, and strength properties.
Thermoregulation control of body temperatureAhmad Fauzan
This document discusses thermoregulation and temperature homeostasis in humans. It explains that the core body temperature is tightly regulated at 37°C by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus monitors core temperature using thermoreceptors and activates mechanisms to increase or decrease heat based on negative feedback. When core temperature rises above 37°C, the hypothalamus signals sweat glands to secrete more sweat and dilate blood vessels in the skin to increase heat loss. When core temperature drops below 37°C, the hypothalamus triggers shivering and constricts blood vessels to reduce heat loss and increase heat production. Together, these mechanisms maintain core body temperature within a narrow range.
The document discusses body temperature regulation in humans. It notes that core body temperature normally fluctuates about 1 degree Celsius daily and is lowest in the morning and highest in the late evening. It also outlines the various mechanisms the body uses to regulate temperature, including heat production and loss processes like radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, and sweating.
Forensic medicine the medico-legal autopsyMBBS IMS MSU
The document summarizes the key steps and components of a medico-legal autopsy, including:
1) Obtaining social, medical, and psychiatric history from relatives, medical records, and police reports to understand the context of the death.
2) Identifying the deceased through visual recognition, personal effects, medical records, and fingerprints.
3) Examining the deceased's clothing and personal effects for clues about their lifestyle and the events surrounding their death.
4) Conducting an external examination of the body and documenting any injuries, markings, or other observations.
5) Performing an internal examination of the body to describe any natural diseases, injuries, or other findings.
6) Determining the cause
The Bidani House project demonstrates how to design a climate-responsive building on a constrained urban site. Located in Faridabad's composite climate zone, the house has large temperature swings throughout the year. Key sustainable features include developing the house form around a central courtyard to act as a heat sink, using buffer spaces on the overheated southwestern exposure, allowing solar penetration according to seasonal changes through the building form, and using local stone for thermal mass to moderate temperature swings. The project shows how responsive design is possible even on a fixed small urban site.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
The document discusses air conditioning, including its definition, purpose of controlling human comfort factors, and need for mechanical cooling. It then covers various air conditioning terminology like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point, latent heat, humidity measures, and heat types. The document classifies air conditioners and describes the main parts and working of window air conditioners and split/ductless air conditioners. It discusses cooling capacity, energy efficiency, and energy saving methods for air conditioners.
Refrigeration and air conditioning (21 10-10)Waqas Ali Tunio
This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning. It describes the refrigeration cycle process and different refrigeration methods including non-cyclic, cyclic, vapor compression, and gas cycle refrigeration. It defines a unit of refrigeration and discusses characteristics of refrigerants such as odor, color, boiling point, dangers, and benefits. The document was prepared by mechanical engineering students at Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology in Pakistan.
It is important to protect your hand from burns cuts, puncture injuries, and impact injuries but what people often forget about is the cold. This info graphic explains the importance of protecting your hands from cold temperatures and how to do it.
1) The document presents an experimental study on reducing frost accumulation in a refrigerator evaporator coil by applying a 662 S-silicone grease coating.
2) Experiments were conducted with varying water loads kept in the refrigerator over time periods of 25, 50, and 75 hours, with and without the silicone grease coating on the evaporator. Less frost accumulated on the coated evaporator across all experiments.
3) The silicone grease coating is proposed to reduce frost accumulation due to its smooth, low-temperature resistant, and non-wetting properties which allow water droplets to easily roll off the surface. Reducing frost accumulation could improve refrigerator performance and efficiency.
IRJET- The Modern Refrigerator System for Busy PeopleIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed modern refrigerator system that can automatically close the door after a period of time. It aims to reduce electricity consumption and power costs by not leaving the door open unnecessarily. The system uses a CMOS image sensor and signal analysis to detect when objects are in front of the door and prevent closing. If no signal disruption is detected after 5 minutes, the door would close on its own using a stepper motor. The system seeks to address issues with existing fridges leaving doors open too long, wasting energy and resources.
This document provides information about window air conditioners, including their parts, working principles, advantages, and classification of air conditioners more broadly. It describes the key components of a window AC unit, including the refrigeration system (compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator), air circulation system (blower, fans), and control system. It explains the two air cycles in a window AC: the room air cycle where hot room air is filtered, cooled by the evaporator, and blown into the room, and the hot air cycle where heat is transferred from the condenser to the outside air. Window ACs are classified as unitary or packed systems that are convenient and inexpensive but use more energy than other options.
This document provides guidance on keeping staff safe during winter weather. It covers regulations regarding workplace temperatures and conditions. Employers should assess risks posed by cold weather, such as hypothermia and frostbite. Layers of appropriate clothing, breaks in heated areas, and prevention of slips are recommended. Regular breaks, access to warm drinks, and training workers to recognize symptoms of overexposure can help keep staff safe in winter.
This document provides an introduction and overview of refrigeration and air conditioning. It defines refrigeration as removing heat from a space where it is unwanted and transferring it to the surrounding environment. It then discusses the history and development of refrigeration technology. It also defines air conditioning as simultaneously controlling temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and air motion. Finally, it provides examples of applications of refrigeration and air conditioning in various industrial and residential settings.
HERE IS THE COMPLETE ASSIGNMENT REPORT OF HUMIDITY ITS TYPES AND ITS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
I HAVE ALSO UPLOADED A POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON THE SAME TOPIC MUST SEE IT ALSO
The document provides information about automotive air conditioning systems. It describes the basic components and functions of an A/C system, including the compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve, and refrigerant. It explains how each component works to lower the temperature of incoming air and circulate refrigerant gas. The document also discusses specific components like internally-equalized and externally-equalized expansion valves, as well as potential issues that can arise in the condenser and evaporator coils.
This document discusses the importance of humidity control and humidification. Maintaining proper humidity levels indoors is important for human comfort, equipment performance, and material preservation. Improper humidity can damage materials and equipment or cause discomfort. The document outlines key humidity concepts like relative humidity and dew point. It explains how humidification can enhance indoor environments while also saving energy by reducing moisture absorption from other sources.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document compares the cooling properties of a locally formulated radiator coolant (Sample C) to water (Sample A) and a commercial coolant (Sample B). Sample C had the highest boiling point at 110°C, followed by Sample B at 101°C, then Sample A (water) at 100°C. This means Sample C can absorb more heat before boiling over. Sample C also had the highest specific heat capacity at 4238 Jkg-1K-1, providing better heat absorption than the other samples. The locally formulated Sample C performed best in raising the boiling point and absorbing heat, indicating it can cool engines more effectively than the other coolants tested.
Cryotherapy, or the application of cold, can be used to decrease pain, inflammation, and edema. Various methods like ice packs, ice massage, and vapocoolant sprays can be used depending on the body area and desired effects. Precautions must be taken to avoid tissue damage and ensure proper application time based on the goal of treatment and patient factors.
This document discusses heat stress management for workers. It begins by outlining some of the dangers of heat stress, including increased mortality and reduced productivity. It then discusses factors that impact human tolerance to heat like humidity, acclimatization, clothing and health. Several heat stress indices are described, including WBGT, which is the most widely used but has limitations. Guidelines for work-rest regimes using WBGT values are provided. The document emphasizes that heat stress management requires considering both environmental and individual human factors. It suggests weather intelligence tools could help optimize planning to reduce heat risks.
(LTS) Low Temperature Shift Catalyst - Comprehensive OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses low temperature shift catalysts used in hydrogen production plants. It describes the purpose of low temperature shift catalysts in further converting carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide to improve hydrogen yield and remove impurities. It then covers the chemistry, typical operating conditions, factors influencing catalyst activity like temperature profile and poisons, and byproduct formation issues. The document promotes the VSG-C111/112 series as superior catalysts, highlighting their resistance to poisons like sulfur and chloride, low methanol byproduct formation, high activity, and strength properties.
Thermoregulation control of body temperatureAhmad Fauzan
This document discusses thermoregulation and temperature homeostasis in humans. It explains that the core body temperature is tightly regulated at 37°C by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus monitors core temperature using thermoreceptors and activates mechanisms to increase or decrease heat based on negative feedback. When core temperature rises above 37°C, the hypothalamus signals sweat glands to secrete more sweat and dilate blood vessels in the skin to increase heat loss. When core temperature drops below 37°C, the hypothalamus triggers shivering and constricts blood vessels to reduce heat loss and increase heat production. Together, these mechanisms maintain core body temperature within a narrow range.
The document discusses body temperature regulation in humans. It notes that core body temperature normally fluctuates about 1 degree Celsius daily and is lowest in the morning and highest in the late evening. It also outlines the various mechanisms the body uses to regulate temperature, including heat production and loss processes like radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, and sweating.
Forensic medicine the medico-legal autopsyMBBS IMS MSU
The document summarizes the key steps and components of a medico-legal autopsy, including:
1) Obtaining social, medical, and psychiatric history from relatives, medical records, and police reports to understand the context of the death.
2) Identifying the deceased through visual recognition, personal effects, medical records, and fingerprints.
3) Examining the deceased's clothing and personal effects for clues about their lifestyle and the events surrounding their death.
4) Conducting an external examination of the body and documenting any injuries, markings, or other observations.
5) Performing an internal examination of the body to describe any natural diseases, injuries, or other findings.
6) Determining the cause
The Bidani House project demonstrates how to design a climate-responsive building on a constrained urban site. Located in Faridabad's composite climate zone, the house has large temperature swings throughout the year. Key sustainable features include developing the house form around a central courtyard to act as a heat sink, using buffer spaces on the overheated southwestern exposure, allowing solar penetration according to seasonal changes through the building form, and using local stone for thermal mass to moderate temperature swings. The project shows how responsive design is possible even on a fixed small urban site.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
The document discusses air conditioning, including its definition, purpose of controlling human comfort factors, and need for mechanical cooling. It then covers various air conditioning terminology like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point, latent heat, humidity measures, and heat types. The document classifies air conditioners and describes the main parts and working of window air conditioners and split/ductless air conditioners. It discusses cooling capacity, energy efficiency, and energy saving methods for air conditioners.
Refrigeration and air conditioning (21 10-10)Waqas Ali Tunio
This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning. It describes the refrigeration cycle process and different refrigeration methods including non-cyclic, cyclic, vapor compression, and gas cycle refrigeration. It defines a unit of refrigeration and discusses characteristics of refrigerants such as odor, color, boiling point, dangers, and benefits. The document was prepared by mechanical engineering students at Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology in Pakistan.
It is important to protect your hand from burns cuts, puncture injuries, and impact injuries but what people often forget about is the cold. This info graphic explains the importance of protecting your hands from cold temperatures and how to do it.
1) The document presents an experimental study on reducing frost accumulation in a refrigerator evaporator coil by applying a 662 S-silicone grease coating.
2) Experiments were conducted with varying water loads kept in the refrigerator over time periods of 25, 50, and 75 hours, with and without the silicone grease coating on the evaporator. Less frost accumulated on the coated evaporator across all experiments.
3) The silicone grease coating is proposed to reduce frost accumulation due to its smooth, low-temperature resistant, and non-wetting properties which allow water droplets to easily roll off the surface. Reducing frost accumulation could improve refrigerator performance and efficiency.
IRJET- The Modern Refrigerator System for Busy PeopleIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed modern refrigerator system that can automatically close the door after a period of time. It aims to reduce electricity consumption and power costs by not leaving the door open unnecessarily. The system uses a CMOS image sensor and signal analysis to detect when objects are in front of the door and prevent closing. If no signal disruption is detected after 5 minutes, the door would close on its own using a stepper motor. The system seeks to address issues with existing fridges leaving doors open too long, wasting energy and resources.
This document provides information about window air conditioners, including their parts, working principles, advantages, and classification of air conditioners more broadly. It describes the key components of a window AC unit, including the refrigeration system (compressor, condenser, expansion valve, evaporator), air circulation system (blower, fans), and control system. It explains the two air cycles in a window AC: the room air cycle where hot room air is filtered, cooled by the evaporator, and blown into the room, and the hot air cycle where heat is transferred from the condenser to the outside air. Window ACs are classified as unitary or packed systems that are convenient and inexpensive but use more energy than other options.
This document provides guidance on keeping staff safe during winter weather. It covers regulations regarding workplace temperatures and conditions. Employers should assess risks posed by cold weather, such as hypothermia and frostbite. Layers of appropriate clothing, breaks in heated areas, and prevention of slips are recommended. Regular breaks, access to warm drinks, and training workers to recognize symptoms of overexposure can help keep staff safe in winter.
This document provides an introduction and overview of refrigeration and air conditioning. It defines refrigeration as removing heat from a space where it is unwanted and transferring it to the surrounding environment. It then discusses the history and development of refrigeration technology. It also defines air conditioning as simultaneously controlling temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and air motion. Finally, it provides examples of applications of refrigeration and air conditioning in various industrial and residential settings.
HERE IS THE COMPLETE ASSIGNMENT REPORT OF HUMIDITY ITS TYPES AND ITS MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
I HAVE ALSO UPLOADED A POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON THE SAME TOPIC MUST SEE IT ALSO
The document provides information about automotive air conditioning systems. It describes the basic components and functions of an A/C system, including the compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion valve, and refrigerant. It explains how each component works to lower the temperature of incoming air and circulate refrigerant gas. The document also discusses specific components like internally-equalized and externally-equalized expansion valves, as well as potential issues that can arise in the condenser and evaporator coils.
This document discusses the importance of humidity control and humidification. Maintaining proper humidity levels indoors is important for human comfort, equipment performance, and material preservation. Improper humidity can damage materials and equipment or cause discomfort. The document outlines key humidity concepts like relative humidity and dew point. It explains how humidification can enhance indoor environments while also saving energy by reducing moisture absorption from other sources.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document compares the cooling properties of a locally formulated radiator coolant (Sample C) to water (Sample A) and a commercial coolant (Sample B). Sample C had the highest boiling point at 110°C, followed by Sample B at 101°C, then Sample A (water) at 100°C. This means Sample C can absorb more heat before boiling over. Sample C also had the highest specific heat capacity at 4238 Jkg-1K-1, providing better heat absorption than the other samples. The locally formulated Sample C performed best in raising the boiling point and absorbing heat, indicating it can cool engines more effectively than the other coolants tested.
In this presentation, learn more about LXE's cold-rated mobile computers and opportunities for resellers to market those computers to their cold-chain customer base.
This buying guide provides information to help consumers choose the right refrigerator for their recreational vehicle. It discusses the different cooling technologies available, including absorption and compressor refrigerators. It addresses factors to consider like the type of fridge needed, such as built-in, free-standing, or a drawer model. It also answers frequently asked questions about energy supply and the benefits of a winter cover for camping in cold weather. The guide aims to inform readers and point them towards the refrigerator that best suits their individual vehicle and travel needs.
The document discusses calculating heat load in refrigeration systems. It provides details on:
- The four sources of heat load: leakage, product, miscellaneous, and service load.
- Calculating the heat leakage load using an equation that considers insulation U-value, surface area, and temperature difference.
- Examples are given for calculating the heat leakage load through different surfaces of a walk-in cooler, accounting for insulation type and thickness. The total heat leakage load is the sum of the loads from each surface.
This document discusses thermal comfort and factors that affect it. Thermal comfort is defined as a psychological state of satisfaction with one's thermal environment. It is affected by environmental factors like air temperature, humidity, air speed, and radiant heat as well as personal factors like activity level and clothing. Proper ventilation and control of temperature, humidity, and air speed are needed to maintain thermal comfort. The building envelope and mechanical systems work together to provide thermal comfort by minimizing heat transfer and maintaining a balance between heat production and heat loss in the body.
Data center cooling infrastructure slideLivin Jose
CRAC vs CRAH, what is Air-Side Economizer, What is chillers, What is cooling tower, what is CRAC, What is CRAH, what is the importance of cooling in data center, what is Water Side Economizer,
Vortikül offers heating and cooling products that do more than provide comfort - they help facilities increase safety and productivity while reducing costs. Their fans, HVLS systems, and other products improve air quality, remove heat and cold-related hazards, and boost focus to decrease mistakes and injuries. Data shows even small temperature changes can significantly impact productivity, potentially saving organizations much through higher performance. Vortikül aims not just to deliver quality products but also strong customer service from initial support through the lifespan of their solutions.
The document discusses how populations have changed in ways that impact vehicle design, including becoming taller, heavier, and older on average. Specifically:
- Humans have become taller on average due to improved nutrition and health over the past 150+ years, with the average height increasing by about 1cm per decade.
- Obesity rates have more than doubled in many countries since the 1960s due to increasing calorie intake and more sedentary lifestyles. The average American male gained about 9kg/20lbs between 1963-2002.
- Populations are aging as life expectancy increases and birth rates decline. The percentage of those over 65 has quadrupled in many places since 1900. The average age
1) Massey Ferguson created the new MF 7400 Dyna-VT tractor with the objectives of integrating the popular Fendt continuously variable transmission (CVT) and bringing new tier 2 engine and electronic management systems.
2) The development program included 16 sub-projects organized into five units focused on different areas of the tractor. Ergonomics experts were brought in to design the operator controls and workspace to ensure simplicity of use.
3) The CVT control system was designed to be intuitive, using familiar controls like a hand throttle and control lever that functions similar to a powershift. Settings can be optimized based on the task and experience level of the operator.
1) The document discusses ergonomic principles for effective use of color in displays for industrial vehicles.
2) It provides guidelines for when and how to use color versus other display elements, recommendations for logical and distinguishable color coding schemes, and tips for aesthetic color combinations.
3) The principles outlined include using color to emphasize but not structure information, ensuring color contrasts are detectable and colors are distinguishable, applying color codes consistently, and generally using as few as seven colors when strong associations are required.
The document summarizes the development of the new Crown C-5 forklift. It describes how Crown employed ergonomics and industrial design expertise from the beginning to identify user needs and objectives. Extensive field research and testing with operators helped identify key areas for improvement. Prototypes were tested to evaluate factors like comfort, visibility, and productivity. The resulting C-5 design has improvements like a more spacious seat and controls, better visibility, and features focused on operator comfort and productivity. The rigorous development process helped create an innovative forklift designed around the operator experience.
The document discusses Professor James Reason's "Swiss cheese model" of accident causation, which uses slices of Swiss cheese with holes to represent weaknesses and barriers in systems that can lead to accidents if the holes align. It provides examples of technologies like Sky-Trax's vehicle tracking and warning systems and Crown Equipment's anti-slip traction control that address individual weaknesses and improve barriers to help prevent accidents in materials handling. Maintaining a total safety culture that seeks to eliminate weaknesses is key to reducing accident opportunities.
US market research led to a successful redesign of compact tractors by two major brands, resulting in increased US sales and global adoption of the new design features. Field research involving interviews with owners and observations of tractor use in different environments identified needs for North American users. Design changes for new Massey Ferguson and Challenger compact tractor models included more space around controls, standardized color-coded controls, improved visibility, and accommodation of a wide range of body sizes. The redesign enhanced the tractors' suitability for North American users and contractors, contributing to strong sales growth.
The document discusses nine examples of poor past industrial vehicle interface designs. These include tractors with limited seat adjustability, confusing transmission controls nicknamed the "Rubik's Cube", an unlabelled flashing light of unknown purpose, and foot pedals to swing a backhoe boom that were reversed. Most issues stemmed from a failure to fully consider user needs and standardize controls. Identifying such mistakes provides opportunities to improve future designs.
The document summarizes three key events related to the 1971 Soyuz 11 mission:
1) During re-entry, a cabin exhaust valve accidentally opened, depressurizing the cabin and killing the three Soviet cosmonauts aboard Soyuz 11. They had less than a minute to close the valve but could not reach it in time.
2) Upon landing, ground crews opened the hatch to find the cosmonauts dead, having succumbed to the loss of atmosphere during re-entry.
3) An investigation later found that human factors like poorly designed controls and their placement contributed to the cosmonauts' inability to close the valve in time and save themselves. The event highlights the importance of fitting controls to the
Visibility is a key concern for industrial vehicle designers. It requires thorough analysis of operator tasks and visual needs, active design techniques to improve visibility, and testing with operators. A mining shovel operator emphasizes that visibility is critical to safely and efficiently perform complex tasks. While standards provide minimum requirements, optimizing visibility yields innovative designs that enhance job performance.
1. In 1999, a Global Hawk UAV successfully landed autonomously at Edwards Air Force Base after detecting abnormal temperatures during a test flight.
2. After landing, the UAV was commanded to taxi but a software error referenced the take-off speed of 155 knots instead of the 6 knot taxi speed.
3. As a result, the UAV accelerated down the runway at over 90 mph and crashed after failing to negotiate the turn at the end, causing $5.3 million in damage and halting the test program for three months.
The document discusses the challenges of designing machinery to operate in confined warehouse spaces while accommodating operators of different sizes. It provides examples of how some vehicle manufacturers have addressed this through innovative design:
1) Crown designed a reach truck that allows operators to stand, lean, or sit while maintaining a small footprint for narrow aisles.
2) Crown's TSP 6000 VNA forklift has a seat that rotates and a feature to automatically pivot loads to make tight turns easier.
3) Yale's Wave narrow-aisle forklift was designed with a spacious interior to fit a wide range of operators, helping maximize warehouse space utilization.
1) Caterpillar conducted extensive research to design a new operator cab for its mining shovels and draglines, including 83 interviews with operators from 50 machines worldwide to understand their needs.
2) The research identified key requirements like meeting both functional and habitability needs over long shifts.
3) The new cab design incorporated feedback from operators, with improvements like improved visibility, adjustable seating, and storage for operator belongings.
Wearable machines have the potential to revolutionize industries by providing human-like agility and balance to operators. The document discusses the history of wearable machines from early military exoskeletons in the 1950s designed to give soldiers superhuman strength to current developments that allow direct control of machines through brain interfaces. A concept for a wearable machine called Mecha-MAX is presented, which is a powered exoskeleton suit that can lift over 3,000 pounds and mimic human movements, with the goal of amplifying a person's physical capabilities.
The document discusses concepts and requirements for a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) that would transport astronauts across the surface of Mars. Some key points:
- The MER would be a pressurized, long-distance vehicle capable of transporting a crew of astronauts and sustaining them for hundreds of miles across Mars' terrain.
- It would need to operate in Mars' harsh environment, which has low atmospheric pressure, cold temperatures, dust storms, and radiation risks. Systems would need to be fail-safe or have backups.
- The MER would serve as a mobile habitat, allowing astronauts to live and work on long expeditions away from the main habitat base. It would carry supplies and have facilities for activities
The document discusses the implications of developments in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the potential development of fully autonomous tractors. It outlines how modern tractors have some automated functions but still require an operator. Fully autonomous tractors that could operate continuously without human presence are described as the "holy grail" for the industry. The document contrasts the autonomous capabilities of modern military UAVs like the Predator and Global Hawk with the vision for autonomous tractors, which could perform agricultural field work continuously and be monitored by a small human team rather than requiring large support operations. Developments in UAV technologies are promising for autonomous tractors but the goals and operational models differ.
This document discusses the design of industrial vehicles without enclosed cabs, known as "less-cab" or "open-cab" designs. While enclosed cabs provide many safety and comfort benefits, open-cab designs have advantages for ingress/egress speed and external visibility. However, operators of open-cab vehicles are more exposed to environmental elements. The document outlines several approaches to improving safety, comfort and convenience for open-cab operators, such as rollover protective structures, canopies, fans, protective storage, and even adding amenities like phone charging and music players. Overall, it argues that open-cab operators should not be treated as "second-class citizens" and that their working conditions can still be improved without a full
1. 16
COLD COMFORT
iVTInternational.com November 2014
top: Walkways should be
a major consideration, to
ensure the risk of injury
to service personnel is
reduced
ABOVE: The choice of
material for control
handles can be crucial
One of the most fundamental
considerations in the design
of any vehicle cab and operator
environment is providing protection
from cold temperatures and related
environmental conditions such as
frost, ice, snow, wind, water and
condensation.
In addition to being stressful and
uncomfortable, a chilly operating
environment can degrade operator
performance in a number of very
important ways, to say nothing of
the potential impact on health
and safety. Understanding human
sensitivities to cold temperatures
and the consequences of exposure
can help designers focus on vehicle
features and functions that can act
as countermeasures to extreme cold
and its effects.
Don’t get cold feet
Aside from the obvious impact a
cold environment will have on
human comfort, a cold work setting
will also have deleterious effects on a
range of human sensory, motor and
cognitive performances. The hands
and feet are among the first parts
of the body to be affected by cold
temperatures.
A measure called hand surface
temperature, or HST, is the most
common metric in the study of
cold environments and human
performance involving the hands.
Cold temperatures can affect an
operator’s ability to feel and sense
the exact position of a control or
the actions of a machine through
the hands, as well as impair the
operator’s attempts to control the
vehicle with the hands and fingers.
The lowering of HST through low
ambient temperature, windchill, ice,
snow, water, or a combination of the
above, has two primary effects. First,
there will be a numbing of cutaneous
sensitivity, which begins to occur
when the HST falls to about 8°C
(46°F) resulting in a loss of feeling in
the hands and fingers. Then there is
a rapid loss of skin sensitivity as the
HST falls below 8°C, which will
continue as the temperature falls.
The direct ‘stiffening’ effects of
cold temperatures on the hands and
fingers certainly play a role in this,
but the condition is amplified by the
body’s natural protective response
to cold, which is to pull warm blood
away from the extremities in order
to better insulate and protect the
more critical core body organs.
Without a controlled environment,
or at least cold-weather gloves, the
operator will experience a notable
loss of sensitivity of the hands and
fingers as temperatures migrate
downward below 8°C.
Second, and in addition to a loss
of sensitivity in low temperatures,
the impairment of hand performance
results from a loss of manipulative
ability, which occurs between an
HST of 12-16°C – somewhat above
the onset of the loss of sensitivity
at 8°C. Operators can experience
difficulty operating the controls,
especially joysticks and small keypads
that require multidimensional or fine
manipulation. Temperatures in and
below this region can also reduce
the grip strength of the hands –
something to consider in the design
of hand controls, handles, and stair
and ladder handrails that might be
used in severe cold.
Shivering is a natural response
of the body to generate heat when
core body temperature begins to fall.
Although shivering results in a four-
or fivefold increase in the production
of heat by the body, this can result
in obvious debilitating effects when
the hands or feet are required for
vehicle control or other psychomotor
activities, including maintenance.
When core body temperature
falls within the range of 33-35°C
(91-95°F), mild hypothermia can
set in, with symptoms including
shivering, feelings of extreme cold,
hunger, lethargy, confusion, muscle
spasms, difficulty with motor tasks,
slow reflexes and slurred speech.
Steven casey, ergonomic systems design
iVTInternational.com November 2014
MACHINES CAN BE BUILT TO HANDLE SUBZERO TEMPERATURES
WITH APLOMB – BUT IF Operators aren’t CATERED FOR EQUALLY
WELL, PRODUCTIVITY AND SAFETY WILL BOTH SUFFER. It REQUIRES
A LOT MORE THAN FITTING AN EFFICIENT HEATING SYSTEM to
ensure their eternal happiness…
LOVIN’A
coldCLIMATE
17
2. COLD COMFORT
iVTInternational.com November 2014 19iVTInternational.com November 201418
COLD COMFORT
Moderate hypothermia occurs
when the core body temperature
falls within 30-33°C. Its symptoms
may include a cessation of shivering,
semi-consciousness, loss of memory,
irrational behavior, and a slow and/
or irregular pulse. Severe hypothermia
occurs when core body temperature
falls below about 30°C, and includes
symptoms such as dilated pupils, a
faint heartbeat and unconsciousness.
Obviously, with all of the above
effects of cold, ranging from simple
discomfort and numbness of the
hands to severe hypothermia, it is
far better to design a cab or operator
environment capable of maintaining
ambient operating temperatures of
roughly 22°C (72°F) – and avoid
these negative outcomes altogether.
How to prevent climate change
Aside from cold-weather clothing,
a heated cab with temperature and
airflow control is certainly the most
common means of dealing with a
frigid environment. Ideally, the
operator should be able to easily
control the temperature, airflow
and air direction.
Speaking generally, most
operators prefer to have warm air
flow near the floor and feet than
directly at the chest and face (the
opposite is generally true for cold
air generated by air-conditioning
in a hot environment).
Thermostatic control of
temperature, in which the operator
sets a desired temperature and the
system automatically maintains it
at, or close to, this temperature is
generally preferred over a manual
system that requires an operator to
continuously adjust an output
temperature.
As a peculiar case in point from
the marine environment, Russian
nuclear-powered ice-breakers are
known for continuously pumping
heated air throughout all cabins on
the ship – at all times of day and in
all operating environments! There is
no shortage of energy or heated air
on board – however, there are no
vent controls in individual rooms
to reduce the flow of hot air into the
room or stop its flow altogether.
The only solution for the poor
occupant? If you are too hot, you
open the porthole to the raw Arctic
air outside; if you are cold, close it –
at least until you once again get
too hot not too many minutes later.
Most occupants will therefore usually
resort to bundling up and opening
the porthole.
The ability to defrost windows
and reduce the humidity from cabin
air is another important aspect of
environmental control in a wintry
environment. Wet shoes and clothes,
and melting tracked-in snow add
humidity to the air, which must
then be removed in order to avoid
condensation on interior surfaces,
dry out clothes and surfaces, and
maintain operator comfort. Heating
elements fitted in windscreens and
windows, as well as mirrors, and
control of airflow on glass surfaces,
are also usually necessary in cabs
that are operating in cold and wet
environments. Vehicles that switch
on remotely or automatically, and
preheat the operator environment
in preparation for the arrival of the
operator, are not unheard of.
Heated seats have become a
common feature in passenger cars
and are also available with many
industrial vehicle designs. As with
overall cab temperature regulation,
from the operator’s perspective
having total thermostatic control
over seat temperature is generally
far more preferable to simple on/off
functionality. At the very least, steps
in seat heating output, such as low,
medium and high, would be more
preferable to ‘all on’ or ‘all off’.
One particular northern
European car manufacturer outfits
one of its luxury models with heated
seats described by one automotive
reviewer as “nuclear-powered bun
warmers”. Such capability might
be desirable during dark Swedish
winters, but perhaps not quite so
necessary further south.
Feeling the heat
There is no shortage of devices and
features that have been developed
by automotive, motorcycle, truck
and industrial vehicle manufacturers
to address operator requirements in
cold environments. Heated steering
wheels, for example, have become
more or less commonplace on luxury
automobiles and are surprisingly well
received by many users.
Experience in the marketplace
and customer complaints strongly
suggest that the entire circumference
of the steering wheel rim be heated,
not just limited areas, such as the 2
o’clock and 10 o’clock positions, as
has been done by one manufacturer.
BMW began offering heated door
locks some decades ago, a feature
that would be much appreciated by
anyone who has attempted to open
a frozen or iced-over car door in the
depths of a harsh Canadian winter.
Heated windscreen washer nozzles
have also been available for some
years. Motorcycle manufacturers
Harley-Davidson and BMW offer
heated handgrips for their products,
and numerous aftermarket suppliers
sell all manner of battery-heated
gloves, boots and clothing.
Surface conductivity
One aspect of the ‘touch’ interface
that is often overlooked concerns
not just the ambient operating
temperature, but the temperature
and conductivity of the element
being touched by the operator. A
handgrip or handle that’s made of a
conductive material such as stainless
steel can have the same temperature
as a handgrip or handle made of a
non-conductive material such as
wood, rubber or plastic. Due to its
conductivity, however, the stainless-
steel handle will inevitably impart
its temperature to the hand more
readily than the wood or rubber
handle. If the handle is cold, it
will feel much colder than a non-
conductive handle, and if it is hot,
it will feel much, much hotter than
the non-conductive handle.
This phenomenon becomes of
particular concern in a hot operating
environment when conductive hand
surfaces are literally too hot to touch,
but it can also be an issue in a cold
environment where the conductive
surface will feel much colder than
the non-conductive surface – even
though they actually are the same
temperature.
Wherever I lay my hat…
An often overlooked design element
associated with industrial vehicles
operating in Arctic environments
concerns the space – not to mention
the extra storage space – needed to
accommodate the additional cold-
weather gear of an operator.
The 95th
percentile male shoulder
circumference increases from 124.2cm
under normal circumstances to
151.5cm when wearing ‘Arctic’
clothing, something that is vitally
important for seating and cab sizing.
Chest depth increases from 26.7cm
to 32cm, and 95th
percentile shoe
length increases from a norm of
21.5cm to a length of 23cm when
a heavy winter boot is taken into
account. Heavy gloves and winter
mittens can not only impair the
operation of manual control inputs,
but they can also require additional
spacing around controls.
Once inside and acclimated to a
nice warm cab, many operators will
soon remove their heavy outerwear,
especially coats and gloves. A place
to hang a heavy coat well away
from the operator’s lines of sight to
the outside work environment is
therefore usually called for.
It’s not just the cab
Operating an industrial vehicle in a
cold environment typically involves
activities outside the confines of that
nice warm cab. Steps, ladders, stairs,
walkways and work platforms should
be designed with inclement weather
in mind, including snow and ice.
Can any snowfall be removed easily,
or, better yet, not accumulate on
walking surfaces at all through the
design of the tread – or even heated
surfaces? Is there a need for overhangs
or other structures to protect work
or access areas from snow or rain?
Do structures over the doors or
walkways funnel melting snow or ice
(and especially falling snow or ice)
away from the operator below?
These issues can be particularly
important to consider in surface
mining applications where large
machines work around the clock
in nearly every environmental
condition imaginable.
Considering the discomfort and
loss of manual dexterity that can be
experienced when working outside
in the extreme cold, designers must
always ask themselves if there is a
way to make the task easier, less
demanding of fine manipulation or
adjustments, or even just faster, so
as to minimize the exposure in the
first place. It could even be argued
that the best countermeasure for
operating an industrial vehicle in
the extreme cold is to avoid the
exposure in the first place. iVT
MAIN IMAGE: For large
machinery in particular,
such as this Cat mining
truck, it is important that
snow is prevented from
accumulating on walkways
– or is easy to clear when
it does
ABOVE: Bulkier than usual
boots may call for wider
spacing between pedals
top: For open-cab
applications, such as this
Pettibone telehandler,
ensuring the information
display is protected from
the elements becomes
important
above: There’s snow
virtually everywhere on
this Cat ADT – but crucially
not on the access steps
For further information,
contact: Steven Casey,
5290 Overpass Rd, Suite 105, Santa
Barbara, CA 93111, USA | Email:
scasey@ergonomicsystemsdesign.com
Web: www.ergonomicsystemsdesign.com