1) The document discusses ergonomic principles for effective use of color in displays for industrial vehicles.
2) It provides guidelines for when and how to use color versus other display elements, recommendations for logical and distinguishable color coding schemes, and tips for aesthetic color combinations.
3) The principles outlined include using color to emphasize but not structure information, ensuring color contrasts are detectable and colors are distinguishable, applying color codes consistently, and generally using as few as seven colors when strong associations are required.
The document provides guidance on choosing colors for various uses such as displays, websites, and statistical graphics. It discusses important color principles and research findings. Some key points covered include:
- Colors should be chosen based on their perceptual qualities of hue, saturation, and lightness as well as the viewing environment and task.
- When choosing colors, factors like the number of colors used, foreground-background contrast, cultural meanings, and accessibility need to be considered.
- Research shows that color can improve performance on visual searches and aid memory when used properly.
- Guidelines are provided for effective color combinations, ordering, and uses versus those to avoid like low-contrast pairs or pure blue text.
-
This presentation will guide students through the design principles they could use to create a plant display as part of their horticulture training at Otago Polytechnic.There is a useful exercise included,please contact us for model answers.
1. The document provides instructions for using Photoshop to convert photographs into digital silkscreens based on Andy Warhol's techniques. It describes how to manipulate images, add layers and effects, and save work.
2. Key steps include using filters, modes, and adjustments to break continuous-tone images into high-contrast "line art" by applying effects like threshold, unsharp mask, and mezzotint.
3. Techniques for converting images to halftones and dithering patterns are described to simulate tones through patterns of dots for screenprinting. Testing printouts is advised to refine the effects.
The document discusses six principles of visual graphic design for instructional materials:
1. Contrast - Use sufficient contrast between elements so they are easily distinguished.
2. Alignment - Arrange elements in a parallel, organized manner.
3. Simplicity - Keep the message simple with only necessary text and graphics to avoid distraction.
4. Proximity - Leave appropriate space between elements to suggest relationships.
5. Emphasis - Have one main focal element to draw attention.
6. Repetition - Use repetition sparingly and only if needed for consistency.
The document provides instructions for retouching photographs using Adobe Photoshop. It describes 8 general steps for most retouching projects, which include duplicating the original image, checking scan quality, cropping, repairing flaws, adjusting contrast and tone, removing color casts, adjusting specific areas, and sharpening. Additional sections cover how to straighten and crop an image, adjust tonal range using levels, remove a color cast using auto color, and replace colors in an image by creating a selection mask.
This document discusses color theory and spectrophotometry. It provides definitions for key color science terms like color, hue, fluorescence, and luminescence. It describes the basic components and functions of spectrophotometers, which are used to objectively measure color. Spectrophotometers analyze the spectral composition and wavelength of light to determine color properties. The document also outlines several color spaces like CIE 1931, L*a*b*, and L*C*h that are used to numerically define and compare colors in an objective, standardized way.
LChalk - DPS placement report for linkedinLewis Chalk
Lewis Chalk conducted an investigation into ergonomic assessment methods used at Jaguar Land Rover to prevent workplace injuries. He analyzed many operator roles and developed new ergonomic tools through iterative design to improve usability and quality of assessments. The goal of the improved tools was to reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks for employees. Over time, using a range of assessments and ergonomic tools to evaluate current production tasks led to lower physical risk factors for workers. However, the user-friendliness of the tools can impact safety if they are used incorrectly. Going forward, Jaguar Land Rover's ergonomic assessment methods will continue to evolve with additional design reviews to help ensure a safe working environment.
This document discusses the design of industrial vehicles without enclosed cabs, known as "less-cab" or "open-cab" designs. While enclosed cabs provide many safety and comfort benefits, open-cab designs have advantages for ingress/egress speed and external visibility. However, operators of open-cab vehicles are more exposed to environmental elements. The document outlines several approaches to improving safety, comfort and convenience for open-cab operators, such as rollover protective structures, canopies, fans, protective storage, and even adding amenities like phone charging and music players. Overall, it argues that open-cab operators should not be treated as "second-class citizens" and that their working conditions can still be improved without a full
The document provides guidance on choosing colors for various uses such as displays, websites, and statistical graphics. It discusses important color principles and research findings. Some key points covered include:
- Colors should be chosen based on their perceptual qualities of hue, saturation, and lightness as well as the viewing environment and task.
- When choosing colors, factors like the number of colors used, foreground-background contrast, cultural meanings, and accessibility need to be considered.
- Research shows that color can improve performance on visual searches and aid memory when used properly.
- Guidelines are provided for effective color combinations, ordering, and uses versus those to avoid like low-contrast pairs or pure blue text.
-
This presentation will guide students through the design principles they could use to create a plant display as part of their horticulture training at Otago Polytechnic.There is a useful exercise included,please contact us for model answers.
1. The document provides instructions for using Photoshop to convert photographs into digital silkscreens based on Andy Warhol's techniques. It describes how to manipulate images, add layers and effects, and save work.
2. Key steps include using filters, modes, and adjustments to break continuous-tone images into high-contrast "line art" by applying effects like threshold, unsharp mask, and mezzotint.
3. Techniques for converting images to halftones and dithering patterns are described to simulate tones through patterns of dots for screenprinting. Testing printouts is advised to refine the effects.
The document discusses six principles of visual graphic design for instructional materials:
1. Contrast - Use sufficient contrast between elements so they are easily distinguished.
2. Alignment - Arrange elements in a parallel, organized manner.
3. Simplicity - Keep the message simple with only necessary text and graphics to avoid distraction.
4. Proximity - Leave appropriate space between elements to suggest relationships.
5. Emphasis - Have one main focal element to draw attention.
6. Repetition - Use repetition sparingly and only if needed for consistency.
The document provides instructions for retouching photographs using Adobe Photoshop. It describes 8 general steps for most retouching projects, which include duplicating the original image, checking scan quality, cropping, repairing flaws, adjusting contrast and tone, removing color casts, adjusting specific areas, and sharpening. Additional sections cover how to straighten and crop an image, adjust tonal range using levels, remove a color cast using auto color, and replace colors in an image by creating a selection mask.
This document discusses color theory and spectrophotometry. It provides definitions for key color science terms like color, hue, fluorescence, and luminescence. It describes the basic components and functions of spectrophotometers, which are used to objectively measure color. Spectrophotometers analyze the spectral composition and wavelength of light to determine color properties. The document also outlines several color spaces like CIE 1931, L*a*b*, and L*C*h that are used to numerically define and compare colors in an objective, standardized way.
LChalk - DPS placement report for linkedinLewis Chalk
Lewis Chalk conducted an investigation into ergonomic assessment methods used at Jaguar Land Rover to prevent workplace injuries. He analyzed many operator roles and developed new ergonomic tools through iterative design to improve usability and quality of assessments. The goal of the improved tools was to reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks for employees. Over time, using a range of assessments and ergonomic tools to evaluate current production tasks led to lower physical risk factors for workers. However, the user-friendliness of the tools can impact safety if they are used incorrectly. Going forward, Jaguar Land Rover's ergonomic assessment methods will continue to evolve with additional design reviews to help ensure a safe working environment.
This document discusses the design of industrial vehicles without enclosed cabs, known as "less-cab" or "open-cab" designs. While enclosed cabs provide many safety and comfort benefits, open-cab designs have advantages for ingress/egress speed and external visibility. However, operators of open-cab vehicles are more exposed to environmental elements. The document outlines several approaches to improving safety, comfort and convenience for open-cab operators, such as rollover protective structures, canopies, fans, protective storage, and even adding amenities like phone charging and music players. Overall, it argues that open-cab operators should not be treated as "second-class citizens" and that their working conditions can still be improved without a full
The document describes the features of the Elcometer 500 coating thickness gauge. It can accurately measure up to 10mm of coating thickness on concrete and other similar substrates. It measures over 60 readings per minute in standard mode and over 140 readings per minute in scan mode. It has a rugged, dustproof and waterproof design making it suitable for harsh environments. It wirelessly transmits readings and can generate reports on a mobile device or computer using the ElcoMaster app.
This document summarizes the results of an ergonomic audit conducted at a butchery factory to evaluate manual handling risks. It identifies several issues with lifting animal heads from the main rail, carrying them to the head rail, and lifting them onto the head rail:
- Heads can weigh up to 55kg for bulls and 35-45kg for other animals, and lifting is repetitive occurring every 2-3 minutes.
- 50-70% of the task cycle time involves weight bearing by lifting, carrying, or lifting the heads, placing significant strain on the back, arms, and shoulders.
- Heads must be lifted from a low height of 500mm or 650mm, increasing bending and injury
1) Caterpillar conducted extensive research to design a new operator cab for its mining shovels and draglines, including 83 interviews with operators from 50 machines worldwide to understand their needs.
2) The research identified key requirements like meeting both functional and habitability needs over long shifts.
3) The new cab design incorporated feedback from operators, with improvements like improved visibility, adjustable seating, and storage for operator belongings.
This document describes a study that used anthropometric measurements of students to design an ergonomic computer workstation for an educational institution. Measurements were taken of 200 students aged 18-25 years old and included dimensions like height, shoulder width, thigh clearance, etc. The data was analyzed and mean, standard deviation and percentile values were calculated. Design specifications for the workstation components like seat height, depth, backrest height were determined based on the anthropometric data. A 3D model of an ergonomic chair and table design was proposed based on the results to suit the measured population.
Principles of Machine Design Aesthetic & Ergonomic Consideration In Design .Mech-4u
Mech4u presents :
Visit to my website ; www.mech-4u.weebly.com
Principles of Machine Design,
standardization,
designation and selection of materials,
Aesthetic and Ergonomic considerations in design,
Preferred numbers, Tolerances
Plz share ,like ,comment
Design review of any product/system for Aethetic and ergonomic considerationsshrikant jadhav
This document discusses the design review of a juicer considering aesthetic and ergonomic factors. It outlines the importance of aesthetics in product design, including appearance, quality perception, and user comfort. Ergonomic considerations for the juicer design are also reviewed, such as ensuring user posture causes minimal discomfort during operation and that loading/unloading of fruits and juice is easy. The conclusion states that aesthetics and ergonomics must be balanced to create a product that is both attractive and user-friendly.
The document discusses the ergonomics of early Christian schools established by St. La Salle in the 17th century. Some key ergonomic features included placing windows high to minimize distraction, facilitating airflow with windows on both ends, and using tables of varying heights suited to different student heights. The document also discusses implications for modern school ergonomics, such as organizing programs and correcting issues with immediate impact. Overall, the document examines how early Christian schools incorporated ergonomic design principles to suit students and teachers needs.
The document summarizes the development of the new Crown C-5 forklift. It describes how Crown employed ergonomics and industrial design expertise from the beginning to identify user needs and objectives. Extensive field research and testing with operators helped identify key areas for improvement. Prototypes were tested to evaluate factors like comfort, visibility, and productivity. The resulting C-5 design has improvements like a more spacious seat and controls, better visibility, and features focused on operator comfort and productivity. The rigorous development process helped create an innovative forklift designed around the operator experience.
The document discusses principles of effective visual communication for graphical user interface design. It covers using techniques like typography, color, layout and imagery to convey information clearly. The three main principles outlined are to organize information in a clear structure, communicate visually in a way that matches users' capabilities, and use design elements economically without extra clutter. Color should be used intentionally to group related items and emphasize important information, following principles of organization, emphasis and communication. Consistency in conventions across aspects of the interface help users navigate effectively.
This document provides an overview of color fundamentals for graphic design. It discusses key color concepts like hue, saturation, color temperature, and value. Specific topics covered include what is color, the visible light spectrum, primary colors, how saturation and temperature are perceived, and using value to create emphasis and hierarchy. The document uses examples of design work to illustrate concepts like saturated palettes, warm and cool color combinations, and employing lighter backgrounds to make shapes stand out.
Emotional Impact of Colors Using Web-DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses the emotional impact of colors in web design. It begins by introducing the topic and noting the importance of color selection in attracting users' attention. It then covers color theory and the psychological effects of different colors. Various color combinations and their suitability for different purposes and audiences are examined. Research is cited showing that color significantly influences users' perceptions and purchase decisions. The conclusion is that understanding color psychology can help designers create more effective and appealing websites.
All color is not created equal. Color is perceived by the observer based on the light reflected off an object. There are differences between pleasing color and critical color that matches a brand. Additionally, the RGB, CMYK, and PMS color systems all have different gamuts, with some colors unable to be reproduced across the different mediums. ICC profiles are used to help bridge the gaps between color gamuts when moving a design between different devices.
Voice recognition and voice response systems allow for hands-free data entry using speech as the interface. Voice recognition systems analyze speech patterns to convert them to digital codes for computer input. Most require training a system to recognize a user's voice. Voice recognition is used in applications like manufacturing quality control and airline baggage sorting. Voice response systems provide verbal guidance for tasks using voice messaging and synthesis. Examples include automated phone systems and online services.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
The document discusses color management in design, highlighting the importance of using calibrated monitors and color-accurate workflows. It notes that many designers are unfamiliar with basic color calibration techniques, leading to inconsistent color across displays and outputs. The summary describes affordable hardware and software tools that allow designers to calibrate monitors, printers, lighting and more, improving color accuracy and consistency throughout the design process. Integrating these color management practices can help designers produce higher quality work and differentiate themselves from competitors.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of graphic design for non-designers. It discusses Gestalt theories of visual perception, including the principles of proximity, closure, and similarity/anomaly. It also covers color theory concepts like color harmony, color wheels, and contrast. Specific color schemes like monochromatic, analogous, and complementary are explained. Guidelines are provided for using complementary colors and black backgrounds effectively. The document concludes with tips for combining different font styles like serif and sans serif fonts.
Lecture 1 Advance concept in Visual Graphicslucita cabral
This document provides an overview of graphic design principles for web design. It discusses how graphic design encompasses decisions about the visual dimension of a website. The main goals of graphic design for the web are to add aesthetic appeal, help express the theme of the website, and help show logical relationships among elements on the page. It also discusses the uses of line, shape, color, fonts, and expressing mood through graphic design.
The document discusses several aspects of designing user interfaces, including error messages, non-anthropomorphic design, display design, window design, and color use. Key points covered include making error messages user-friendly, avoiding anthropomorphic computer representations, organizing information on displays to reduce clutter and search time, managing multiple windows to limit distraction, and using color conservatively and strategically to support tasks. Guidelines are provided for improving designs in each of these areas.
1) The document discusses how dealers can change customers' perceptions that color copiers are expensive and difficult to use by showcasing affordable color options and educating customers on the benefits of "business color" versus "graphic arts color".
2) It explains that many manufacturers now offer color systems that are as simple and economical as black-and-white systems. Customers are also realizing the value color brings in attracting customers, presenting a quality image, and improving their bottom line.
3) The document defines business color as suitable for non-photographic images like charts and presentations, using a two-bit color engine. It provides examples of common business color applications in accounting, sales, education, and
Most non-woven materials to be printed in flexo are composed by two basic layers: a background of polyethylene film covered by the actual non-woven fabric, as used by example in the infant care industry on the outer cover of diapers, most of which are decorated with designs that help to sell the products in specific markets
Due to the very nature of this non-woven layer, printing directly on its surface is challenging but it is usually more cost effective than printing on the background film and later laminate with a non-woven coat.
When printing directly on the non-woven layer the challenge comes because of its structure made of randomly interlaced fibers that leave relatively large empty spaces in between
This document describes a method for using computer vision techniques to create uniqueness for a brand's color and prevent other brands from using the same color. It discusses how colors help brands be instantly recognizable. The method involves selecting a color threshold value in HSV color space that represents the brand's unique color. An input image or video is converted to HSV and compared to the threshold to detect if any similar colors are present that could indicate color copying. The method is demonstrated by detecting the green and yellow colors of the John Deere logo. The results show the code can properly detect a brand's color ownership when suspected colors are analyzed.
The document describes the features of the Elcometer 500 coating thickness gauge. It can accurately measure up to 10mm of coating thickness on concrete and other similar substrates. It measures over 60 readings per minute in standard mode and over 140 readings per minute in scan mode. It has a rugged, dustproof and waterproof design making it suitable for harsh environments. It wirelessly transmits readings and can generate reports on a mobile device or computer using the ElcoMaster app.
This document summarizes the results of an ergonomic audit conducted at a butchery factory to evaluate manual handling risks. It identifies several issues with lifting animal heads from the main rail, carrying them to the head rail, and lifting them onto the head rail:
- Heads can weigh up to 55kg for bulls and 35-45kg for other animals, and lifting is repetitive occurring every 2-3 minutes.
- 50-70% of the task cycle time involves weight bearing by lifting, carrying, or lifting the heads, placing significant strain on the back, arms, and shoulders.
- Heads must be lifted from a low height of 500mm or 650mm, increasing bending and injury
1) Caterpillar conducted extensive research to design a new operator cab for its mining shovels and draglines, including 83 interviews with operators from 50 machines worldwide to understand their needs.
2) The research identified key requirements like meeting both functional and habitability needs over long shifts.
3) The new cab design incorporated feedback from operators, with improvements like improved visibility, adjustable seating, and storage for operator belongings.
This document describes a study that used anthropometric measurements of students to design an ergonomic computer workstation for an educational institution. Measurements were taken of 200 students aged 18-25 years old and included dimensions like height, shoulder width, thigh clearance, etc. The data was analyzed and mean, standard deviation and percentile values were calculated. Design specifications for the workstation components like seat height, depth, backrest height were determined based on the anthropometric data. A 3D model of an ergonomic chair and table design was proposed based on the results to suit the measured population.
Principles of Machine Design Aesthetic & Ergonomic Consideration In Design .Mech-4u
Mech4u presents :
Visit to my website ; www.mech-4u.weebly.com
Principles of Machine Design,
standardization,
designation and selection of materials,
Aesthetic and Ergonomic considerations in design,
Preferred numbers, Tolerances
Plz share ,like ,comment
Design review of any product/system for Aethetic and ergonomic considerationsshrikant jadhav
This document discusses the design review of a juicer considering aesthetic and ergonomic factors. It outlines the importance of aesthetics in product design, including appearance, quality perception, and user comfort. Ergonomic considerations for the juicer design are also reviewed, such as ensuring user posture causes minimal discomfort during operation and that loading/unloading of fruits and juice is easy. The conclusion states that aesthetics and ergonomics must be balanced to create a product that is both attractive and user-friendly.
The document discusses the ergonomics of early Christian schools established by St. La Salle in the 17th century. Some key ergonomic features included placing windows high to minimize distraction, facilitating airflow with windows on both ends, and using tables of varying heights suited to different student heights. The document also discusses implications for modern school ergonomics, such as organizing programs and correcting issues with immediate impact. Overall, the document examines how early Christian schools incorporated ergonomic design principles to suit students and teachers needs.
The document summarizes the development of the new Crown C-5 forklift. It describes how Crown employed ergonomics and industrial design expertise from the beginning to identify user needs and objectives. Extensive field research and testing with operators helped identify key areas for improvement. Prototypes were tested to evaluate factors like comfort, visibility, and productivity. The resulting C-5 design has improvements like a more spacious seat and controls, better visibility, and features focused on operator comfort and productivity. The rigorous development process helped create an innovative forklift designed around the operator experience.
The document discusses principles of effective visual communication for graphical user interface design. It covers using techniques like typography, color, layout and imagery to convey information clearly. The three main principles outlined are to organize information in a clear structure, communicate visually in a way that matches users' capabilities, and use design elements economically without extra clutter. Color should be used intentionally to group related items and emphasize important information, following principles of organization, emphasis and communication. Consistency in conventions across aspects of the interface help users navigate effectively.
This document provides an overview of color fundamentals for graphic design. It discusses key color concepts like hue, saturation, color temperature, and value. Specific topics covered include what is color, the visible light spectrum, primary colors, how saturation and temperature are perceived, and using value to create emphasis and hierarchy. The document uses examples of design work to illustrate concepts like saturated palettes, warm and cool color combinations, and employing lighter backgrounds to make shapes stand out.
Emotional Impact of Colors Using Web-DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses the emotional impact of colors in web design. It begins by introducing the topic and noting the importance of color selection in attracting users' attention. It then covers color theory and the psychological effects of different colors. Various color combinations and their suitability for different purposes and audiences are examined. Research is cited showing that color significantly influences users' perceptions and purchase decisions. The conclusion is that understanding color psychology can help designers create more effective and appealing websites.
All color is not created equal. Color is perceived by the observer based on the light reflected off an object. There are differences between pleasing color and critical color that matches a brand. Additionally, the RGB, CMYK, and PMS color systems all have different gamuts, with some colors unable to be reproduced across the different mediums. ICC profiles are used to help bridge the gaps between color gamuts when moving a design between different devices.
Voice recognition and voice response systems allow for hands-free data entry using speech as the interface. Voice recognition systems analyze speech patterns to convert them to digital codes for computer input. Most require training a system to recognize a user's voice. Voice recognition is used in applications like manufacturing quality control and airline baggage sorting. Voice response systems provide verbal guidance for tasks using voice messaging and synthesis. Examples include automated phone systems and online services.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
The document discusses color management in design, highlighting the importance of using calibrated monitors and color-accurate workflows. It notes that many designers are unfamiliar with basic color calibration techniques, leading to inconsistent color across displays and outputs. The summary describes affordable hardware and software tools that allow designers to calibrate monitors, printers, lighting and more, improving color accuracy and consistency throughout the design process. Integrating these color management practices can help designers produce higher quality work and differentiate themselves from competitors.
This document provides an overview of basic principles of graphic design for non-designers. It discusses Gestalt theories of visual perception, including the principles of proximity, closure, and similarity/anomaly. It also covers color theory concepts like color harmony, color wheels, and contrast. Specific color schemes like monochromatic, analogous, and complementary are explained. Guidelines are provided for using complementary colors and black backgrounds effectively. The document concludes with tips for combining different font styles like serif and sans serif fonts.
Lecture 1 Advance concept in Visual Graphicslucita cabral
This document provides an overview of graphic design principles for web design. It discusses how graphic design encompasses decisions about the visual dimension of a website. The main goals of graphic design for the web are to add aesthetic appeal, help express the theme of the website, and help show logical relationships among elements on the page. It also discusses the uses of line, shape, color, fonts, and expressing mood through graphic design.
The document discusses several aspects of designing user interfaces, including error messages, non-anthropomorphic design, display design, window design, and color use. Key points covered include making error messages user-friendly, avoiding anthropomorphic computer representations, organizing information on displays to reduce clutter and search time, managing multiple windows to limit distraction, and using color conservatively and strategically to support tasks. Guidelines are provided for improving designs in each of these areas.
1) The document discusses how dealers can change customers' perceptions that color copiers are expensive and difficult to use by showcasing affordable color options and educating customers on the benefits of "business color" versus "graphic arts color".
2) It explains that many manufacturers now offer color systems that are as simple and economical as black-and-white systems. Customers are also realizing the value color brings in attracting customers, presenting a quality image, and improving their bottom line.
3) The document defines business color as suitable for non-photographic images like charts and presentations, using a two-bit color engine. It provides examples of common business color applications in accounting, sales, education, and
Most non-woven materials to be printed in flexo are composed by two basic layers: a background of polyethylene film covered by the actual non-woven fabric, as used by example in the infant care industry on the outer cover of diapers, most of which are decorated with designs that help to sell the products in specific markets
Due to the very nature of this non-woven layer, printing directly on its surface is challenging but it is usually more cost effective than printing on the background film and later laminate with a non-woven coat.
When printing directly on the non-woven layer the challenge comes because of its structure made of randomly interlaced fibers that leave relatively large empty spaces in between
This document describes a method for using computer vision techniques to create uniqueness for a brand's color and prevent other brands from using the same color. It discusses how colors help brands be instantly recognizable. The method involves selecting a color threshold value in HSV color space that represents the brand's unique color. An input image or video is converted to HSV and compared to the threshold to detect if any similar colors are present that could indicate color copying. The method is demonstrated by detecting the green and yellow colors of the John Deere logo. The results show the code can properly detect a brand's color ownership when suspected colors are analyzed.
Creating effective PowerPoint presentation just open your mind to What makes PowerPoint different? 7 steps for successful presentation, Effective visuals, How to define purpose, how to convert your words to visuals, choosing colors, text, and bullets, changing your old statistics to 3 dimensional, what are don't s in your presentation.
The document discusses several key factors in visual interface design including screen organization, language used, distinctiveness of components, and aesthetics. Common problems are discussed such as visual inconsistency, overuse of design elements, and poor typography. The document also outlines what users want from interfaces including orderliness, obvious indications of elements, expected locations of information, plain language, and clear indications of actions. Design goals are outlined as reducing visual, intellectual, memory, and motor work. Tests for good design focus on ability to identify elements without text labels. Principles of organizing screen elements, consistency, ordering, navigation, flow, balance, symmetry, regularity, predictability, sequentiality, economy, unity, groupings, simplicity,
This document provides tips for choosing effective colors in PowerPoint presentations. It recommends selecting colors that consider your audience and strike a balance between professionalism and attractiveness. Specific color combination suggestions are provided, such as using dark backgrounds with light text. Certain color combinations like red and green should be avoided. The document also discusses color purpose and associations, accessibility concerns, emotional meanings of colors, and background graphics.
Graphic design involves combining text and graphics to communicate messages visually. Graphic designers plan visual solutions for print, electronic, and film media. The five principles of graphic design are audience, layout, typography, image, and color. Audience refers to who the design is targeting. Layout involves organizing design elements on a page. Typography involves the effective use of typefaces. Image supports the message through illustrations and photos. Color enhances the design and impacts how the audience perceives the message. Resolution and software are also important graphic design considerations.
Graphic design involves combining text and graphics to communicate messages visually. Graphic designers plan visual solutions for print, electronic, and film media. The five basic principles of graphic design are audience, layout, typography, image, and color. Each principle has general rules that guide graphic designers to effectively convey information and messages to audiences based on their age, skills, culture and more. Resolution and software are also important considerations for graphic design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses how populations have changed in ways that impact vehicle design, including becoming taller, heavier, and older on average. Specifically:
- Humans have become taller on average due to improved nutrition and health over the past 150+ years, with the average height increasing by about 1cm per decade.
- Obesity rates have more than doubled in many countries since the 1960s due to increasing calorie intake and more sedentary lifestyles. The average American male gained about 9kg/20lbs between 1963-2002.
- Populations are aging as life expectancy increases and birth rates decline. The percentage of those over 65 has quadrupled in many places since 1900. The average age
1) Massey Ferguson created the new MF 7400 Dyna-VT tractor with the objectives of integrating the popular Fendt continuously variable transmission (CVT) and bringing new tier 2 engine and electronic management systems.
2) The development program included 16 sub-projects organized into five units focused on different areas of the tractor. Ergonomics experts were brought in to design the operator controls and workspace to ensure simplicity of use.
3) The CVT control system was designed to be intuitive, using familiar controls like a hand throttle and control lever that functions similar to a powershift. Settings can be optimized based on the task and experience level of the operator.
The document discusses Professor James Reason's "Swiss cheese model" of accident causation, which uses slices of Swiss cheese with holes to represent weaknesses and barriers in systems that can lead to accidents if the holes align. It provides examples of technologies like Sky-Trax's vehicle tracking and warning systems and Crown Equipment's anti-slip traction control that address individual weaknesses and improve barriers to help prevent accidents in materials handling. Maintaining a total safety culture that seeks to eliminate weaknesses is key to reducing accident opportunities.
US market research led to a successful redesign of compact tractors by two major brands, resulting in increased US sales and global adoption of the new design features. Field research involving interviews with owners and observations of tractor use in different environments identified needs for North American users. Design changes for new Massey Ferguson and Challenger compact tractor models included more space around controls, standardized color-coded controls, improved visibility, and accommodation of a wide range of body sizes. The redesign enhanced the tractors' suitability for North American users and contractors, contributing to strong sales growth.
The document discusses nine examples of poor past industrial vehicle interface designs. These include tractors with limited seat adjustability, confusing transmission controls nicknamed the "Rubik's Cube", an unlabelled flashing light of unknown purpose, and foot pedals to swing a backhoe boom that were reversed. Most issues stemmed from a failure to fully consider user needs and standardize controls. Identifying such mistakes provides opportunities to improve future designs.
The document summarizes three key events related to the 1971 Soyuz 11 mission:
1) During re-entry, a cabin exhaust valve accidentally opened, depressurizing the cabin and killing the three Soviet cosmonauts aboard Soyuz 11. They had less than a minute to close the valve but could not reach it in time.
2) Upon landing, ground crews opened the hatch to find the cosmonauts dead, having succumbed to the loss of atmosphere during re-entry.
3) An investigation later found that human factors like poorly designed controls and their placement contributed to the cosmonauts' inability to close the valve in time and save themselves. The event highlights the importance of fitting controls to the
Visibility is a key concern for industrial vehicle designers. It requires thorough analysis of operator tasks and visual needs, active design techniques to improve visibility, and testing with operators. A mining shovel operator emphasizes that visibility is critical to safely and efficiently perform complex tasks. While standards provide minimum requirements, optimizing visibility yields innovative designs that enhance job performance.
1. In 1999, a Global Hawk UAV successfully landed autonomously at Edwards Air Force Base after detecting abnormal temperatures during a test flight.
2. After landing, the UAV was commanded to taxi but a software error referenced the take-off speed of 155 knots instead of the 6 knot taxi speed.
3. As a result, the UAV accelerated down the runway at over 90 mph and crashed after failing to negotiate the turn at the end, causing $5.3 million in damage and halting the test program for three months.
The document discusses the challenges of designing machinery to operate in confined warehouse spaces while accommodating operators of different sizes. It provides examples of how some vehicle manufacturers have addressed this through innovative design:
1) Crown designed a reach truck that allows operators to stand, lean, or sit while maintaining a small footprint for narrow aisles.
2) Crown's TSP 6000 VNA forklift has a seat that rotates and a feature to automatically pivot loads to make tight turns easier.
3) Yale's Wave narrow-aisle forklift was designed with a spacious interior to fit a wide range of operators, helping maximize warehouse space utilization.
Wearable machines have the potential to revolutionize industries by providing human-like agility and balance to operators. The document discusses the history of wearable machines from early military exoskeletons in the 1950s designed to give soldiers superhuman strength to current developments that allow direct control of machines through brain interfaces. A concept for a wearable machine called Mecha-MAX is presented, which is a powered exoskeleton suit that can lift over 3,000 pounds and mimic human movements, with the goal of amplifying a person's physical capabilities.
The document discusses concepts and requirements for a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) that would transport astronauts across the surface of Mars. Some key points:
- The MER would be a pressurized, long-distance vehicle capable of transporting a crew of astronauts and sustaining them for hundreds of miles across Mars' terrain.
- It would need to operate in Mars' harsh environment, which has low atmospheric pressure, cold temperatures, dust storms, and radiation risks. Systems would need to be fail-safe or have backups.
- The MER would serve as a mobile habitat, allowing astronauts to live and work on long expeditions away from the main habitat base. It would carry supplies and have facilities for activities
The document discusses how cold temperatures can negatively impact operator performance and safety in vehicle cabs. Cold temperatures can cause loss of feeling, stiffness, and reduced grip strength in hands and fingers. It can also lead to hypothermia. To address this, vehicle cabs need to be designed to maintain warm temperatures, control airflow and humidity, and provide features like heated seats, steering wheels, and windows. The cab and external areas also need space for bulky cold weather gear and to prevent snow and ice accumulation on walkways and controls. An effective heating system is important but not enough - the full operating environment needs consideration to ensure operator comfort, health and productivity in cold conditions.
The document discusses the implications of developments in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the potential development of fully autonomous tractors. It outlines how modern tractors have some automated functions but still require an operator. Fully autonomous tractors that could operate continuously without human presence are described as the "holy grail" for the industry. The document contrasts the autonomous capabilities of modern military UAVs like the Predator and Global Hawk with the vision for autonomous tractors, which could perform agricultural field work continuously and be monitored by a small human team rather than requiring large support operations. Developments in UAV technologies are promising for autonomous tractors but the goals and operational models differ.
1. design & product developmentergonomics & styling
steven casey, Ergonomic Systems Design, Inc
10 iVT International 2007
colour blind?Does your hit-and-miss approach to display panels leave operators
of your vehicles snookered? Take a cue from our crash course in
colour theory and your next model will pass with flying colours
3. • Distract the operator from carrying
out the primary task;
• Contribute to information overload;
• Not be perceived adequately by a
colour-deficient viewer;
• Conflict with cultural conventions;
• Cause unintended visual effects.
Colour should be used to emphasise
certain relationships, distinguish certain
areas, enhance the aesthetic quality of a
display, or provide supplemental
information coding. As a general rule, it
should not be used to provide the global
structure for the display.
Other display elements, including
overall format, graphics, and luminance
contrast should be the ‘first resort’ for
formatting and establishing the overall
graphic format. In other words, do not
use colour to provide the structure, but
rather, to enhance an otherwise sound
display design. Design the display in
monochrome, then add colour.
The dimensions of colour and their use
‘Hue’ refers to the quality of redness,
blueness, etc, of a colour. Do not rely
solely on differences in hue for visual
discrimination of objects, fields, or
foreground objects against backgrounds.
Provide for reliably perceptible differences
in luminance (brightness) between
foreground objects and their backgrounds,
black or white borders around foreground
objects, or, of course, differences in
object shape and labelling.
The use of cues in addition to colour
is especially important for colours in the
red-green-brown spectrum which are
most likely to be confused by those with
defective colour vision. Degraded
viewing conditions, high ambient light,
screen glare, or a very low luminance-
output display may also degrade the
effectiveness of colour, especially in the
aforementioned spectrum (Chart 1).
‘Saturation’ refers to the amount of
white in a particular colour: the more
saturated a colour, the less white there is.
It may also be considered as a measure of
colour purity. Pastel shades are desaturated;
vivid, strong colours are saturated.
Legibility of foreground text or symbols
grey scale in the luminance domain,
thereby making hue a redundant code.
Using colour in formatting
Colour can be used effectively to group
related items or to call out different
classes of items. Items located on
different parts of the display but that
are related in some way (such as petrol
stations on a map) can often be grouped
effectively with colour. Functional
display elements such as touch-screen
push buttons might be highlighted and
contrasted from non-active surfaces
through the use of colour.
Colour can be particularly useful for
detecting an important signal within a
visual field, especially if the background
ergonomics & styling
iVT International 2007 13
is greatly influenced by text saturation
and the brightness, hue, and saturation
of the background. Saturated foreground
colours on dark backgrounds should be
avoided, just like desaturated foreground
colours on light backgrounds.
‘Brightness’ refers to how light or dark
a colour appears. This can be affected by
the brightness of adjacent colours, the
level of ambient light, and the state of
adaptation of the viewer. Brightness is a
psychological measure of luminance.
Luminance is an objective measure; one
that does not change with visual
adaptation by the user, or that can be
influenced by the colour or brightness
of an adjacent surface. Colours chosen
for an application should represent a
A saturated colour, such as the red used
above, can be used to highlight and draw
attention to key information on the display
figure 1: The role of the colour circle in selecting colour pairs, triads and tetrads
above: A change in state, as
when a ‘button’ is pushed, can
be signalled with a change in
brightness or saturation
right: Appropriate colour scales
can serve as codes for elevation,
among other things
4. design & product development
rectangle around the centre point.
Common tetrads are green/orange/blue/
red and green/yellow/red/violet.
Colour theorists also point out that
logical combinations, progressions, and
presentations of colour are more
favourably received in most practical
applications than random or
disorganised colour presentations. A
colour-coding scheme for elevation that
systematically relates hue and/or
saturation to height is clearly more
logical – and more pleasing to the eye –
than a random scheme (Figure 2).
Six principles of colour coding
Distinguishable: Colours should be easily
distinguishable from each other by the
user. This includes individuals having
common colour discrimination
deficiencies in the red-green spectrum,
which includes about 8% of all males
and 0.4% of females. This can be
achieved by having a large luminance
contrast between foreground and
background in addition to any colour
differences between foreground and
background. Use ‘true’ colours whenever
absolute colour identification is required,
such as when the user may need to
specifically identify a colour independent
of all other colours. In such circumstances,
the colour yellow, for example, should
be a true yellow, as opposed to a yellow-
green or yellow-orange.
Detectable: The selected colours should
be detectable by the user under the
ambient illumination and viewing
conditions in which they will be viewed.
High ambient illumination can greatly
reduce the detectability of some colours.
Perceptually equal steps: The steps of
discrimination between the selected
colours should appear to be
approximately the same from the user’s
subjective point of view. If, for example,
five main colours were chosen for use in
field is drab and an appropriate colour
for the signal item is selected.
Aesthetic dimensions
It is possible to make a display look
garish and unattractive with the use of
only a handful of inappropriately
chosen colours. A colour display is used,
in part, to encourage user acceptance of
the system. It is logical to conclude that
use of an unattractive palette of colours
would make a system less acceptable –
and less successful – in the marketplace.
The aesthetic dimension of a
display’s colour palette should
complement the functional colour-
coding scheme that has been chosen,
rather than replace it. Like the multiple
notes in a musical chord, colour
harmony theory holds that harmonious
colour combinations are built around
geometric progressions. Combinations
are most easily understood and selected
using the colour circle. According to
colour harmony theory and the work of
Itten, ‘two or more colours are mutually
harmonious if their mixture yields a
neutral grey.’ For an emissive display,
two such opposite colours would, when
combined, produce white (Figure 1).
Itten’s colour circle contains 16
colours of the spectrum. Complementary
colours, or dyads, are located 180° from
one another on the colour circle.
Complementary colours are also called
opposites, and pairs can be identified by
rotating the straight line around the
circle. Commonly used dyads are yellow/
violet, green/red, and blue/orange.
Triads – combinations of three
harmonious colours – are identified
with either equilateral or isosceles
triangles that can be rotated around the
centre point of the circle. Commonly
seen triads are yellow/red/blue, green/
orange/violet, and yellow-green/red-
orange/blue-violet.
Tetrads – combinations of four
harmonious colours – are formed with
either squares or rectangles. As with
pairs and triads, harmonious colours can
be identified by rotating the square or
It is possible to make a display look garish and unattractive
with only a handful of inappropriately chosen colours
above: Consistent use of colour codes on
screens as well as controls help link controls
and displays
far left: Conventional colour codes can be
used to good effect on flat panel displays as
well as conventional displays
left: Colour can be used to highlight touch-
screen areas or fields of ‘buttons’
14 iVT International 2007
5. a display and two were closer to one
another than the others – such as green,
blue, yellow, red and desaturated red
(pink) – the user will tend to associate
red and desaturated red with each other
and perhaps conclude that they are
related in some manner.
Meaningful: If there is any basis at all for
providing an association between colour
and meaning, selected colours should
have some relevance to the user.
Associations with colour might be based
on population stereotypes (for example,
red for stop, yellow for caution, green
for go); previous product experience (a
colour-coding scheme from a currently
marketed product), or naturalistic
reasons (blue for water, green for
vegetation, for example).
Consistent: Colour codes must be applied
consistently within a screen and from
screen to screen. If a colour has been
designated a special meaning, it should
not be used for any other purpose.
Aesthetically pleasing: The colour palette –
as well as codes – should be pleasing to
the eye. As a general rule, the greater the
number of colours, the higher the
chance of having colours that clash or
are of an overall garish appearance.
More advice on colour coding
Make logical use of hue, saturation, and
brightness in coding. For example,
figure 2: Hue and saturation progressions that are logical and relate to a continuous variable,
such as elevation, are easier to use than random or disorganised presentations
A dark background is usually most appropriate for
night, when screen brightness might be high
ergonomics & styling
Logical progression of hue/
saturation to elevation
Random progression of hue/
saturation to elevation
turning something ‘off’ or showing that
an option is not available under certain
conditions might be done most logically
by desaturating the item to imply that it
is faded and, hence, unavailable. This
would be more logical than having the
item change in hue from, say, purple to
orange. In summary, use a faded,
transparent, or desaturated appearance
6. to indicate that an item, symbol, or text
label is unavailable for selection.
It may be most logical to code a
continuous variable, such as elevation,
through changes in saturation as
opposed to hue or brightness. If hue is
to be used for coding interval information,
the steps between successive hues
should be small and logically related.
Elements or options that should be
differentiated with colour, especially if
these elements are nominal and do not
represent a continuous function, should
usually be coded with distinctly
different hues, thereby not implying
any continuous function or
relationships among the elements.
Common colour codes on maps are:
• Deep blue: deep sea;
• Light blue: shallow sea;
• Turquoise: shoreline;
• Green: low land;
• Yellow-green: hills;
• Brown/purple: mountains;
• White: snow caps.
Background colours for the most
common terrain areas are usually very
desaturated, thereby providing sufficient
contrast for overlaying text or coloured
symbology. There is also an understandable
basis for naturalistic colour coding of
geographic features. Background colours
should also be selected in concert with
the selection of foreground symbol
colours – see Chart 2 for foreground and
background colour combinations to avoid.
The magnificent seven
How many colours should be used on a
display when reliable colour discrimination
is required? A maximum of seven is
usually recommended when users must
make strong and reliable associations
with colours. This does not imply that a
display should only use a maximum of
seven colours when millions may be
available. It does mean, however, that
when colour is being used as a code that
the user must reliably discriminate –
such as a red symbol, yellow symbol,
blue line, or red line – the maximum
number of colours that should be used
for coding is seven. Use as few colours
as possible to meet the needs of the
task. If four colours meet the needs of
the task, then use four colours and no
more. This helps assure distinguishing
of the colours and avoid screen clutter.
Taken together, these ergonomic
principles and practices can be applied
to colour displays used in all manner of
industrial vehicles. Rather than making
these displays garish, confusing or
distracting, appropriate application of
colour theory and perception can make
these displays easier and more
pleasurable to use. iVT
References:
ISO 15008: Road vehicles – Ergonomic aspects
of transport information and control systems
– Specifications and compliance procedures
for in-vehicle visual presentation
Travis, D. (1991). Effective colour displays:
theory and practice. London: Academic Press
chart 1: Expected visual efficiency of different
figure/ground colour combinations in
different environments
Colour is a very
effective way
to highlight an
important feature
within a field, as
in this steering
control display
Unobtrusive and subtle colour fields can
provide attractive as well as effective
groupings of related screen elements
ergonomics & styling
chart 2: Sample colour combinations and contrasts to avoid
Where the
illumination is
average or high
Where the
illumination is poor
Where dark
adaptation is
required and must
be maintained
AVOID THESE!
Avoid combining light colours that
are low in contrast or may not
be legible to a user with defective
red-green colour vision
…AND THESE!
Avoid combining saturated colours
that are low in contrast or may not
be legible to a user with defective
red-green colour vision
16 iVT International 2007