The document provides information on winter driving safety. It discusses adverse weather conditions like black ice, snow and fog and their effects on traction and visibility. It also covers cold weather injuries, preventive vehicle maintenance, driving techniques for conditions like ice and snow, and communication techniques like using turn signals and adjusting speed based on conditions. Preventive measures include dressing in layers, maintaining proper tire pressure and fluid levels, and driving defensively by allowing extra space between vehicles.

1. WINTER DRIVING Adverse Weather Conditions Prevention of Cold weather Injuries Preventive Maintenance Driving Techniques

2. ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS FREEZING RAIN BLACK ICE FOG SNOW

3. OPERATING ON SNOW AND ICE START DRIVING IN SECOND OR THIRD GEAR RATHER THAN FIRST OR LOW, AND ACCELERATE NO MORE THAN NECESSARY TO KEEP FROM STALLING. * AVOID QUICK ACCELERATION ON SLICK ROADS. IT WILL CAUSE YOU TO SKID.

4. FRESH SNOW MAY CONCEAL AN ICY ROAD SURFACE.

5. ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... RAINS DRIZZLE OR LIGHT RAINS - EXPECT: FREEZING RAINS - EXPECT: VISIBILITY RESTRICTION SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCES HIGH PROBABILITY OF SKIDS HEAVY RAINS OR DOWNPOURS - EXPECT: POOR VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR VISIBILITY LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING ACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS 4-104 TC 21-305

6. ICE IS WATER SUBSTANCE IN A SOLID FORM - EXPECT: SNOW IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL ICE CRYSTALS - EXPECT: FROST IS A COVERING OF MINUTE ICE CRYSTALS ON A COLD SURFACE - EXPECT: ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... ICE ... REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION POOR VISIBILITY - WINDSHIELD INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL REDUCED VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCES 4-105 TC 21-305

7. ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... ICE ... HAIL IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL BALLS OR LUMPS CONSISTING OF CLEAR ICE OR COMPACT SNOW - EXPECT: WINDSHIELD ICING MAY OCCUR ANYTIME THE TEMPERATURE IS LOW ENOUGH AND THERE IS MOISTURE PRESENT - EXPECT REDUCED OR NO FORWARD VISIBILITY THROUGH THE WINDSHIELD POSSIBLE SURFACE DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE POSSIBILITY OF BROKEN WINDOWS SLEET IS FROZEN OR PARTLY FROZEN RAIN - EXPECT: SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS BLACK ICE IS A THIN SHEET OF ICE, DARK IN APPEARANCE - EXPECT: 4-106 TC 21-305

8. GLAZE (CLEAR) ICE IS A DEPOSIT OF ICE FORMED BY FREEZING OF RAINDROPS ON SURFACES THAT ARE AT OR BELOW FREEZING (32 DEGREES F) - EXPECT: ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS ... ICE FROST HEAVING IS THE UNEVEN LIFTING AND DISTORTION OF THE GROUND CLOSE TO THE SURFACE - EXPECT UNEVEN DRIVING SURFACES LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS WHEN FOG ON MOUNTAIN BE ALERT AND DRIVE SLOWLY TURN LIGHTS ON MORE... 4-107 TC 21-305

9. BLACK ICE DANGEROUS BECAUSE YOU CAN’T SEE IT! COMMON AREAS YOU FIND IT 1. Bridges/Overpasses 2. Shaded areas

10. BLACK ICE REACTION DO NOT PANIC! MAKE NO SUDDEN CHANGES IN SPEED OR DIRECTION! EASE OFF ACCELERATOR! STEER IN DIRECTION THAT THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE IS SKIDDING!

11. FOG WHEN DRIVING IN FOG, USE LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS STOP, OFF THE ROADWAY, AND WAIT FOG

12. COLD INJURY PREVENTION

13. TYPES OF COLD WEATHER INJURIES Chilblains Immersion Foot Trench Foot Frost Bite Hypothermia Snow Blindness Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Dehydration Heat Exhaustion

14. SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS 1. Previous Cold Weather Injury 2. Fatigue 3. Race and Geographic Origin 4. Nutrition: 3000 to 4000 calories 5. Overactive or Immobile

15. SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS Cont. 6. Alcohol, Drugs, or Tobacco 7. Exposed Situation: Guard Duty, Sleeping Areas, Vehicles 8. Wind Velocity 9. Temperature of Exposure 10. Duration of Exposure

16. USE OF ACRONYM C.O.L.D. a. C = keep it clean b. O = avoid overheating c. L = wear it in loose layers. d. D = keep it dry.

17. CHILBLAINS Inflammatory swelling or sore, usually below 50 degrees F with high humidity.

18. CHILBLAINS 1. Symptoms Pale and colorless Upon re-warming, red in color Hot, tender, and itchy Skin may blister

19. CHILBLAINS 2. First Aid Mild Case: Warm and dry gently Severe Case: Dry sterile dressing and protect from further exposure

20. CHILBLAIN 3. Prevention Protect exposed areas with adequate clothing Use the “Buddy System”

21. TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT Results from prolonged exposure of skin to cold or wet conditions, usually at 50 degrees F or colder

22. TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 1. Symptoms Cold toes and feet Swollen Discolored Waxy and numb Blisters may develop

23. TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 2. First Aid Dry feet carefully Apply foot powder Clean and wrap loosely Do Not break blisters Evacuate to nearest medical facility

24. TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT 3. Prevention Keep feet dry Avoid tight boots Exercise feet and legs Wear proper clothing

25. FROSTBITE Freezing of tissue or moisture in the skin due to exposure to temperatures below 32 degrees F

26. FROSTBITE 1. Symptoms Loss of sensation or numb feeling Sudden blanching of the skin, followed by tingling feeling Redness of skin in light-skinned people Grayish color in dark-skinned people

27. FROSTBITE Symptoms cont. Blisters may develop: 24-36 hours (superficial) 12-30 (deep) Swelling or tender areas Loss of previous sensation of pain in affected areas Pale, yellowish, waxy looking skin Frozen tissue, solid to the touch

28. FROSTBITE 2. First Aid Protect injury from further cold Move casualty to warm area Warm affected area evenly with body heat Improve circulation by exercise Remove constricting clothing and jewelry Reassure the casualty

29. FROSTBITE First Aid cont. Do Not rub the affected area with snow Do Not re-warm the affected area by massaging or exposing to open flame Do Not allow the casualty to walk if feet are frozen Do Not attempt to thaw seriously frozen areas

30. FROSTBITE 3. Prevention Eat properly and often Wear clothing properly Avoid direct skin exposure Do Not stay inactive for long periods Use the “buddy system” to check exposed areas

31. HYPOTHERMIA Medical term for lowered core body temperature, caused by exposure to cold. Aggravated by wet conditions.

32. HYPOTHERMIA 1. Symptoms Pale skin Dizziness Drowsiness Disoriented Slurred speech Stumbling Mind dimmed

33. HYPOTHERMIA Symptoms cont. Body slows down Exercise tires you quicker Casualty stops shivering Person wants to lay down and sleep Pulse is faint or undetectable Unconsciousness DEATH

34. HYPOTHERMIA 2. First Aid Re-warm body evenly and without delay Keep dry and protect from elements Give food and warm liquids to produce body heat Do not massage casualty Do not give casualty alcohol

35. HYPOTHERMIA First Aid (Severe) Evacuate immediately Avoid further heat loss Handle gently Stabilize temperature

36. HYPOTHERMIA 3. Prevention Eat properly and often Dress in layers Drink plenty of water Stay physically fit Keep active Stay dry

37. SNOW BLINDNESS Inflammation and sensitivity caused by exposure of the eyes to ultraviolet light rays reflected by the snow or ice

38. SNOW BLINDNESS 1. Symptoms Feeling of grit or sand in eyes Pain in and over the eyes Watering and redness of the eyes Headache

39. SNOW BLINDNESS 2. First Aid Instruct casualty not to move his/her eyes Protect eyes with bandages or sunglasses Seek medical attention

40. SNOW BLINDNESS 3. Prevention Wear sunglasses Use improvised sunglasses Don’t wait until discomfort begins to wear sunglasses

41. CARBON MONOXIDE Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Created by incomplete combustion.

42. CARBON MONOXIDE 1. Symptoms Headache, nausea, dimmed vision, dizziness, and chest pain Symptoms may or may not give warning prior to collapse Skin turns cherry red

43. CARBON MONOXIDE 2. First Aid Move casualty to fresh air Artificial respiration if necessary Keep warm and allow the casualty to rest

44. CARBON MONOXIDE 3. Prevention Assure proper ventilation Don’t use unvented engines or equipment

45. Clothing Cold-Weather System Principles INSULATE LAYER VENTILATE

46. Clothing Extended Cold-Weather Clothing System First Layer-Polypropylene undershirt and shorts Second Layer-Synthetic Fiber Pile shirt and polyester trouser liners Third Light jacket and over-trousers

47. Clothing Cont. Fourth Layer-Windproof, waterproof parka and trousers

48. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ENSURE WINTERIZATION OF ALL VEHICLES DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER OPERATION MAINTENANCE IAW APPLICABLE TM DO DRAIN ALL AIR TANKS AT THE END OF DAY KEEP ALL FUEL TANKS FULL TO KEEP MOISTURE FROM CONDENSING INSIDE FUEL LINES AND TANKS

49. TIRES COOLING SYSTEM BATTERIES EXHAUST SYSTEM WIPERS LIGHTS FLUID LEVELS HEATERS/DEFROSTERS PERSONAL GEAR PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

50. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROPER MAINTENANCE HABITS ARE EVEN MORE CRITICAL IN COLD WEATHER. ANTIFREEZE/COOLANT SHOULD BE CHECKED AT REGULAR INTERVALS, OR , AT LEAST TWICE PER YEAR. ( SPRING/FALL) ENSURE WINDSHIELD WASHER AND, IF APPLICABLE, ALCOHOL BOTTLES ARE REPLENISHED.

51. MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ON BRIEF HALTS DURING EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER, LET THE ENGINE RUN AT A FAST IDLE SO THAT THE AMMETER SHOWS A CHARGE. WHY! * BURNS FUEL BETTER * MAINTAINS EVEN ENGINE TEMPERATURE

52. MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE WHEN PERFORMING MAINTENANCE, DO NOT TOUCH METAL WITH YOUR BARE HANDS. WHEN CLIMBING ON VEHICLES, USE EXTREME CAUTION. REMEMBER, THREE POINTS OF CONTACT.

53. Cold Hard Facts Adjust to Conditions Hills and Grades Following Distance Steering Skids

54. DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES COMMUNICATION MANAGE SPEED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS DRIVING SPACE

55. COMMUNICATION ... LET OTHERS KNOW WHERE YOU ARE LET OTHERS KNOW WHAT YOU PLAN TO DO USE HEADLIGHTS, BRAKE LIGHTS, AND TURN SIGNALS USE HORN POSITION YOUR VEHICLE SO IT CAN BE SEEN USE EMERGENCY SIGNALS USE EMERGENCY HAZARD SIGNALS (4-WAYS) SIGNAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING/STOPPING FLARES WARNING TRIANGLES

56. COMMUNICATION ... USING HEADLIGHTS ON RAINY, SNOWY, OR FOGGY DAYS GRAY DAYS WHEN USING WINDSHIELD WIPERS PRIOR TO DARKNESS TO COMMUNICATE A HAZARD WHENEVER IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE WHEN MOVING AND LIGHTS ARE NECESSARY TO GET ATTENTION 4-47 TC 21-305

57. COMMUNICATION ... USING HORN TO GIVE WARNING ONLY A LIGHT TAP IF NO IMMEDIATE DANGER WHEN: SOMEONE IS WALKING CLOSE TO ROAD OR ON A BIKE PASSING (AS A WARNING) USE SHARP BLAST WHEN REAL DANGER EXISTS, SUCH AS: CHILD RUNNING INTO STREET IN DANGER OF BEING HIT APPROACHING INATTENTIVE DRIVER HAVING TROUBLE SEEING AHEAD LOST CONTROL OF VEHICLE

58. COMMUNICATION ... KEEP YOUR VEHICLE WHERE IT CAN BE SEEN AVOID DRIVING IN VEHICLE "BLIND SPOTS" GET THROUGH BLIND SPOTS QUICKLY

59. COMMUNICATION ... USING EMERGENCY SIGNALS EMERGENCY STOPS OFF THE ROAD, OUT OF TRAFFIC TURN ON 4-WAYS LIFT THE HOOD & TIE WHITE CLOTH TO DOOR HANDLE IF NO WARNING DEVICES, GIVE HAND WARNING ALSO USE 4-WAY FLASHERS WHEN: UNLOADING IF IN TRAFFIC, STOP WHERE YOU CAN BE SEEN GIVE WARNING (FLARES AND/OR WARNING TRIANGLES) AT ACCIDENT SCENE DRIVING SLOW DO NOT DO MAINTENANCE IN TRAFFIC

60. COMMUNICATION ... SIGNAL WHEN CHANGING DIRECTION USE TURN SIGNALS BEFORE: CHANGING LANES PASSING TURNING AT AN INTERSECTION PULLING OVER TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD APPROACHING A PARALLEL PARKING PLACE RULES FOR SIGNALING DIRECTION CHANGES ENTERING/LEAVING A FREEWAY PULLING AWAY FROM A CURB SIGNAL AS A HABIT SIGNAL EARLY MERGING INTO TRAFFIC SIGNAL AFTER INTERSECTION, PRIOR TO TURN ENSURE SIGNAL IS OFF AFTER TURNING

61. COMMUNICATION ... SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING OR STOPPING LIGHTLY TAP BRAKE PEDAL - TO FLASH BRAKE LIGHTS - TO STOPPING AT A PLACE THAT IS UNEXPECTED SLOWING BECAUSE OF NO DECELERATION LANE TURNING INTO A DRIVEWAY (PRIOR TO INTERSECTION) AVOID SOMETHING IN THE ROAD AHEAD INDICATE:

62. MANAGE SPEED WHAT IS SPEEDING? SPEEDING IS: EXCEEDING THE LEGAL OR POSTED SPEED LIMIT DRIVING TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS YOU SLOW DOWN

63. MANAGE SPEED ... CONDITIONS AFFECTING SAFE SPEED TRACTION: MEANS TIRE'S GRIP ON THE ROAD DECREASED TRACTION = INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE STOP WITHIN SEEING DISTANCE VISIBILITY: ADJUST SPEED TO VISIBILITY CONDITIONS TRAFFIC CONDITIONS: MAINTAIN SAFE SPACE CUSHION ADJUST SPEED TO VOLUME AND FLOW ROAD CHARACTERISTICS SHAPE AFFECTS TRACTION AND VISIBILITY ADJUST SPEED FOR CURVES AND HILLS ADJUST SPEED FOR DECREASED TRACTION

64. MANAGE SPEED ... SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE PERCEPTION DISTANCE ABOUT 3/4 SECOND AT 55 MPH = 60 FEET AT 55 MPH = ADDED 60 FEET ABOUT 3/4 SECOND BRAKING DISTANCE AT 55 MPH - ABOUT 4 1/2 SECONDS OR ABOUT 150 FEET AT 55 MPH = TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE AT 55 MPH = ABOUT 6 SECONDS = ABOUT 270 FEET (300 FEET = FOOTBALL FIELD) REACTION DISTANCE

65. MANAGE SPEED ... EFFECT OF SPEED ON STOPPING DISTANCE DOUBLE SPEED = FOUR TIMES STOPPING DISTANCE SLOW DOWN = REDUCED BRAKING DISTANCE CONDITIONS = SLOW DOWN STOP WITHIN DISTANCE YOU CAN SEE AT NIGHT - LOW BEAMS = SLOW DOWN SPEED AND TRAFFIC FLOW SAFE SPEED = SPEED OF TRAFFIC SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE FASTER SPEEDS = CRASH OR FATIGUE SAFEST IS LEGAL SPEED OF OTHER VEHICLES SPEED AND DISTANCE AHEAD

66. MANAGE SPEED ... MATCHING SPEED TO THE ROAD SURFACE... TRACTION = STEERING AND BRAKING TRACTION = FRICTION REDUCED TRACTION = LOWER SPEEDS: WET ROADS - REDUCE SPEED BY ONE THIRD WET ROADS = DOUBLE STOPPING DISTANCE PACKED SNOW - REDUCE SPEED BY HALF OR MORE ICE - STOP ASAP SLIPPERY ROADS = TURNING/STOPPING

67. MANAGE SPEED ...MATCHING SPEED TO ROAD SURFACE SLIPPERY ROADS SHADY AREAS BRIDGES VEHICLE ICING BLACK ICE RAINS HYDROPLANING MELTING ICE

68. MANAGE SPEED ... SPEED AND CURVES ADJUST SPEED TAKING A CURVE TOO FAST = WHEELS LOSE TRACTION - STRAIGHT AHEAD BRAKING = SKID SLOW DOWN BEFORE CURVE EXIT RAMPS ARE CURVED SLOW TO RIGHT SPEED BE READY TO STOP AT BOTTOM OF EXIT WHEELS KEEP TRACTION - ROLL OVER

69. FOLLOWING DISTANCE THREE TO ELEVEN TIMES MORE DISTANCE IS REQUIRED TO STOP A VEHICLE ON PAVEMENT COVERED WITH ICE OR SNOW. 100 100 5OO METERS IDEAL ROAD CONDITIONS POOR ROAD CONDITION

70. 6 SECONDS 4 SECONDS T T T T 37 37 37 37 T 66-10 AM GENERAL T T T T 37 37 37 37 T 66-10 AM GENERAL

71. HILLS AND GRADES When approaching a hill or upgrade / downgrade remember to do the following: 1. Select the proper gear before approaching, usually a lower gear. 2. Use the same gear going down that you used going up. This will allow the engine to act as a brake, so you will not have to use your brake excessively. * On steep or very slippery grades, use at least one gear lower, and go slower *

72. SKIDS Result from unexpected forces: 1. Black Ice 2. Driving to fast for conditions 3. Sudden steering corrections or braking 4. Sudden accelerations

73. SKIDS CONTINUED If your vehicle begins to skids, take the following actions: 1. Front end skids - Release the brake and let the front wheels roll freely to regain traction and steering control. 2. Rear end skids - Take foot off of accelerator and turn wheels in the direction that the rear of the vehicle is skidding, and pump brakes lightly.

74. Brake before the turn, not in the turn accelerate smoothly and slowly. Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and clutch engagements. Steer in the opposite direction the trailer is skidding, while pumping the brakes lightly. VEHICLE JACKKNIFE PREVENTION 15 DEG.

75. VEHICLE JACKKNIFE A JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTOR AND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT WHERE IT CANT’T BE STRAIGHTENED OUT BY THE DRIVER. 15 DEG.

76. RISK ASSESSMENT EXPERIENCE LIVING ENVIRONMENT YEARS AND MILES DRIVEN SITUATIONS ROAD CONDITIONS RED AMBER GREEN OH DARN! I SHOULD HAVE DONE A RISK ASSESSMENT !

77. WINTER BAG Minimum Requirements 1. Wet Weather Gear 2. Over Shoes 3. Blanket 4. Wet Weather Bag 5.Field/Gortex Jacket 6. Gloves with Inserts

78. CHAINS CHAINS GIVE A GOOD BITE IN SNOW OR MUD BUT TEND TO SLIDE AND SLIP ON ICE AND PACKED SNOW. oh no! He should have went to the chain class!

79. CHAINS Before execution of the mission, the following checks should be made: 1. Ensure vehicle is equipped with snow chains. 2. Snow chains are serviceable, and in good condition. 3. Leadership will ensure the driver has a working knowledge of how to properly apply snow chains

80. ENSURE MILITARY AND PRIVATELY OWENED VEHICLES HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR THE WINTER MONTHS AHEAD… BATTERIES ANTIFREEZE CRACKED WINDSHIELDS EXHAUST SYSTEM HEATER / DEFROSTER PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

81. Winter Driving Hazards Windows cleared 360 Adjust speed for road conditions Bridges freeze before roadways Proper tires all weather / mud & snow Know your abilities

82. WINTER DRIVING HAZARDS Ice, frost, and snow on bridges and overpasses Poorly marked state and county highways Drifting snow Poor visibility Carbon monoxide Poor traction High water at river crossings Slippery roads caused by wet leaves

83. VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY Seat belts properly worn by all passengers. Use of approved child safety seats. Infants not seated in front seats of vehicles with Passenger air bags.

84. POV WINTER DRIVING CHECKLIST Winterize your car, and always check your equipment Ice Scraper Exhaust system tight Antifreeze Check all fluid levels Battery charged Map Lights operational and clean Wiper blades serviceable and clean Properly inflated tires, with sufficient tread Heater/defroster working properly Brakes checked for wear Windshield and mirrors clean and serviceable

85. WINTER SURVIVAL KIT Flashlight Bag of Kitty litter/sand Non perishable Food Shovel Blanket Warm Clothes Water Jumper Cables Tire Chains Tow rope

86. SUMMARY Cold weather greatly affects the operating performance of your equipment. Winter weather presents unique hazards, i.e.. snow, slush, ice, black ice, etc... Drivers must continually train and gain experience for safe winter driving. SLOW DOWN! INCREASE INTERVALS!