This study evaluated the effectiveness of applying breast milk to treat sore nipples among postnatal mothers. It found that applying breast milk significantly reduced nipple soreness in the experimental group compared to the control group. Specifically, the mean nipple soreness score decreased from 13.53 to 5.27 in the experimental group after applying breast milk for one week, while it only decreased from 9.43 to 6.53 in the control group. This provides evidence that applying breast milk is an effective treatment for sore nipples among postnatal mothers.
1. The document presents a study on the effectiveness of early ambulation on uterine involution among postnatal mothers.
2. The study aims to assess uterine involution levels before and after early ambulation in an experimental group, and compare this to a control group without early ambulation.
3. A quasi-experimental design is used with 60 postnatal mothers divided into experimental and control groups, with uterine involution measured on a scale before and after the intervention of early ambulation for the experimental group.
The study assessed the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. It found that the experimental group that received sitz baths had significantly better wound healing outcomes than the control group. Specifically, the experimental group had a lower average post-test wound healing score compared to controls, indicating sitz baths were effective at improving episiotomy wound healing. Demographic factors like age and education were also found to influence post-test wound healing levels in the experimental group.
This document provides an introduction and background for a study examining the effectiveness of a Breastfeeding Empowerment Programme (BEP) on knowledge, skills, self-confidence, and breastfeeding outcomes among first-time mothers in India. The study aims to evaluate the impact of the BEP, correlate outcomes with domains, and associate outcomes with background variables. It outlines the objectives, hypotheses, variables, sample size, population, sampling technique, data collection tools, and data analysis methods for the randomized controlled study.
The document summarizes a study on women's awareness of initiating and continuing breastfeeding after cesarean section in Baghdad, Iraq. The study involved surveying 30 women who had cesarean sections using a questionnaire. The results showed that 43.3% initiated breastfeeding within 24 hours of their c-section. 76.7% continued breastfeeding, though only 26% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. The study aimed to identify factors influencing breastfeeding initiation and continuation after c-sections. It recommended promoting breastfeeding through baby-friendly hospital initiatives and counseling women during pregnancy and after birth.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effectiveness of pre delivery preparation on anxiety among Primigravida mothe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM on Level of Knowledge Regardin...ijtsrd
Background Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. A lack of fertility is infertility while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility. The term infertility is defined as the inability to conceive despite regular and unprotected intercourse for 2 years. However, risk factors such as the womans age, abnormal menstrual periods, history of pelvic inflammatory disease and whether there has been previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, history of undescended testicles may warrant earlier investigations and treatment of infertility. Couples should be aware that 80 will conceive within a year and 90 within two years if they dont use contraception and have regular intercourse.1 Materials and Methods A pre experimental has provided comparison between a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment used for this study. The sample consisted 60 staff nurses those were working in obstetrics and gynecology department in selected hospital Haridwar . They were selected by Convenient non – probability Sampling Technique. Data was collected by using a structured knowledge questionnaire regarding recent advancement in infertility treatment. Data analysis is done by using descriptive and inferential method. Results Findings suggest that the pre test knowledge score was 15.45 ±3.88 which has increased to post test knowledge score 30.11 ±3.4. Independent sample “t†test was calculated to find the significant difference between means of pretest and post test knowledge scores. The calculated t value was 23.036 df=59 at p 0.05 . This significant improvement in the knowledge can be attributed to the intervention. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study after the implementation of self instructional module, there is a significant increase in knowledge of staff nurses regarding the recent advancement in infertility treatment. Bhawna Sharma | Priscilla John | Asha ""Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on Level of Knowledge Regarding Recent Advancements in Infertility Treatment among the Staff Nurses Working in Obstetrics and Gynecological Departments"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22929.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22929/effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-on-level-of-knowledge-regarding-recent-advancements-in-infertility-treatment-among-the-staff-nurses-working-in-obstetrics-and-gynecological-departments/bhawna-sharma"
Effect of a Training Program about Maternal Fetal Attachment Skills on Prenat...iosrjce
to assess effect of a training program about maternal fetal attachment skills on prenatal attachment
among primigravida women.
Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental research design was utilized. From a specific private Antenatal
Clinic in Mansoura city-Egypt eighty primigravida women aged 20 to 35 years, at 30th week gestation, had
singleton pregnancy and can read and write were selected purposively between of January and August 2011
and was equally divided into two groups; intervention group: received a training program on two MFA skills
and control group: received the routine antenatal care. Using interview sheet and Cranley's Maternal Fetal
Attachment Scale (MFAS) the data were collected at baseline and after two and four weeks of the enrollment.
Results: MFAS score had significantly increased in the intervention group from 61.6±5.9 at the baseline to
68.5±6.8 and 69.6 ±5.9 at 32nd, 34th week gestation respectively. While the changes of the MFAS total score in
the control group were insignificant.
Conclusion: MFAS total scores had significantly increased in the intervention group at 32nd and 34th week
gestation compared to the baseline score. Conversely, the MFAS total score did not differ significantly between
the baseline and two and four weeks after enrollment among the control group.
Recommendations: Enhancing the health care providers' awareness of the MFA skills to utilize in the
promotion of the prenatal MFA and motivate the active role of the nurses in helping the pregnant women to
adhere to the appropriate MFA skills are recommended.
1. The document presents a study on the effectiveness of early ambulation on uterine involution among postnatal mothers.
2. The study aims to assess uterine involution levels before and after early ambulation in an experimental group, and compare this to a control group without early ambulation.
3. A quasi-experimental design is used with 60 postnatal mothers divided into experimental and control groups, with uterine involution measured on a scale before and after the intervention of early ambulation for the experimental group.
The study assessed the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. It found that the experimental group that received sitz baths had significantly better wound healing outcomes than the control group. Specifically, the experimental group had a lower average post-test wound healing score compared to controls, indicating sitz baths were effective at improving episiotomy wound healing. Demographic factors like age and education were also found to influence post-test wound healing levels in the experimental group.
This document provides an introduction and background for a study examining the effectiveness of a Breastfeeding Empowerment Programme (BEP) on knowledge, skills, self-confidence, and breastfeeding outcomes among first-time mothers in India. The study aims to evaluate the impact of the BEP, correlate outcomes with domains, and associate outcomes with background variables. It outlines the objectives, hypotheses, variables, sample size, population, sampling technique, data collection tools, and data analysis methods for the randomized controlled study.
The document summarizes a study on women's awareness of initiating and continuing breastfeeding after cesarean section in Baghdad, Iraq. The study involved surveying 30 women who had cesarean sections using a questionnaire. The results showed that 43.3% initiated breastfeeding within 24 hours of their c-section. 76.7% continued breastfeeding, though only 26% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. The study aimed to identify factors influencing breastfeeding initiation and continuation after c-sections. It recommended promoting breastfeeding through baby-friendly hospital initiatives and counseling women during pregnancy and after birth.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effectiveness of pre delivery preparation on anxiety among Primigravida mothe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module SIM on Level of Knowledge Regardin...ijtsrd
Background Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. A lack of fertility is infertility while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility. The term infertility is defined as the inability to conceive despite regular and unprotected intercourse for 2 years. However, risk factors such as the womans age, abnormal menstrual periods, history of pelvic inflammatory disease and whether there has been previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, history of undescended testicles may warrant earlier investigations and treatment of infertility. Couples should be aware that 80 will conceive within a year and 90 within two years if they dont use contraception and have regular intercourse.1 Materials and Methods A pre experimental has provided comparison between a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment used for this study. The sample consisted 60 staff nurses those were working in obstetrics and gynecology department in selected hospital Haridwar . They were selected by Convenient non – probability Sampling Technique. Data was collected by using a structured knowledge questionnaire regarding recent advancement in infertility treatment. Data analysis is done by using descriptive and inferential method. Results Findings suggest that the pre test knowledge score was 15.45 ±3.88 which has increased to post test knowledge score 30.11 ±3.4. Independent sample “t†test was calculated to find the significant difference between means of pretest and post test knowledge scores. The calculated t value was 23.036 df=59 at p 0.05 . This significant improvement in the knowledge can be attributed to the intervention. Conclusion Based on the findings of the study after the implementation of self instructional module, there is a significant increase in knowledge of staff nurses regarding the recent advancement in infertility treatment. Bhawna Sharma | Priscilla John | Asha ""Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module (SIM) on Level of Knowledge Regarding Recent Advancements in Infertility Treatment among the Staff Nurses Working in Obstetrics and Gynecological Departments"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22929.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22929/effectiveness-of-self-instructional-module-sim-on-level-of-knowledge-regarding-recent-advancements-in-infertility-treatment-among-the-staff-nurses-working-in-obstetrics-and-gynecological-departments/bhawna-sharma"
Effect of a Training Program about Maternal Fetal Attachment Skills on Prenat...iosrjce
to assess effect of a training program about maternal fetal attachment skills on prenatal attachment
among primigravida women.
Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental research design was utilized. From a specific private Antenatal
Clinic in Mansoura city-Egypt eighty primigravida women aged 20 to 35 years, at 30th week gestation, had
singleton pregnancy and can read and write were selected purposively between of January and August 2011
and was equally divided into two groups; intervention group: received a training program on two MFA skills
and control group: received the routine antenatal care. Using interview sheet and Cranley's Maternal Fetal
Attachment Scale (MFAS) the data were collected at baseline and after two and four weeks of the enrollment.
Results: MFAS score had significantly increased in the intervention group from 61.6±5.9 at the baseline to
68.5±6.8 and 69.6 ±5.9 at 32nd, 34th week gestation respectively. While the changes of the MFAS total score in
the control group were insignificant.
Conclusion: MFAS total scores had significantly increased in the intervention group at 32nd and 34th week
gestation compared to the baseline score. Conversely, the MFAS total score did not differ significantly between
the baseline and two and four weeks after enrollment among the control group.
Recommendations: Enhancing the health care providers' awareness of the MFA skills to utilize in the
promotion of the prenatal MFA and motivate the active role of the nurses in helping the pregnant women to
adhere to the appropriate MFA skills are recommended.
The comparison of dinoprostone and vagiprost for induction of lobar in post t...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document provides information on various newer approaches to female contraception that are being evaluated globally. It begins by outlining the need for newer contraceptive methods due to unintended pregnancies and non-compliance with existing options. It then evaluates several newer methods including newer pills with modified formulations and dosages, implants, patches, rings, injectables, intrauterine devices, and gene-based and immune-based approaches. Key criteria used to evaluate the methods include efficacy, side effects, ease of use, duration of action, manufacturing costs, and additional health benefits. The document focuses on innovations to existing hormonal methods, particularly a 24+4 regimen oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone that has demonstrated increased ovulation inhibition,
— This study was conducted to find out if AFI ≤ 5 cms has any clinical significance in identifying the subsequent fetal distress & associated maternal & perinatal outcomes, in pregnancies beyond 37 weeks. Methodology: This is a prospective case control study done from July 2010 to July 2012 (24 months) at Dr Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Hospital and Research Center. Adgaon, Nashik. It study the pregnancy outcome comparison of 58 Anenatal Cases(ANCs)as Study Group with diangosis of oligohydramnios (AFI ≤ 5 cms) by ultrasound after 37 completed weeks of gestation w e r e compared with 58 ANCs (Control Group) with no oligohydramnios (AFI > 5 cms). These two groups were matched for other variables like age, parity, gestational age and any pregnancy complication. Results: There was significant difference between two groups. Hypertension and Preeclampsia were found significantly more in ANCs with oligohydramnios. FHR deceleration was also significantly higher in women with oligohydramnios. Women require LSCS were also significantly more in women with oligohydramnios. Newborn borned by women with oligohydramnios had significantly more chances to admit in NICU than in newborn born by women without oligohydramnios. Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that women with oligohydramnios poor pregancy outcomes. Determination of AFI can be used as an adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods. Determination of AFI can be used as valuable screening test for predicting fetal distress in labour, requiring caesarean section.
This document discusses the relationship between evidence-based medicine and aesthetic plastic surgery. It provides definitions of evidence-based medicine and outlines its five primary components. The document then examines several examples of how evidence-based medicine has been applied to specific procedures in plastic surgery, including breast augmentation, breast reduction, abdominoplasty, and facelifts. It analyzes various studies that have evaluated topics like antibiotics, drain usage, pocket irrigation, and smoking effects. The document also questions whether evidence-based medicine standards may discourage surgical innovation and constrain surgeons from achieving optimal outcomes for individual patients.
Evidence based medicine and cosmetic surgerydrmoradisyd
This document discusses the relationship between evidence-based medicine and aesthetic plastic surgery. It provides definitions of evidence-based medicine and outlines its five primary components. The document then examines several examples of how evidence-based medicine has been applied to topics in aesthetic plastic surgery, including bariatric surgery outcomes, breast augmentation practices like antibiotic use and drain usage, and outcomes of facelifts with or without drain usage. It acknowledges that while plastic surgery literature often contains lower levels of evidence, the field should aim to both appreciate existing evidence and continue raising the overall level of evidence to best serve patients.
Breastfeeding Training For Health Professionals And Resultant Changes In Brea...Biblioteca Virtual
This study aimed to quantify changes in breastfeeding duration among mothers served by hospitals exposed to the Wellstart-SLC breastfeeding promotion course, compared to control hospitals not exposed. The study randomly assigned 8 Brazilian hospitals to an exposed group (staff attended the course) or control group. For each hospital, cohorts of 50 children born before and after the course were followed up at 1 and 6 months. Results showed increases in exclusive (29%) and full (20%) breastfeeding rates in exposed hospitals, but no changes in control hospitals. The study supports training health professionals to promote longer breastfeeding duration.
Asymptomatic short cervix and vaginanal, progesteroneBabak Jebelli
1. Vaginal progesterone reduces preterm birth in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester. The meta-analysis found vaginal progesterone once daily from identification of a short cervix <25mm until 37 weeks decreases preterm birth <33 weeks by 45% and decreases neonatal morbidity and mortality.
2. Treatment with vaginal progesterone was associated with significant reductions in preterm birth before 28 weeks, 33 weeks, and 35 weeks as well as composite neonatal morbidity and mortality.
3. There were no significant differences in adverse maternal events or congenital anomalies between the vaginal progesterone and placebo groups.
Asymptomatic short cervix and vaginanal, progesteroneBabak Jebelli
1. Vaginal progesterone reduces preterm birth in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester. The meta-analysis found vaginal progesterone once daily from identification of a short cervix <25mm until 37 weeks decreases preterm birth <33 weeks by 45% and decreases neonatal morbidity and mortality.
2. Treatment with vaginal progesterone was associated with significant reductions in preterm birth before 28 weeks, 33 weeks, and 35 weeks as well as composite neonatal morbidity and mortality.
3. There were no significant differences in adverse maternal events or congenital anomalies between the vaginal progesterone and placebo groups.
The document summarizes a study that assessed breastfeeding among 120 postpartum women using the LATCH assessment tool. The study found that over half (53.33%) of women had a moderate LATCH score. It also found a significant relationship between women's ages and their LATCH scores. The document provides background on the importance of breastfeeding and describes the methodology and results of the study in more detail.
The Effects Of Early Pacifier Use On Breastfeeding DurationBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the effects of pacifier use on breastfeeding duration in a cohort of 265 breastfeeding mother-infant dyads in the United States. The researchers found that:
1) Pacifier introduction by 6 weeks was associated with a 53% increased risk of shortened duration of full breastfeeding and a 61% increased risk of shortened overall breastfeeding duration.
2) Mothers who introduced pacifiers tended to breastfeed less frequently, with statistically significant differences at 2 and 12 weeks.
3) At 12 weeks, mothers using pacifiers were more likely to report breastfeeding being inconvenient and having insufficient milk supply.
4) Pacifier use begun before 2 weeks or 6 weeks was not significantly associated
The document provides information about antenatal advice presented by Ms. Komal ekare. It begins with objectives of the class which are to gain in-depth knowledge of antenatal advice and apply skills in clinical and teaching practice. It then defines antenatal care and discusses the aims, objectives, procedures for first and subsequent visits. It describes antenatal advice regarding diet, hygiene, drugs and provides general advice. It discusses values and drawbacks of antenatal care and limitations. It summarizes two research articles, one on knowledge and practices of antenatal care and another on maternal height as a predictor of vaginal delivery.
GC–MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in Ethanol Extract of Combretum...ijtsrd
This study assessed the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on the knowledge and practices of caregivers regarding postoperative care of children with anorectal malformations. Sixty caregivers participated in a pre-test, were given the structured teaching program, and completed a post-test 7 days later. The results showed that the mean knowledge score increased significantly from 11.02 to 18.87, with a mean difference of 7.85. The mean practice score also increased significantly from 4.32 to 8.73, with a mean difference of 4.42. The study concluded that the structured teaching program improved the caregivers' knowledge and practices regarding postoperative care of children with anorectal malformations.
This study aimed to examine infant feeding practices and their determinants in District Aligarh, India. 354 mothers of children aged 6 months to 5 years were interviewed using a questionnaire. The results showed that only 29.7% of infants were breastfed within 1 hour of birth and 41.24% were exclusively breastfed for 6 months. Mothers who lived in urban areas, had antenatal care visits, received breastfeeding advice during pregnancy, and delivered at institutions were more likely to have optimal breastfeeding practices. The study concluded that improving antenatal care, health education during pregnancy, and institutional deliveries could promote better infant feeding in the district.
Efficacy Of Breastfeeding Support Provided By Trained Clinicians DuringBiblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early routine preventive visit. The study involved 226 mother-infant pairs who were randomized to an intervention group that received an additional preventive visit within 2 weeks postpartum or a control group that received usual care. The intervention group had higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks and longer breastfeeding duration. The intervention group also reported fewer breastfeeding difficulties. The study provides preliminary evidence that breastfeeding support during an early routine preventive visit can improve breastfeeding outcomes.
This study compared the efficacy and safety of intravaginal misoprostol versus transcervical Foley catheter for cervical ripening prior to labor induction. 104 women with unfavorable cervices (Bishop score ≤4) were randomly assigned to receive either 25 μg misoprostol vaginally every 6 hours or a Foley catheter inserted transcervically. The misoprostol group had a shorter mean induction to delivery interval (14.03 hours) compared to the Foley catheter group (18.40 hours). The rate of vaginal delivery was also higher in the misoprostol group (76.7%) than the Foley catheter group (56.8%). However, both methods were found to be equally
This document discusses evidence-based individual decision making (EBID) in obstetrics and gynecology. It emphasizes that evidence-based medicine (EBM) integrates the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and preferences. While randomized controlled trials provide the strongest level of evidence, individual patient circumstances may differ. The document notes gaps between research evidence and clinical practice. It concludes that best research evidence, assessment of maternal risk, and good clinical judgment are needed to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes through EBID.
Ability of a preterm surveillance clinic to triage risk of preterm birth: a prospective cohort study
J Min, HA Watson, NL Hezelgrave, PT Seed and AH Shennan
Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 38–42
Slides prepared Dr Joel Naftalin (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15925/full
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
The document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on surgical wound healing in infants aged less than 3 months. 100 infants were divided into two groups: Group 1 received breast milk and Group 2 received formula milk. Anthropometric measurements and wound assessments were performed on post-op days 3, 7, and 14. Results found breastfed infants had higher anthropometric measurements and better wound healing outcomes like less inflammation compared to formula fed infants. The study concluded breastfeeding supports better surgical wound healing in infants during the first 3 months versus formula feeding.
This document describes a study on the effectiveness of touch therapy in reducing pain among patients admitted to an orthopedic surgery ward. The study had several objectives including assessing pre-and post-test pain levels in experimental and control groups and evaluating the effectiveness of touch therapy. The experimental group received touch therapy while the control group did not. Results found that the mean post-test pain levels were significantly lower than pre-test levels in the experimental group receiving touch therapy. The study concluded that touch therapy was effective in reducing pain in orthopedic surgery patients.
This document presents a study proposal on assessing the effectiveness of nursing care in reducing blood sugar levels among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The study aims to compare blood sugar levels between an experimental group that receives nursing care and a control group. The introduction provides background on gestational diabetes and its risks. The methodology will use a quasi-experimental design with 60 subjects divided into experimental and control groups. Nursing care involving education will be provided to the experimental group for 5 days. Blood sugar levels will be measured before and after the intervention to analyze its effectiveness. Appropriate statistical tests will be used to analyze the results.
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The comparison of dinoprostone and vagiprost for induction of lobar in post t...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document provides information on various newer approaches to female contraception that are being evaluated globally. It begins by outlining the need for newer contraceptive methods due to unintended pregnancies and non-compliance with existing options. It then evaluates several newer methods including newer pills with modified formulations and dosages, implants, patches, rings, injectables, intrauterine devices, and gene-based and immune-based approaches. Key criteria used to evaluate the methods include efficacy, side effects, ease of use, duration of action, manufacturing costs, and additional health benefits. The document focuses on innovations to existing hormonal methods, particularly a 24+4 regimen oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone that has demonstrated increased ovulation inhibition,
— This study was conducted to find out if AFI ≤ 5 cms has any clinical significance in identifying the subsequent fetal distress & associated maternal & perinatal outcomes, in pregnancies beyond 37 weeks. Methodology: This is a prospective case control study done from July 2010 to July 2012 (24 months) at Dr Vasantrao Pawar Medical College, Hospital and Research Center. Adgaon, Nashik. It study the pregnancy outcome comparison of 58 Anenatal Cases(ANCs)as Study Group with diangosis of oligohydramnios (AFI ≤ 5 cms) by ultrasound after 37 completed weeks of gestation w e r e compared with 58 ANCs (Control Group) with no oligohydramnios (AFI > 5 cms). These two groups were matched for other variables like age, parity, gestational age and any pregnancy complication. Results: There was significant difference between two groups. Hypertension and Preeclampsia were found significantly more in ANCs with oligohydramnios. FHR deceleration was also significantly higher in women with oligohydramnios. Women require LSCS were also significantly more in women with oligohydramnios. Newborn borned by women with oligohydramnios had significantly more chances to admit in NICU than in newborn born by women without oligohydramnios. Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that women with oligohydramnios poor pregancy outcomes. Determination of AFI can be used as an adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods. Determination of AFI can be used as valuable screening test for predicting fetal distress in labour, requiring caesarean section.
This document discusses the relationship between evidence-based medicine and aesthetic plastic surgery. It provides definitions of evidence-based medicine and outlines its five primary components. The document then examines several examples of how evidence-based medicine has been applied to specific procedures in plastic surgery, including breast augmentation, breast reduction, abdominoplasty, and facelifts. It analyzes various studies that have evaluated topics like antibiotics, drain usage, pocket irrigation, and smoking effects. The document also questions whether evidence-based medicine standards may discourage surgical innovation and constrain surgeons from achieving optimal outcomes for individual patients.
Evidence based medicine and cosmetic surgerydrmoradisyd
This document discusses the relationship between evidence-based medicine and aesthetic plastic surgery. It provides definitions of evidence-based medicine and outlines its five primary components. The document then examines several examples of how evidence-based medicine has been applied to topics in aesthetic plastic surgery, including bariatric surgery outcomes, breast augmentation practices like antibiotic use and drain usage, and outcomes of facelifts with or without drain usage. It acknowledges that while plastic surgery literature often contains lower levels of evidence, the field should aim to both appreciate existing evidence and continue raising the overall level of evidence to best serve patients.
Breastfeeding Training For Health Professionals And Resultant Changes In Brea...Biblioteca Virtual
This study aimed to quantify changes in breastfeeding duration among mothers served by hospitals exposed to the Wellstart-SLC breastfeeding promotion course, compared to control hospitals not exposed. The study randomly assigned 8 Brazilian hospitals to an exposed group (staff attended the course) or control group. For each hospital, cohorts of 50 children born before and after the course were followed up at 1 and 6 months. Results showed increases in exclusive (29%) and full (20%) breastfeeding rates in exposed hospitals, but no changes in control hospitals. The study supports training health professionals to promote longer breastfeeding duration.
Asymptomatic short cervix and vaginanal, progesteroneBabak Jebelli
1. Vaginal progesterone reduces preterm birth in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester. The meta-analysis found vaginal progesterone once daily from identification of a short cervix <25mm until 37 weeks decreases preterm birth <33 weeks by 45% and decreases neonatal morbidity and mortality.
2. Treatment with vaginal progesterone was associated with significant reductions in preterm birth before 28 weeks, 33 weeks, and 35 weeks as well as composite neonatal morbidity and mortality.
3. There were no significant differences in adverse maternal events or congenital anomalies between the vaginal progesterone and placebo groups.
Asymptomatic short cervix and vaginanal, progesteroneBabak Jebelli
1. Vaginal progesterone reduces preterm birth in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester. The meta-analysis found vaginal progesterone once daily from identification of a short cervix <25mm until 37 weeks decreases preterm birth <33 weeks by 45% and decreases neonatal morbidity and mortality.
2. Treatment with vaginal progesterone was associated with significant reductions in preterm birth before 28 weeks, 33 weeks, and 35 weeks as well as composite neonatal morbidity and mortality.
3. There were no significant differences in adverse maternal events or congenital anomalies between the vaginal progesterone and placebo groups.
The document summarizes a study that assessed breastfeeding among 120 postpartum women using the LATCH assessment tool. The study found that over half (53.33%) of women had a moderate LATCH score. It also found a significant relationship between women's ages and their LATCH scores. The document provides background on the importance of breastfeeding and describes the methodology and results of the study in more detail.
The Effects Of Early Pacifier Use On Breastfeeding DurationBiblioteca Virtual
This study examined the effects of pacifier use on breastfeeding duration in a cohort of 265 breastfeeding mother-infant dyads in the United States. The researchers found that:
1) Pacifier introduction by 6 weeks was associated with a 53% increased risk of shortened duration of full breastfeeding and a 61% increased risk of shortened overall breastfeeding duration.
2) Mothers who introduced pacifiers tended to breastfeed less frequently, with statistically significant differences at 2 and 12 weeks.
3) At 12 weeks, mothers using pacifiers were more likely to report breastfeeding being inconvenient and having insufficient milk supply.
4) Pacifier use begun before 2 weeks or 6 weeks was not significantly associated
The document provides information about antenatal advice presented by Ms. Komal ekare. It begins with objectives of the class which are to gain in-depth knowledge of antenatal advice and apply skills in clinical and teaching practice. It then defines antenatal care and discusses the aims, objectives, procedures for first and subsequent visits. It describes antenatal advice regarding diet, hygiene, drugs and provides general advice. It discusses values and drawbacks of antenatal care and limitations. It summarizes two research articles, one on knowledge and practices of antenatal care and another on maternal height as a predictor of vaginal delivery.
GC–MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Present in Ethanol Extract of Combretum...ijtsrd
This study assessed the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on the knowledge and practices of caregivers regarding postoperative care of children with anorectal malformations. Sixty caregivers participated in a pre-test, were given the structured teaching program, and completed a post-test 7 days later. The results showed that the mean knowledge score increased significantly from 11.02 to 18.87, with a mean difference of 7.85. The mean practice score also increased significantly from 4.32 to 8.73, with a mean difference of 4.42. The study concluded that the structured teaching program improved the caregivers' knowledge and practices regarding postoperative care of children with anorectal malformations.
This study aimed to examine infant feeding practices and their determinants in District Aligarh, India. 354 mothers of children aged 6 months to 5 years were interviewed using a questionnaire. The results showed that only 29.7% of infants were breastfed within 1 hour of birth and 41.24% were exclusively breastfed for 6 months. Mothers who lived in urban areas, had antenatal care visits, received breastfeeding advice during pregnancy, and delivered at institutions were more likely to have optimal breastfeeding practices. The study concluded that improving antenatal care, health education during pregnancy, and institutional deliveries could promote better infant feeding in the district.
Efficacy Of Breastfeeding Support Provided By Trained Clinicians DuringBiblioteca Virtual
This study evaluated the efficacy of breastfeeding support provided by trained clinicians during an early routine preventive visit. The study involved 226 mother-infant pairs who were randomized to an intervention group that received an additional preventive visit within 2 weeks postpartum or a control group that received usual care. The intervention group had higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks and longer breastfeeding duration. The intervention group also reported fewer breastfeeding difficulties. The study provides preliminary evidence that breastfeeding support during an early routine preventive visit can improve breastfeeding outcomes.
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Ability of a preterm surveillance clinic to triage risk of preterm birth: a prospective cohort study
J Min, HA Watson, NL Hezelgrave, PT Seed and AH Shennan
Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 38–42
Slides prepared Dr Joel Naftalin (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15925/full
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR)Mohammad Nassar
The document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on surgical wound healing in infants aged less than 3 months. 100 infants were divided into two groups: Group 1 received breast milk and Group 2 received formula milk. Anthropometric measurements and wound assessments were performed on post-op days 3, 7, and 14. Results found breastfed infants had higher anthropometric measurements and better wound healing outcomes like less inflammation compared to formula fed infants. The study concluded breastfeeding supports better surgical wound healing in infants during the first 3 months versus formula feeding.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
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diverse human activities.
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cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
A study to determine the effectiveness of breast milk application on sore
nipple among postnatal mothers visiting in selected hospitals at Hisar.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the pre-test posttest level of nipple soreness among postnatal mothers visiting in
selected hospitals in experimental group and control group.
2. To assess the effectiveness of breast milk application on sore nipple among postnatal
mothers visiting in selected hospitals in experimental group.
3. To compare the posttest level of nipple soreness among postnatal mothers visiting in
selected hospitals in experimental group and control group.
4. To determine the association between selected demographic variables and pretest level of
nipple soreness among postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group.
5. To determine the association between selected demographic variables and posttest level of
nipple soreness among postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group.
4. INTRODUCTION
Just as there is no substitute for mother’s love, There is no substitute for mother’s milk.
- Meharban Singh (2006).
Motherhood is the kinship relation between an offspring and the mother. Breast feeding provides a unique bounding
experience for mother and child. It stimulates most of the senses and close body contact allows the baby to recognize its mothers
smell. Breast milk is the best food for the babies.
A variety of interventions designed to reduce nipple pain in breastfeeding women have been reported. These include
pharmacological topical treatments with antibacterial sprays, antifungal cream; non-pharmacological topical applications as
peppermint oil/water, lanolin; dressings using warm compresses, hydrogel dressings, tea bags; breast shells and expressed
breast milk (EBM). Other interventions that have been identified in the literature include time restricted breast-feeding or
exposure of the nipples to phototherapy and air-drying. Despite a lack of evidence-based studies on efficacy of expressed
breast milk, it is widely used for the prevention and treatment of sore nipples.
5. NEED FOR STUDY
Nipple soreness is one of the most common reasons new mothers give for discontinuing breastfeeding, often
during the first week of nursing. This is quite unfortunate, for nipple soreness is almost always a short-term problem,
and can usually be corrected in a matter of days.
Worldwide, It is estimated that 34 to 96% of breast feeding women experience some nipple soreness, with
26% progressing to cracks and extreme nipple pain Furthermore, up to be one third of the mothers who experience
these symptoms may change to alternate methods of infant nutrition within the first six postnatal weeks.
The study will help uncover a critical problem that leads to unsuccessful breastfeeding which is nipple
trauma. Most of studies discuss the use of alternative methods to prevent nipple trauma during immediate postpartum
period however this study will be applied during late pregnancy to investigate the effect of nipple preparation with
olive oil application on prevention of nipple trauma.
Therefore, the current study was done to evaluate the effect of breast milk application on healing of sore
nipple among postnatal lactating mothers.
6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
• H1 - There would be a significant difference in the level of nipple soreness before and after breast milk
application.
• H2 - There would be a significant association between the pretest level of nipple soreness selected
demographic variables among postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group.
• H3 - There would be a significant association between the posttest level of nipple soreness selected
demographic variables among postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group.
7. ASSUMPTION
The soreness of the nipples causes severe discomfort to the mothers while feeding.
Breast milk has a healing effect on sore nipples
8. INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT
Pre-test
Assessment of pretest level of
nipple soreness
Demographic variables
Age, Education, occupation, type
of family, monthly income,
number of deliveries, frequency
of feeding, and duration of
feeding
Demonstration of breast milk
application on sore nipple
Sample perceive,
transform, process,
organize and learn the
information received
from demonstration on
breast milk application
on sore nipple. Negative outcome
Inadequate level of
soreness of nipple
Positive outcome
Adequate level of
soreness of nipple
Fig.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON MODIFIED LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY’S (1980) GENERAL
SYSTEM THEORY
Post-test
Assessment of post
test level of soreness
of nipple among
postnatal mothers.
Reassessment/ reinforcement
9. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The literature related to this study is discussed under following headings:
PART –I: Literature related to incidence and problems of sore nipples.
PART –II: Literature related to treatments for sore nipples.
PART –III: Literature related to knowledge regarding application of breast milk to
promote healing of sore nipple.
10. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Evaluative research approach is used in this study.
• Quasi experimental design was used.
• Study setting in jindal institute of medical sciences and aadhar health institute at hisar
• Target population: postnatal mothers visiting jindal institute of medical sciences and aadhar health institute
at hisar
• Sampling technique: purposive sampling techniques
• Sample size: 60 postnatal mothers (30=experimental group and 30= control group)
• Instrument: nipple trauma checklist
• Analysis was use as inferential statistics.
• Findings, summary, conclusion, and recommendations
• Communication and findings
11. PILOT STUDY
• After obtaining permission from the authority concerned, a pilot study was done with 6 postnatal mothers
diagnosed with sore nipples who are visiting in Jindal Institute of medical sciences, Hisar for experimental
group and Aadhar Health Institute at Hisar, for control group, during 8-4-2022 to 15-4-2022. After 1week of
breast milk appplication, the posttest soreness of nipple level was improved in experimental group. For
control group pretest was given and after 1week posttest was given. The pilot study was designed to find out
the feasibility of the tool and practicability of designed methodology. The pilot study samples were excluded
in main study.
12. METHOD OF DATAANALYSIS
The collected data would be arranged and tabulated to represent the finding of the study. Both descriptive
and inferential statistics would be used.
Percentage, mean, standard deviation were used to analyze the demographic data.
Paired t‟ test was used to compare the pretest and the post test scores of nipple soreness.
Chi-square was used to know the association between demographic variables with posttest level of nipple
soreness scores.
13. ORGANIZATI ON OF FINDINGS
The analysis of data has been organized and presented under the following headings
• SECTION-1: Distribution of samples according to their demographic variables in experimental group and control group
• SECTION-2: Distribution of pre and post test frequency and percentage of level of nipple soreness among post natal mothers in
experimental group and control group.
• SECTION-3: Comparison of mean scores between pretest with posttest level of nipple soreness among post natal mothers in
experimental group and control group.
• SECTION-4: Comparison of posttest level of nipple soreness among post natal mothers in experimental group and control group.
• SECTION-5: Association of selected demographic variables with pretest level of nipple soreness among post natal mothers in
experimental group and control group.
• SECTION-6: Association of selected demographic variables with posttest level of nipple soreness among post natal mothers in
experimental group and control group.
14. SECTION-A DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE PROFILE
Demographic variables Experimental group Control Group
Frequency % Frequency %
1. Age of the mother
Below 20 years 7 23.33% 7 23.33%
20-25 years 15 50% 12 40%
26-30 years 4 13.33% 6 20%
Above 30 years 4 13.33% 5 16.67%
2. Educational status
Elementary education 2 6.67% 2 6.67%
School education 12 40% 12 40%
Graduation 10 33.33% 9 30%
Post graduation 6 20% 7 23.33%
3. Occupation
Working 10 33.33% 10 33.33%
Home maker 20 66.67% 20 66.67%
4. Family’s monthly income (in Rs)
Below 10,000 3 10% 5 16.67%
10,000-20,000 4 13.33% 2 6.67%
21,000-30,000 12 40% 13 43.33%
Above 30,000 11 36.67% 10 33.33%
15. 5. Type of family
Nuclear family 17 56.67% 12 40%
Joint family 13 43.33% 18 60%
6. Number of deliveries
One 8 26.67% 2 6.67%
Two 19 63.33% 24 80%
Three or more 3 10% 4 13.33%
7. Frequency of feeding in
Every hour 7 23.33% 3 10%
Every 2 hour 17 56.67% 21 70%
Every 3-4 hour 6 20% 6 20%
8. Duration of feeding (in minutes)
Less than 5 3 10% 2 6.67%
5-10 4 13.33% 4 13.33%
More than 10 23 76.67% 24 80%
16. SECTION-2:
DISTRIBUTION OF PRE AND POST TEST FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF LEVEL OF
NIPPLE SORENESS AMONG POST NATAL MOTHERS IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND
CONTROL GROUP
Nipple soreness
scale
Experimental group (N=30) Control group(N=30)
Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test
F % F % F % F %
No nipple soreness 0 0% 9 30% 0 0% 0 0%
Mild 0 0% 10 33.33% 4 13.33% 18 60%
Moderate 15 50% 11 36.67% 22 73.34% 12 40%
Severe 15 50% 0 0% 4 13.33% 0 0%
Table-3 shows that in experimental group, pre test majority (50%) of postnatal mothers had
severe nipple soreness and 50% had moderate nipple soreness. After post test 30% postnatal mothers had
no nipple soreness, 33.33% had mild nipple soreness, 36.67% had moderate nipple soreness and no one had
severe nipple soreness.
In control group, pre test majority (73.34%) of postnatal mothers had moderate nipple soreness
and 13.33% had severe nipple soreness and 13.33% had mild nipple soreness. After post test 60% postnatal
mothers had mild nipple soreness, 40 % had moderate nipple soreness, no one had severe nipple soreness.
17. SECTION-3:
COMPARISON OF MEAN SCORES BETWEEN PRETEST WITH POSTTEST LEVEL OF NIPPLE SORENESS
AMONG POST NATAL MOTHERS IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND CONTROL GROUP
Groups Pre-test Post-test Mean difference Paired ‘t’ test
At p<0.01
Mean SD Mean SD
Experimental group 13.53 2.71 5.27 4.49 8.26 11.30***
Control group 9.43 4.31 6.53 6.03 2.9 3.21
H1 - There would be a significant difference in the level of nipple soreness before and after breast milk application.
Table-4 shows that in experimental group, pretest mean score of nipple soreness was 13.53 with SD 2.71 which was higher than the post test
mean score nipple soreness 5.27 with SD 4.49. The mean difference in pretest and post test was 8.26. The calculated ‘t’ value 11.30 was higher
than the table value at df 29 at p<0.01 level of significance. It means the breast milk application on sore nipple was effective. Hence the
hypothesis H1 was accepted.
In control group, pretest mean score of nipple soreness was 9.43 with SD 4.31 which was higher than the post test mean score nipple
soreness6.53 with SD 6.03. The mean difference in pretest and post test was 2.9. The calculated ‘t’ value 3.21 was less than the table value at df
29 at p<0.01 level of significance.
18. SECTION-4:
COMPARISON OF POSTTEST LEVEL OF NIPPLE SORENESS AMONG POST NATAL MOTHERS IN
EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND CONTROL GROUP
Groups Post-test Mean
differenc
e
Paired
‘t’ test
At
p<0.01
Mean SD
Experimental
group
5.27 4.49 1.26 8.45***
Control group 6.53 6.03
*** significant At p<0.01
Table-4 shows that in experimental group, post test mean score nipple soreness 5.27 with SD 4.49 was less than the
control group mean post test score 6.53 with SD 6.03. The calculated ‘t’ value 8.45 was higher than the table value at df 59 at
p<0.01 level of significance. It means the breast milk application on sore nipple was effective.
19. SECTION-5:
ASSOCIATION OF SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES WITH PRETEST LEVEL OF NIPPLE
SORENESS AMONG POST NATAL MOTHERS IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND CONTROL GROUP
• H2 - There would be a significant association between the pretest level of nipple soreness selected
demographic variables among postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group.
• Table 6 shows that in experimental and control group demographic variables such as age, education,
occupation, type of family, monthly income, number of deliveries, frequency and duration of breast feeding
does not show association with nipple soreness score in pre test. Hence the hypothesis H2 was rejected.
20. SECTION-6:
ASSOCIATION OF SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES WITH POSTTEST LEVEL OF
NIPPLE SORENESS AMONG POST NATAL MOTHERS IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND
CONTROL GROUP
• H3 - There would be a significant association between the posttest level of nipple soreness selected demographic variables
among postnatal mothers in experimental group and control group
• Table 6 shows that in experimental and demographic variables such as age, occupation, type of family, number of
deliveries, frequency and duration of breast feeding does not show association with nipple soreness score in post test. The
variables such as education and monthly income shows significant association with post test nipple soreness score. Hence
the hypothesis H3 was accepted.
• In control and demographic variables such as age, occupation, type of family, monthly income, number of deliveries,
frequency and duration of breast feeding does not show association with nipple soreness score in post test. The variables
such as education shows significant association with post test nipple soreness score. Hence the hypothesis H3 was accepted.
21. DISCUSSION
• This chapter deals with the discussion of the findings of present study in accordance with
the objectives of the research problem.
• In experimental group, post test mean score nipple soreness 5.27 with SD 4.49 was less
than the control group mean post test score 6.53 with SD 6.03. The calculated ‘t’ value
8.45 was higher than the table value at df 59 at p<0.01 level of significance. It means the
breast milk application on sore nipple was effective.
22. CONCLUSION
In experimental group, post test mean score nipple soreness 5.27 with SD 4.49 was less
than the control group mean post test score 6.53 with SD 6.03. The calculated ‘t’ value
8.45 was higher than the table value at df 59 at p<0.01 level of significance. It means the
breast milk application on sore nipple was effective.
23. SUMMARY
The conceptual frame work adopted for the study is Modified Ludwig Von Bertalanffy’s (1980) General System Theory to the present
study.
The study design consisted of an evaluative approach with one group pre test and post test control group design. Purposive
sampling technique was adopted. The tool developed and used for data collection was nipple trauma checklist.
In experimental group, pretest mean score of nipple soreness was 13.53 with SD 2.71 which was higher than the post test
mean score nipple soreness 5.27 with SD 4.49. The mean difference in pretest and post test was 8.26. The calculated ‘t’ value 11.30
was higher than the table value at df 29 at p<0.01 level of significance. It means the breast milk application on sore nipple was
effective. Hence the hypothesis H1 was accepted. In control group, pretest mean score of nipple soreness was 9.43 with SD 4.31 which
was higher than the post test mean score nipple soreness6.53 with SD 6.03. The mean difference in pretest and post test was 2.9. The
calculated ‘t’ value 3.21 was less than the table value at df 29 at p<0.01 level of significance.
24. RECOMMENDATION
Application of breast milk could be suggested as a treatment of nipples soreness.
Postnatal lactating newly breastfeeding mothers should be educated about proper positioning and
attachment of the baby to the breast for breastfeeding to prevent traumatic nipples incidence.
Replication of the current research on a larger sample size and different settings is recommended to
validate results.
Further studies are recommended to gain more insight into the effectiveness of breast milk. Nurses
and mothers must be educated about evidence-based practice in nipple soreness of breast milk.
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