The document summarizes a study that assessed breastfeeding among 120 postpartum women using the LATCH assessment tool. The study found that over half (53.33%) of women had a moderate LATCH score. It also found a significant relationship between women's ages and their LATCH scores. The document provides background on the importance of breastfeeding and describes the methodology and results of the study in more detail.
AN ANALYSIS OF OUTCOMES IN TWIN PREGNANCIES WITH ACTIVE FETAL SURVEILLANCE AN...Apollo Hospitals
The incidence of multiple gestations is increasing with
increasing maternal age and use of assisted reproduction
techniques. Selective fetal reduction of multifetal pregnancies is now widely practiced to reduce the higher order multiples to twins based on evidence from nonrandomised studies which suggests that this will improve the perinatal outcome. The proportion of twin pregnancies with unique fetal and maternal problems is therefore increasing. Optimising maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies continues to be a formidable challenge in the present day clinical practice.
Breastfeeding Practices of Postnatal Mothers: Exclusivity, Frequency and Dura...IJEAB
Mothers who perceive breastfeeding to be healthier, easier and more convenient breastfeed longer than those who perceive that breastfeeding is restrictive, inconvenient and uncomfortable. This study focused on the breastfeeding practices of postnatal mothers with regard to exclusivity, frequency and duration. It was a cross-sectional research design covering the three levels of health care institutions in the South-East Zone of Nigeria. Convenient sampling method was used to select 299 postnatal mothers who visited infant welfare clinics along with their infants. Three research questions and one null hypothesis guided the study. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaire on patterns of breastfeeding by postnatal mothers (QPBF) and checklist on health status of infants with varied breastfeeding patterns (CHSIVBP). Frequency distribution and percentages were used to answer the research questions while chi-square test was used in testing the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that most of the postnatal mothers practiced EBF for a short period, majority breastfed their infants on demand day and night, and majority also reported that their infants suckle the breast for more than 20minutes. Also breastfeeding patterns of the postnatal mothers was found to differ significantly across the three levels of health care institutions. Childbearing mothers need to be motivated on the need to practice EBF for six month postpartum.
Neonatal and Obstetric Risk Assessment (NORA) Pregnancy Cohort Study in Singa...Premier Publishers
The Neonatal and Obstetric Risk Assessment (NORA) pregnancy cohort study was set up to assess clinical, biochemical and biophysical markers for risk assessment and prediction of the outcomes early in pregnancy. A total of 3271 patients who were in KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital between September 2010 and October 2014 were screened and 1013 patients consented to participate in the study. Women were followed at 18 to 22 weeks, 28 to 32 weeks and 34 weeks and above, till their postnatal discharge from the hospital. Finally, 926 patients remained for studying the outcome. In NORA study, we established locally derived and gestational age-specific reference intervals for the five thyroid hormone parameters. Higher serum progesterone levels at 28–32 weeks of pregnancy were observed in women who had preterm deliveries compared with women with term deliveries in the cohort. We also found that extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers enhanced the predictive robustness of an existing pre-eclampsia (PE) biomarker sufficiently to justify PE screening in a low-risk general obstetric population. We plan to further conduct a range of serial assessments from the biosamples which will provide a comprehensive and valuable information of the dynamics of maternal conditions and fetal development during pregnancy.
Misconceptions about Oral Contraceptive Pill Used Among Women at Primary Heal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Effect of a Training Program about Maternal Fetal Attachment Skills on Prenat...iosrjce
to assess effect of a training program about maternal fetal attachment skills on prenatal attachment
among primigravida women.
Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental research design was utilized. From a specific private Antenatal
Clinic in Mansoura city-Egypt eighty primigravida women aged 20 to 35 years, at 30th week gestation, had
singleton pregnancy and can read and write were selected purposively between of January and August 2011
and was equally divided into two groups; intervention group: received a training program on two MFA skills
and control group: received the routine antenatal care. Using interview sheet and Cranley's Maternal Fetal
Attachment Scale (MFAS) the data were collected at baseline and after two and four weeks of the enrollment.
Results: MFAS score had significantly increased in the intervention group from 61.6±5.9 at the baseline to
68.5±6.8 and 69.6 ±5.9 at 32nd, 34th week gestation respectively. While the changes of the MFAS total score in
the control group were insignificant.
Conclusion: MFAS total scores had significantly increased in the intervention group at 32nd and 34th week
gestation compared to the baseline score. Conversely, the MFAS total score did not differ significantly between
the baseline and two and four weeks after enrollment among the control group.
Recommendations: Enhancing the health care providers' awareness of the MFA skills to utilize in the
promotion of the prenatal MFA and motivate the active role of the nurses in helping the pregnant women to
adhere to the appropriate MFA skills are recommended.
AN ANALYSIS OF OUTCOMES IN TWIN PREGNANCIES WITH ACTIVE FETAL SURVEILLANCE AN...Apollo Hospitals
The incidence of multiple gestations is increasing with
increasing maternal age and use of assisted reproduction
techniques. Selective fetal reduction of multifetal pregnancies is now widely practiced to reduce the higher order multiples to twins based on evidence from nonrandomised studies which suggests that this will improve the perinatal outcome. The proportion of twin pregnancies with unique fetal and maternal problems is therefore increasing. Optimising maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes in twin pregnancies continues to be a formidable challenge in the present day clinical practice.
Breastfeeding Practices of Postnatal Mothers: Exclusivity, Frequency and Dura...IJEAB
Mothers who perceive breastfeeding to be healthier, easier and more convenient breastfeed longer than those who perceive that breastfeeding is restrictive, inconvenient and uncomfortable. This study focused on the breastfeeding practices of postnatal mothers with regard to exclusivity, frequency and duration. It was a cross-sectional research design covering the three levels of health care institutions in the South-East Zone of Nigeria. Convenient sampling method was used to select 299 postnatal mothers who visited infant welfare clinics along with their infants. Three research questions and one null hypothesis guided the study. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaire on patterns of breastfeeding by postnatal mothers (QPBF) and checklist on health status of infants with varied breastfeeding patterns (CHSIVBP). Frequency distribution and percentages were used to answer the research questions while chi-square test was used in testing the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that most of the postnatal mothers practiced EBF for a short period, majority breastfed their infants on demand day and night, and majority also reported that their infants suckle the breast for more than 20minutes. Also breastfeeding patterns of the postnatal mothers was found to differ significantly across the three levels of health care institutions. Childbearing mothers need to be motivated on the need to practice EBF for six month postpartum.
Neonatal and Obstetric Risk Assessment (NORA) Pregnancy Cohort Study in Singa...Premier Publishers
The Neonatal and Obstetric Risk Assessment (NORA) pregnancy cohort study was set up to assess clinical, biochemical and biophysical markers for risk assessment and prediction of the outcomes early in pregnancy. A total of 3271 patients who were in KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital between September 2010 and October 2014 were screened and 1013 patients consented to participate in the study. Women were followed at 18 to 22 weeks, 28 to 32 weeks and 34 weeks and above, till their postnatal discharge from the hospital. Finally, 926 patients remained for studying the outcome. In NORA study, we established locally derived and gestational age-specific reference intervals for the five thyroid hormone parameters. Higher serum progesterone levels at 28–32 weeks of pregnancy were observed in women who had preterm deliveries compared with women with term deliveries in the cohort. We also found that extracellular vesicle (EV) biomarkers enhanced the predictive robustness of an existing pre-eclampsia (PE) biomarker sufficiently to justify PE screening in a low-risk general obstetric population. We plan to further conduct a range of serial assessments from the biosamples which will provide a comprehensive and valuable information of the dynamics of maternal conditions and fetal development during pregnancy.
Misconceptions about Oral Contraceptive Pill Used Among Women at Primary Heal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Effect of a Training Program about Maternal Fetal Attachment Skills on Prenat...iosrjce
to assess effect of a training program about maternal fetal attachment skills on prenatal attachment
among primigravida women.
Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental research design was utilized. From a specific private Antenatal
Clinic in Mansoura city-Egypt eighty primigravida women aged 20 to 35 years, at 30th week gestation, had
singleton pregnancy and can read and write were selected purposively between of January and August 2011
and was equally divided into two groups; intervention group: received a training program on two MFA skills
and control group: received the routine antenatal care. Using interview sheet and Cranley's Maternal Fetal
Attachment Scale (MFAS) the data were collected at baseline and after two and four weeks of the enrollment.
Results: MFAS score had significantly increased in the intervention group from 61.6±5.9 at the baseline to
68.5±6.8 and 69.6 ±5.9 at 32nd, 34th week gestation respectively. While the changes of the MFAS total score in
the control group were insignificant.
Conclusion: MFAS total scores had significantly increased in the intervention group at 32nd and 34th week
gestation compared to the baseline score. Conversely, the MFAS total score did not differ significantly between
the baseline and two and four weeks after enrollment among the control group.
Recommendations: Enhancing the health care providers' awareness of the MFA skills to utilize in the
promotion of the prenatal MFA and motivate the active role of the nurses in helping the pregnant women to
adhere to the appropriate MFA skills are recommended.
Single deepest vertical pocket or amniotic fluid index as evaluation test for predicting adverse pregnancy outcome (SAFE trial): a multicenter, open‐label, randomized controlled trial
S Kehl, A Schelkle, A Thomas, A Puhl, K Meqdad, B Tuschy, S Berlit, C Weiss, C Bayer, J Heimrich, U Dammer, E Raabe, M Winkler, F Faschingbauer, MW Beckmann, M Sutterlin
Volume 47, Issue 6, Date: June (pages 674–679)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14924/full
Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and hysterectomy in patients with morbidly adherent placenta: a cohort study comparing outcomes before and after introduction of the Triple-P procedure
M. Teixidor Vinas, A. M. Belli, S. Arulkumaran and E. Chandraharan
Volume 46, Issue 3, Date: September, pages 350–355
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14728/full
Neonatal Outcome In Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Mothers – A Tertiary Care ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Poor neonatal acid–base status in term fetuses with low cerebroplacental ratio
J. Morales-Roselló, A. Khalil, M. Morlando, A. Bhide, A. Papageorghiou and B. Thilaganathan
Volume 45, Issue 2, Date: February (pages 156–161)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14647/abstract
Human fetal growth is constrained below optimal for perinatal survival
B. Vasak, S.V. Koenen, M.P.H. Koster, C.W.P.M. Hukkelhoven, A. Franx, M.A. Hanson and G.H.A. Visser
Volume 45, Issue 2, Date: February (pages 162–167)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14644/abstract
GnRH agonist during luteal phase in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
W. P. Martins, R. A. Ferriani, P. A. Navarro and C. O. Nastri
Volume 47, Issue 2; pages 144–151
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14874/full
Dydrogesterone versus progesterone for luteal-phase support: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
M. W. P. Barbosa, L. R. Silva, P. A. Navarro, R. A. Ferriani, C. O. Nastri and W. P. Martins
Volume 48, Issue 2, Pages 161–170
Slides prepared by Dr Aly Youssef (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15814/full
Placental Elastography in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case–control Studyasclepiuspdfs
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to poor fetal outcome. Though, various tools are available for evaluation of IUGR they are notreliable inearly diagnosis of IUGR. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used to study the change in mechanical properties of various disease which can be a potential technique for early diagnosis of IUGR. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the differences in SWE values of placentas between IUGR and normal pregnancies. Methodology: Normal second- and third-trimester pregnancies and IUGR pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks period of gestation (POG), meeting the inclusion criteria were matched for age group and POG. SWE of placenta was performed in supine position during quiet respiration. The SWE of placenta was measured by placing the region of interest in relatively homogeneous area. The placental elasticity values obtained in pregnancies complicated by IUGR were compared with that of normal controls. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler findings were correlated with placental elasticity value of IUGR pregnancies.
Large randomized trial comparing transabdominal ultrasound-guided embryo transfer with a technique based on uterine length measurement before embryo transfer
A. Revelli, V. Rovei, P. Dalmasso, G. Gennarelli, C. Racca, F. Evangelista, C. Benedetto
Volume 48, Issue 3, Pages 289–295
Read the free-access article:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15899/full
Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth ≤ 34 weeks of gestation in women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis including data from the OPPTIMUM study
R. Romero, K. H. Nicolaides, A. Conde‐Agudelo, J. M. O'Brien, E. Cetingoz, E. Da Fonseca, G. W. Creasy, S. S. Hassan
Volume 48, Issue 3, Pages 308–317
Read the free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15899/full
Surgical treatment for hydrosalpinx prior to in‐vitro fertilization embryo transfer: a network meta‐analysis
A. Tsiami, A. Chaimani, D. Mavridis, M. Siskou, E. Assimakopoulos, A. Sotiriadis
Volume 48, Issue 4, Pages 434–445
Slides prepared by Dr Shireen Meher (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15900/full
Effects of intrauterine retention and postmortem interval on body weight following intrauterine death: implications for assessment of fetal growth restriction at autopsy
J Man, JC Hutchinson, M Ashworth, AE Heazell, S Levine and NJ Sebire
Volume 47, Issue 11; Date: November, pages 574–578
Read the free-access article here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.16018/full
Organ weights and ratios for postmortem identification of fetal growth restriction: utility and confounding factors
J Man, JC Hutchinson, M Ashworth, I Jeffrey, AE Heazell, and NJ Sebire
Volume 48, Issue 5; Date: November, pages 585–590
Read the free-access article here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.16017/full
Prevention of pre-eclampsia by low-molecular-weight
heparin in addition to aspirin: a meta-analysis
S. Roberge, S. Demers, K. H. Nicolaides, M. Bureau, S. Côté and E. Bujold
Volume 47, Issue 5, Pages 548–553
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15789/full
The Model Of The Effect Of Husband And Peer Support With Breastfeeding Educat...irjes
Innoncenti declaration in 1990 by the WHO aimed to support exclusive breastfeeding program.Peer
support will facilitate the sharing process where a process towards breastfeeding occurs, according to the theory
of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM). Mother has self efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of
husband and peer support with breastfeeding education class for pregnant women on knowledge, process of
change according to the theory of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM), self efficacy. The research is a quasiexperimental
research. The study design was Non - Equivalent Control Group. The sampling technique used in
this study was non-random with accidental sampling that met the inclusion criteria. Sample size was 20 cases
and 20 controls. Independent Variable: The intervention of husband and peer support with breastfeeding
education class for pregnant woman. Dependent Variable: Self efficacy. Bivariate analysis: Paired t test,
Independent t test, Regression. Multivariate Analysis: Multiple regresion. The results: knowledge on case -
control p = 0.001, process of change p = 0.002 and self-efficacy p = 0.007. Conclusion: there was an effect of
knowledge on the process of change and self efficacy. Suggestion: pregnant woman and husbandshare
experiences regarding breastfeeding in order to improve knowledge.
The comparison of dinoprostone and vagiprost for induction of lobar in post t...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Systematic review of accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of vasa previa
L. Ruiter, N. Kok, J. Limpens, J.B. Derks, I.M. de Graaf, B.W.J. Mol and E. Pajkrt
Volume 45, Issue 5, pages 516–522, May 2015
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14752/full
Ability of a preterm surveillance clinic to triage risk of preterm birth: a prospective cohort study
J Min, HA Watson, NL Hezelgrave, PT Seed and AH Shennan
Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 38–42
Slides prepared Dr Joel Naftalin (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15925/full
Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor and ultrasound parameters to predict the small-for-gestational-age infant in women presenting with reduced symphysis–fundus height
M. Griffin, P. T. Seed, L. Webster, J. Myers, L. MacKillop, N. Simpson, D. Anumba, A. Khalil, M. Denbow, A. Sau, K. Hinshaw, P. von Dadelszen, S. Benton, J. Girling, C. W. G. Redman, L. C. Chappell and A. H. Shennan
Volume 46, Issue 2, pages 182–190, August 2015
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14860/full
Clinical implementation of routine screening for fetal trisomies in the UK NHS: cell-free DNA test contingent on results from first-trimester combined test
M. M. Gil, R. Revello, L. C. Poon, R. Akolekar and K. H. Nicolaides
Volume 47, Issue 1; pages 45–52
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15783/full
[[IAA JSR 10(1)49-60, 2023.Awareness and Practice of Breast Feeding among Mot...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Breastfeeding is a key tool for nourishing a baby, preventing childhood illnesses like obesity, and hypertension later on in life. In addition, it reduces the cost to the family and the entire country. Uganda to some extent faces a great deal of challenges, particularly in the health sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers with infants between 1 day to 2 years of age attending the immunization and the pediatric inpatient in Kiryandongo Hospital and to identify factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). A cross-section descriptive survey design was used. 187 respondents were selected randomly. The data were collected using a questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages. The result of this study showed that 71.2 % knew the correct definition and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, 59.7% exclusively breastfeeds for the first six (6) months of life, 100% gave colostrum to their babies because they believed it provides nutrition and protection to their babies, 87% breastfed on demand. The result also showed that there is a positive attitude of mothers toward exclusive breastfeeding as 86.6% of them agreed that breast milk alone is sufficient to the baby during the first six (6) months of life as well as believed that EBF has benefits to both the infants and the mother. 51% of respondents weaned their babies between 15-18 months and 41% weaned between 19 months to 2 years. It was concluded that there was a high level of knowledge on breastfeeding among the respondents, more than half of the respondents practiced exclusive breastfeeding as recommended and relatively all the respondents had positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, breastfeeding, mothers
Single deepest vertical pocket or amniotic fluid index as evaluation test for predicting adverse pregnancy outcome (SAFE trial): a multicenter, open‐label, randomized controlled trial
S Kehl, A Schelkle, A Thomas, A Puhl, K Meqdad, B Tuschy, S Berlit, C Weiss, C Bayer, J Heimrich, U Dammer, E Raabe, M Winkler, F Faschingbauer, MW Beckmann, M Sutterlin
Volume 47, Issue 6, Date: June (pages 674–679)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14924/full
Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and hysterectomy in patients with morbidly adherent placenta: a cohort study comparing outcomes before and after introduction of the Triple-P procedure
M. Teixidor Vinas, A. M. Belli, S. Arulkumaran and E. Chandraharan
Volume 46, Issue 3, Date: September, pages 350–355
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14728/full
Neonatal Outcome In Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Mothers – A Tertiary Care ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Poor neonatal acid–base status in term fetuses with low cerebroplacental ratio
J. Morales-Roselló, A. Khalil, M. Morlando, A. Bhide, A. Papageorghiou and B. Thilaganathan
Volume 45, Issue 2, Date: February (pages 156–161)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14647/abstract
Human fetal growth is constrained below optimal for perinatal survival
B. Vasak, S.V. Koenen, M.P.H. Koster, C.W.P.M. Hukkelhoven, A. Franx, M.A. Hanson and G.H.A. Visser
Volume 45, Issue 2, Date: February (pages 162–167)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14644/abstract
GnRH agonist during luteal phase in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
W. P. Martins, R. A. Ferriani, P. A. Navarro and C. O. Nastri
Volume 47, Issue 2; pages 144–151
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14874/full
Dydrogesterone versus progesterone for luteal-phase support: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
M. W. P. Barbosa, L. R. Silva, P. A. Navarro, R. A. Ferriani, C. O. Nastri and W. P. Martins
Volume 48, Issue 2, Pages 161–170
Slides prepared by Dr Aly Youssef (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15814/full
Placental Elastography in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case–control Studyasclepiuspdfs
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to poor fetal outcome. Though, various tools are available for evaluation of IUGR they are notreliable inearly diagnosis of IUGR. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can be used to study the change in mechanical properties of various disease which can be a potential technique for early diagnosis of IUGR. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the differences in SWE values of placentas between IUGR and normal pregnancies. Methodology: Normal second- and third-trimester pregnancies and IUGR pregnancies between 24 and 42 weeks period of gestation (POG), meeting the inclusion criteria were matched for age group and POG. SWE of placenta was performed in supine position during quiet respiration. The SWE of placenta was measured by placing the region of interest in relatively homogeneous area. The placental elasticity values obtained in pregnancies complicated by IUGR were compared with that of normal controls. Umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler findings were correlated with placental elasticity value of IUGR pregnancies.
Large randomized trial comparing transabdominal ultrasound-guided embryo transfer with a technique based on uterine length measurement before embryo transfer
A. Revelli, V. Rovei, P. Dalmasso, G. Gennarelli, C. Racca, F. Evangelista, C. Benedetto
Volume 48, Issue 3, Pages 289–295
Read the free-access article:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15899/full
Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth ≤ 34 weeks of gestation in women with a singleton pregnancy and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis including data from the OPPTIMUM study
R. Romero, K. H. Nicolaides, A. Conde‐Agudelo, J. M. O'Brien, E. Cetingoz, E. Da Fonseca, G. W. Creasy, S. S. Hassan
Volume 48, Issue 3, Pages 308–317
Read the free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15899/full
Surgical treatment for hydrosalpinx prior to in‐vitro fertilization embryo transfer: a network meta‐analysis
A. Tsiami, A. Chaimani, D. Mavridis, M. Siskou, E. Assimakopoulos, A. Sotiriadis
Volume 48, Issue 4, Pages 434–445
Slides prepared by Dr Shireen Meher (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15900/full
Effects of intrauterine retention and postmortem interval on body weight following intrauterine death: implications for assessment of fetal growth restriction at autopsy
J Man, JC Hutchinson, M Ashworth, AE Heazell, S Levine and NJ Sebire
Volume 47, Issue 11; Date: November, pages 574–578
Read the free-access article here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.16018/full
Organ weights and ratios for postmortem identification of fetal growth restriction: utility and confounding factors
J Man, JC Hutchinson, M Ashworth, I Jeffrey, AE Heazell, and NJ Sebire
Volume 48, Issue 5; Date: November, pages 585–590
Read the free-access article here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.16017/full
Prevention of pre-eclampsia by low-molecular-weight
heparin in addition to aspirin: a meta-analysis
S. Roberge, S. Demers, K. H. Nicolaides, M. Bureau, S. Côté and E. Bujold
Volume 47, Issue 5, Pages 548–553
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15789/full
The Model Of The Effect Of Husband And Peer Support With Breastfeeding Educat...irjes
Innoncenti declaration in 1990 by the WHO aimed to support exclusive breastfeeding program.Peer
support will facilitate the sharing process where a process towards breastfeeding occurs, according to the theory
of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM). Mother has self efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of
husband and peer support with breastfeeding education class for pregnant women on knowledge, process of
change according to the theory of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM), self efficacy. The research is a quasiexperimental
research. The study design was Non - Equivalent Control Group. The sampling technique used in
this study was non-random with accidental sampling that met the inclusion criteria. Sample size was 20 cases
and 20 controls. Independent Variable: The intervention of husband and peer support with breastfeeding
education class for pregnant woman. Dependent Variable: Self efficacy. Bivariate analysis: Paired t test,
Independent t test, Regression. Multivariate Analysis: Multiple regresion. The results: knowledge on case -
control p = 0.001, process of change p = 0.002 and self-efficacy p = 0.007. Conclusion: there was an effect of
knowledge on the process of change and self efficacy. Suggestion: pregnant woman and husbandshare
experiences regarding breastfeeding in order to improve knowledge.
The comparison of dinoprostone and vagiprost for induction of lobar in post t...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Systematic review of accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of vasa previa
L. Ruiter, N. Kok, J. Limpens, J.B. Derks, I.M. de Graaf, B.W.J. Mol and E. Pajkrt
Volume 45, Issue 5, pages 516–522, May 2015
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14752/full
Ability of a preterm surveillance clinic to triage risk of preterm birth: a prospective cohort study
J Min, HA Watson, NL Hezelgrave, PT Seed and AH Shennan
Volume 48, Issue 1, pages 38–42
Slides prepared Dr Joel Naftalin (UOG Editor for Trainees)
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15925/full
Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor and ultrasound parameters to predict the small-for-gestational-age infant in women presenting with reduced symphysis–fundus height
M. Griffin, P. T. Seed, L. Webster, J. Myers, L. MacKillop, N. Simpson, D. Anumba, A. Khalil, M. Denbow, A. Sau, K. Hinshaw, P. von Dadelszen, S. Benton, J. Girling, C. W. G. Redman, L. C. Chappell and A. H. Shennan
Volume 46, Issue 2, pages 182–190, August 2015
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.14860/full
Clinical implementation of routine screening for fetal trisomies in the UK NHS: cell-free DNA test contingent on results from first-trimester combined test
M. M. Gil, R. Revello, L. C. Poon, R. Akolekar and K. H. Nicolaides
Volume 47, Issue 1; pages 45–52
Link to free-access article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.15783/full
[[IAA JSR 10(1)49-60, 2023.Awareness and Practice of Breast Feeding among Mot...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Breastfeeding is a key tool for nourishing a baby, preventing childhood illnesses like obesity, and hypertension later on in life. In addition, it reduces the cost to the family and the entire country. Uganda to some extent faces a great deal of challenges, particularly in the health sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers with infants between 1 day to 2 years of age attending the immunization and the pediatric inpatient in Kiryandongo Hospital and to identify factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). A cross-section descriptive survey design was used. 187 respondents were selected randomly. The data were collected using a questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages. The result of this study showed that 71.2 % knew the correct definition and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, 59.7% exclusively breastfeeds for the first six (6) months of life, 100% gave colostrum to their babies because they believed it provides nutrition and protection to their babies, 87% breastfed on demand. The result also showed that there is a positive attitude of mothers toward exclusive breastfeeding as 86.6% of them agreed that breast milk alone is sufficient to the baby during the first six (6) months of life as well as believed that EBF has benefits to both the infants and the mother. 51% of respondents weaned their babies between 15-18 months and 41% weaned between 19 months to 2 years. It was concluded that there was a high level of knowledge on breastfeeding among the respondents, more than half of the respondents practiced exclusive breastfeeding as recommended and relatively all the respondents had positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, breastfeeding, mothers
LITERATURE SELECTION2LITERATURE SELECTION6Lite.docxSHIVA101531
LITERATURE SELECTION 2
LITERATURE SELECTION 6
Literature Selection
Augustina Ferguson
Grand Canyon University: NRS-441V
August 30, 2015
Running head: LITERATURE SELECTION 1
Literature Selection
#1
Nwaru, B. I., & Hemminki, E (2011). Infant Care practice in rural China and their relation to prenatal care utilization.Global Public Health, 6(1), 1- 14.doi:10.1080/17441691003667307.
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
Studies describing postpartum childcare practices and the influence of prenatal care on infant care outcomes in rural China are scarce. Inadequate care was positively associated with never breastfeeding, early introduction of milk formula and cereal/porridge, and early start of work after delivery.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
Yes! Data were available from a Knowledge, Attitude and Perception cross-sectional survey collected from 2001 to 2003, after a prenatal care intervention in Anhui County, China, with a response rate of 97%.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None Identified
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes, it does
#2
Udgiri, R., K. J., S., & Sorganvi, V. (2015). Breast Feeding Practices among Postnatal Mothers-a Hospital based Study. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, 6(1), 10-13. Grand Canyon University Library. (2015). Research & Resource LopeSearch. Retrieved from http://library.gcu.edu/
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
It assesses the knowledge and practices of mothers about breastfeeding Practices Cross- sectional study was carried out for a period of one month.
Does each article provide statistical information to demonstrate the gravity of the issue, problem, or deficit?
A total of 162 postnatal mothers admitted in postnatal ward constitute the sample size. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16th version. The study shows that 21(12.9%) of the babies were feed with prelacteal feeds like honey and sugar water.
What are example(s) of morbidity, mortality, and rate of incidence or rate of occurrence in the general population?
None was identified.
Does each article support your proposed change?
Yes.
# 3
Geçkil, E., Şahin, T., & Tunçdemir, A. (2012). The Effect of * The Following and Supporting Breast-feeding Programme*, That Is Applied by Family Health Staff, on The Mother's Effective Breastfeeding Behaviors in The First Six Months of The Post-Birth Period. (English)
How does each article describe the nature of the problem, issue, or deficit you have identified?
This study investigates the effect of the education and observation of supporting breast-feeding programme that is applied by family health staff on the mothers of the post birt ...
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
To evaluate traditional neonatal beliefs and care practices among urban and rural residents and assessing predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts, Lahore and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. A total of 218 mothers having infants (< 2 years of age) were interviewed through collecting information through a questionnaire. In the logistic regression analysis, presence of professional birth attendant (P-value = 0.012, OR = 3.909), sterilization of feeding bottle (P-value = 0.013, OR = 3.280) and knowledge about reason of vaccination (P-value = 0.010, OR = 2.058) we re significantly associated with urbanization. Maternal education was significantly associated with correct timing to start weaning practice, breast milk was sufficient for infant, hand washing practice before breastfeeding, good cord care, vaccination status, reason of vaccination and knowledge about Jaundice in neonatal period (P <0.05). The results of multivariate ordinal regression showed that young literate mothers ((P < 0.001; OR = 3.192) started breastfeeding earlier than the elder and illiterate mothers. Furthermore, the women with normal delivery (P < 0.01; OR = 0.301) and low socioeconomic class (P < 0.10; OR = 0.339) started breastfeeding earlier. Among 218 mothers 44.5%, newborns were bathed immediately. A significant proportion of mothers 77.1% reported giving prelacteals as fi rst feed. Majority of mothers 30.7% apply oil on umbilical cord. also, 72.5% mothers administered gripe water to their infants. Traditional risky newborn care practices stress the need for promoting health education programs on improving newborn care practices.
Medically Complex Pregnancies and Early BreastfeedingBehavio.docxARIV4
Medically Complex Pregnancies and Early Breastfeeding
Behaviors: A Retrospective Analysis
Katy B. Kozhimannil1*, Judy Jou1, Laura B. Attanasio1, Lauren K. Joarnt2, Patricia McGovern3
1 Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America, 2 Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States of America
Abstract
Background: Breastfeeding is beneficial for women and infants, and medical contraindications are rare. Prenatal and labor-
related complications may hinder breastfeeding, but supportive hospital practices may encourage women who intend to
breastfeed. We measured the relationship between having a complex pregnancy (entering pregnancy with hypertension,
diabetes, or obesity) and early infant feeding, accounting for breastfeeding intentions and supportive hospital practices.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from a nationally-representative survey of women who gave birth
in 2011–2012 in a US hospital (N = 2400). We used logistic regression to examine the relationship between pregnancy
complexity and breastfeeding. Self-reported prepregnancy diabetes or hypertension, gestational diabetes, or obesity
indicated a complex pregnancy. The outcome was feeding status 1 week postpartum; any breastfeeding was evaluated
among women intending to breastfeed (N = 1990), and exclusive breastfeeding among women who intended to exclusively
breastfeed (N = 1418). We also tested whether breastfeeding intentions or supportive hospital practices mediated the
relationship between pregnancy complexity and infant feeding status.
Results: More than 33% of women had a complex pregnancy; these women had 30% lower odds of intending to breastfeed
(AOR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52–0.98). Rates of intention to exclusively breastfeed were similar for women with and without
complex pregnancies. Women who intended to breastfeed had similar rates of any breastfeeding 1 week postpartum
regardless of pregnancy complexity, but complexity was associated with .30% lower odds of exclusive breastfeeding 1
week among women who intended to exclusively breastfeed (AOR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47–0.98). Supportive hospital practices
were strongly associated with higher odds of any or exclusive breastfeeding 1 week postpartum (AOR = 4.03; 95% CI, 1.81–
8.94; and AOR = 2.68; 95% CI, 1.70–4.23, respectively).
Conclusions: Improving clinical and hospital support for women with complex pregnancies may increase breastfeeding
rates and the benefits of breastfeeding for women and infants.
Citation: Kozhimannil KB, Jou J, Attanasio LB, Joarnt LK, McGovern P (2014) Medically Complex Pregnancies and Early Breastfeeding Behaviors: A Retrospective
Analysis. PLoS ONE 9(8): e104820. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104820
Editor: Katariina Laine, Oslo Uni ...
Pregnancy Outcome Comparison in Elderly and Non Elderly Primigravida attending at Mahila Chikitsalay, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Pregnancy and child birth are normal physiological processes and outcomes of most of the pregnancies are good but sometimes because of some reasons it has bad outcomes; out of that one is supposed to be elderly primi. But nowadays it becomes essential to delay the pregnancy in changing social and economic trend. Simultaneously higher advanced technique and better supported maternal and neonatal care also exist. So to have an idea of balance between these this case-control study was done on 120 elderly and 120 non-elderly primigravida to compare the pregnancy outcomes. To find out the association Chi-Square and Unpaired‘t’ test was used. It was observed in this study that although there was no significant difference in antenatal maternal pregnancy outcomes but PPH, induction of labor, cervix dystocia were significantly more in elderly. Likewise time taken to start with breast feeding was also more in elderly. In case of newborn mean APGAR score and mean birth weight was significantly lesser in elderly than non-elderly.
Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcome of Preterm Laboriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
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- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
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Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
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- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
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1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
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The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
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In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 05 (May. 2015), ||V1|| PP 38-44
International organization of Scientific Research 38 | P a g e
Assessment of LATCH Tool Regarding Initiation of Breastfeeding
among Women after Childbirth
*Iqbal Majeed Abbas, ** Rajaa Tareq Hasan,
* Professor, Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad.
** Assistant Instructor, Maternal and Child Health Nursing Department, College of Nursing, University of
Baghdad.
Abstract: - Objectives: To assess the LATCH score regarding breastfeeding among study sample and to
identify the problems related to breastfeeding among study sample after discharge from hospital and to find out
the relationship between LATCH score and certain variables.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted on non probability sample (purposive sample) of (120)
women on postpartum who have either normal vaginal delivery or cesarean section from the period of January
2nd
2012 to February 17th
2012 at Baghdad Teaching Hospital & Al-Elwia Maternity Teaching Hospital. A
questionnaire was used as a tool of data collection to fulfill with objectives of the study and consisted of three
parts, including demographic, reproductive characteristics, LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool. Descriptive
and inferential statistical analyses were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the study revealed that the highest percentage (26.6%) of the sample their age was
ranged between (30-33) years, (50.8%) of them was graduated from primary school and less, and (88.3%) of
them was housewives, (40%) had 1-2 birth, (71.69%) initiate their breastfeeding during 24 hours in previous
baby, (51.6%) had delivered male newborn with (100%) of their newborn babies had normal birth weight and
(53.33%) had moderate score of LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment and that there is a significant relationship
(P= 0.000) between their ages with LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool for study sample.
Conclusion: Nearly half of study sample had moderate score of LATCH breastfeeding assessment.
Recommendations: The study is recommended to provide scientific information for pregnant women during
prenatal visits about important of initiation of breastfeeding and benefits of breastfeeding and signs of good
attachment and implementing LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool for women after childbirth.
Key words: Assessment, Breastfeeding, Initiation and LATCH tool.
I. INTRODUCTION
Breastfeeding has the potential to save neonatal, infant and young child lives and to reduce morbidity
and mortality. It is estimated that promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for six months, it means giving
nothing to newborn baby only breast milk except vitamins, minerals or medicines, this could prevent 8% of
global annual child mortality. Breastfeeding is ranked as one of the safest and most efficient health interventions
to achieve the millennium development goal four (MDG4): reduce child mortality(1)
. LATCH is a tool based on
observations and descriptions of effective breastfeeding which include five characteristics of breastfeeding (2)
.
There is strong evidence to support the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for women to
breastfeed their infants exclusively for the first six months of life, with continued breastfeeding in combination
with the gradual introduction of other forms of nutrition beyond that time (3)
.
The objectives of present study were to assess the LATCH score regarding breastfeeding among study group, to
identify the problems related to breastfeeding among study sample after discharge from hospital and to find out
the relationship between LATCH score and certain studied variables.
II. METHODOLOGY
A descriptive design was conducted on non probability sample (purposive) which consisted of (120)
women who have either normal vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Data were collected for the period of
January 2nd
2012 to February 17th
2012. The study was conduct at Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Al-Elwia
Maternity Teaching Hospital. subjects were eligible to participate in the study if they met the following selection
criteria: postpartum women who have either normal vaginal delivery or cesarean section with healthy newborn;
Normal weight and newborns is rooming in with their mothers, in addition participants were excluded from the
study if their mothers had any complications and multiple gestation births twins, triple, etc; newborn with low
birth weight; premature baby (baby born before 37 gestational weeks) and infants with any congenital
malformation or genetic diseases that might affect the study results. Questionnaire was used as a tool of data
2. Assessment of LATCH Tool Regarding Initiation of Breastfeeding among Women after Childbirth
International organization of Scientific Research 39 | P a g e
collection to fulfill with objectives of the study which consisted of three parts: including demographic
characteristics, reproductive characteristics and LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool is based on observations
and descriptions of effective breastfeeding, evaluates five characteristics of breastfeeding. A numerical score
(0,1or 2) is assigned to each measure for a possible total score 10, as shown in table (1). Each letter of acronym
denotes a category for LATCH (L: represents how well the infant latches onto the breast, A: represents audible
swallowing noted, T: describes the mother's nipple type, C: represents the mother's degree of breast or nipple
& general feeding comfort, H: evaluates the amount of help the mother needs to position her baby at breast as
shown in table (1). Data are analyzed through the use of Excel (Statistical package). Through the application of
descriptive statistical data analysis include (Frequencies, Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation) and
Inferential statistical data analysis include Chi-Square test for testing the different among several observed
frequencies and their expected. The criteria of probability levels were used to determine the significance of the
statistical test as following: Highly Significance (HS) at (P ≤ 0.01), Significant (S) at (P ≤ 0.05) and Non-
Significant (NS) at (P > 0.05).
Table (1): LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool
Score value 0 1 2 Total
L
Latch
Too sleepy or
reluctant and No
latch obtained
Repeated attempts, Must
hold nipple in mouth and
Must stimulate to suck
Grasps breast, Tongue
down and forward, Lips
flanged, Rhythmic
suckling
A
Audible
Swallowing
None
A few with stimulation
Spontaneous,
intermittent (less than
24 hours old),
Spontaneous, frequent
(greater than 24 hours
old)
T
Type of Nipple
Inverted Flat
Everted (after
stimulation)
C
Comfort Level
(Breast/Nipple)
Engorged, Cracked,
bleeding, large
blisters or bruises,
Severe discomfort
Filling, Small blisters or
bruises, Mother
complains of pinching
Mild/moderate
discomfort
Soft, Tender, Intact
nipples (no damage)
H
Hold
Positioning
Full assist (staff
holds infant at
breast)
Minimal assist (i.e.
elevate head of bed, place
pillows), Teach one side,
mother does other. Staff
helps, mother takes over
feeding.
No assist from staff.
Mother able to
position/hold infant.
3. Assessment of LATCH Tool Regarding Initiation of Breastfeeding among Women after Childbirth
International organization of Scientific Research 40 | P a g e
III. RESULTS
Table (2): Distribution of Socio-Demographic Characteristic for Study Sample.
Variables
Study Sample
(n=120)
Age / years No. %
14-17 6 5
18-21 16 13.3
22-25 23 19.2
26-29 17 14.2
30-33 32 26.6
34-37 18 15
38-41 8 6.7
Educational level
Primary school graduate and less 61 50.8
Intermediate school graduate 37 30.8
Secondary school graduate 13 10.8
Institute graduate 4 3.3
College graduate & more 5 4. 2
Occupation
Employed 14 11.7
Non employed 106 88.3
Place of residence
urban 109 90.8
Rural 11 9.2
Type of family
Nuclear 46 38.3
Extended 74 61.7
Socioeconomic status
Low 106 88.3
Moderate 14 11.7
Table (2) shows that the highest percentage (26.6%) of study sample was at age group (30-33) years,
(50.8%) was graduated from primary school and less, and (88.3%) of them was housewives. The highest
percentage (90.8%) was from urban area. (61.6%) of them was living in the extended families and (88.3%) of
study sample was low socioeconomic status.
Table (3): Distribution of Reproductive Characteristic for Study Sample.
Variables Study Sample (n=120)
No. of parity No. %
1-2 48 40
3-4 42 35
5 and above 30 25
No. of abortion
Non 79 65.9
1-2 36 29.9
3 5 4.2
No. of stillbirth
Non 98 81.6
1-2 22 18.4
No. of Alive children
1-2 52 43.3
3-4 42 35
5 and above 26 21.7
*Place of previous delivery
* Non 14 11.6
Hospital 97 80.8
Home (Midwife) 9 7.5
4. Assessment of LATCH Tool Regarding Initiation of Breastfeeding among Women after Childbirth
International organization of Scientific Research 41 | P a g e
*Type of previous delivery
Non 14 11.6
NVD 43 35.8
C/S 63 52.5
Current of type of delivery
NVD 34 28.3
C/S 86 71.6
Gender of the baby
Male newborn 62 51.6
Female newborn 58 48.3
* 14 of women were primigravida.
Table (3) shows that the highest percentage (40%) of study sample was multipara. The majority for
study sample (65.8%) did not have any previous abortion. The highest percentage (81.6%) did not have previous
stillbirth. (43.3%) had 1-2 alive children. The highest percentage (80.8%) was delivered in hospital and (52.5%)
had cesarean section. Concerning the current of type of delivery: The highest percentage (71.6%) had a cesarean
section delivery. the highest percentage (51.6%) of study sample had born a male newborn. while the lowest
percentages (48.3%) had born a female newborn. (100%) of their newborn were within the normal weight
(2500-4000) gm.
Table (4): Distribution of Previous Initiation of Breastfeeding among Study Sample.
Variables
Study Sample
(n=106)
*Previous initiation of BF No. %
None 16 15. 1
During 24 hrs 76 71.7
After 24 hrs 14 13.2
Previous types of infant feeding
Breastfeeding 56 52.8
Artificial feeding 24 22.6
Partial breastfeeding 26 24.5
Previous duration of breastfeeding
Non 17 16.1
≤ 12 month 49 46.2
12-24 month 40 37.7
* 14 of women has primigravida.
Table (4) shows that the highest percentage (71.7%) of study sample initiate their breastfeeding during
24 hours. (52.8%) of study sample were used breastfeeding and (46.2%) were continued breastfeeding within 12
months and less.
Table (5): LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool for Study Sample (n =120).
%No.Classification
4. 25(Poor) 0-3 score
53.364(Moderate) 4-7 score
42.551(High) 8-10 score
Table (5) shows that the highest percentage (53.3%) of study sample had moderate score of LATCH
breastfeeding assessment.
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International organization of Scientific Research 42 | P a g e
Table (6): Association of LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool with Socio-Demographic Characteristic
for Study Sample.
χ2
= Chi- Square, , P= Probability level at P ≥ 0.05 , C.S.= Comparative Significant, HS= High Significant,
NS = Non-Significant
Table (6) revealed that there is a statistical significant relationship between ages and LATCH
breastfeeding assessment tool for study sample.
IV. DISCUSSION
The highest percentages (26.6%) of study sample at age group (30-33) years as shown in table (2).
Peterson & DaVanzo found that the significance of the age differentials in the initiation of breastfeeding
decreased considerably when socioeconomic and demographic factors were controlled. A significant difference
remained only between very young mothers aged 15 -17 years and those aged 20-29 years (4)
. More than 25
years are more likely to initiate and continue BF than younger women (5)
. In other studies of Middle Eastern
women. For instance, no positive association was found between maternal age & initiation of breastfeeding in
Kuwait and in other studies of Middle Eastern women in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) & Saudi Arabia (6)
.
The level of education plays a large role in influencing a women to exclusive breastfeed their children.
It has been found that mothers with a higher education level tend to initiate breastfeeding more often, and also
tend to breastfeed their child for a longer period of time than do their less educated counterparts (7)
. In Jordan
less educated women were more likely to breastfeed than women with higher education levels (8)
. Conversely, a
study in Egypt reported that educated mothers were more likely to initiate breastfeeding earlier and to
exclusively breastfeed their infants in the first week of life than less educated women, which is consistent with
most studies from Western countries (6)
.
It was reported that level of education was positively associated with breastfeeding initiation. Which indicated
that mothers with more than 12 years of education were 5.2 times more likely to breastfeeding than mothers
with 9 or fewer years of education (9)
.
The present study reveals that the (88.3%) are housewives. while the lowest percentages (11.6%) were
employee as shown in table (2). Maternal employment is a factor that has received much acknowledgement in
influencing a mother’s decision to breastfeed the child (10)
. Previous studies have indicated that women who
continue employment after the birth of their child are more likely to discontinue breastfeeding early, or never
initiate breastfeeding. Also it was reported that maternal employment does influence infant feeding practices.
Consequently, this relationship may have repercussions on future health of the infant (11)
.
Abdul-Ameer et al., reported that Iraq is experiencing rapid urbanization. An increasingly urban lifestyle can
lead to alterations in traditional behaviours such as BF. In addition, evidence shows that maternal education,
social class, ethnic background and religion are related to the decision to initiate and continue BF. Results of
study show that urbanization was significantly related to women’s level of education (urban: rural ratio for
secondary and higher education level was 12:1). These urban are more educated women than the rural are less
educated women believed and practiced correct BF, as for example they started BF earlier, believed in giving
colostrum was good for their baby, were more likely to know about full exclusive BF and its duration, and when
to start supplements (12)
.
Women from lower-income families are less likely to breastfeed for a number of reasons, including
less family support for breastfeeding, less ability to seek help with breastfeeding problems, less flexibility with
working arrangements, and concerns about breastfeeding in public (13)
. The study conducted by Piper and Parks
reported that mothers with higher parity were more likely to breastfeed for a longer period of time. Interestingly,
they found that each increase in parity by one birth resulted in a 1.7 times greater likelihood of sustaining
breastfeeding beyond 6 months postpartum (14)
.
It was reported that if a woman breastfeed the first child, she is likely to have breastfeed to the
subsequent children, regardless of how many children she has. Conversely, if a woman does not breastfeed the
first child, she is less likely to breastfeed in the future (15)
. The findings of present study
agrees with Madhu et al., (2009) conducted a descriptive study with 100 mothers in Kengeri, rural Bangalore,
Karnataka, age at marriage was between 15 and 20 years old (69%). The main reasons given for the mother to
start weaning early was insufficient milk, which may by due to the early age of marriage (those who were
younger than 19 years old) and early childbirth. Studies indicated that adolescents BF less often than adults and
they hold positive and negative attitudes toward BF that influence decision-making and BF (16)
.
Mothers who delivered at home were more likely to introduce complementary foods earlier than those delivered
in health facility. Mothers who deliver in a health facility in most receive breastfeeding counseling, especially
Socio-Demographic Variables χ2
P-value C.S.
Age 16.688 0.000 HS
Educational level 78.442 9.243 NS
Socioeconomic status 174.95 1.022 NS
6. Assessment of LATCH Tool Regarding Initiation of Breastfeeding among Women after Childbirth
International organization of Scientific Research 43 | P a g e
with the revitalization of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) (17)
. Another risk factor for delaying the first
breastfeeding identified in the present study was delivering by a cesarean section. Several studies have
confirmed that even with hospital practices with norms and routines favoring breastfeeding, birth by cesarean
section is a significant barrier that inhibits breastfeeding within the first hour of life. The first point to consider
in this respect is the limitation on the mother’s ability to touch her baby, if her arms have been restrained during
the surgical procedure. Another point is the analgesia for the mother, which may cause disorganized behavior in
the newborn and may result in delay and impairment of the first breastfeeding (18)
.
The present study reveals that the highest percentages (71.69%) of study sample initiate their breastfeeding
during 24 hours, (52.83%) were used breastfeeding and (46.22%) were continued breastfeeding 12 months and
less as shown in table (4). Multiparous women with a previous negative breastfeeding experience are likely to
need support to attempt to breastfeed again. Previous studies indicated that if the breastfeeding experience is
positive, breastfeeding can increase positive maternal affect (19)
. Mothers who breastfed their previous infants for
more than six months were 14 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed their current infants for six months
compared to women who breastfed their previous infants for less than one month (20)
.
The present study reveals that the highest percentages (51.6%) of study sample have male newborn, while the
lowest percentages (48.3%) had female newborn as shown in table (3). Boys were more likely to be introduced
to complementary feeding early compared with girls. Anecdotal evidence indicates that boys are introduced to
complementary foods early because breast milk alone does not meet their feeding demands (17)
. Girls had a
greater chance of being exclusively breastfed than boys. This finding is in agreement with the findings of
Pe´rez-Escamilla et al., in Brazil and Honduras (21)
. The authors discuss the possibility of there being a belief
among health-care professionals and / or mothers that boys have greater nutritional needs, and thus require
complementary feeding from an earlier age (22)
.
The present study shows that the highest percentages (53.33%) of study sample have moderate score of
LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment (table 5). The study was conducted to test the validity of the LATCH
breastfeeding assessment tool by comparing it with other measures of effective breastfeeding and by
determining its effectiveness in predicting breastfeeding duration to 8 weeks postpartum, controlling for
intervening variables in 133 dyads. LATCH scores, mother's evaluation of an index feed, and intended duration
of breastfeeding were assessed postpartum and followed 6 weeks. Women breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum
had higher LATCH scores (mean ± SD = 9.3 ± 0.9) than those who weaned (mean ± SD = 8.7 ± 1.0), due to
only one measure, breast/nipple comfort. Women who weaned before 6 weeks reported lower breast/nipple
comfort (1.5 ± 0.5) than those who were still breastfeeding at 6 weeks (1.7 ± 0.5, P <.05). Total LATCH scores
accounted for 7.3% of variance in breastfeeding duration. Total LATCH scores positively correlated with
duration of breastfeeding (n = 128; r =.26, P =.003) and to mothers' scores (n = 132; r =.58, P =.001).
Correlations among LATCH measures ranged from .02 to .51. The LATCH tool is a useful identifies the need
for follow-up with breastfeeding mothers at risk for early weaning because of sore nipples (2)
.
Breastfeeding success depends on appropriate attachment of the infant at the breast, in which the nipple and
much of the areola are drawn well into the baby's mouth. Anatomical variations of the breast, including flat
nipple, inverted nipple, large breast and large nipple may act as barriers for the baby to latch on to the breast
effectively. Babies need to have good attachment to the breast for successful breastfeeding and potential
maternal problems such as these variations can make good attachment hard to achieve. Also, infant problems
such as tongue-tie can be important. Despite many studies conducted to explore factors associated with
breastfeeding in both developed and developing communities, no investigation has been designed to show the
effect of anatomical variations of the mother's breast on breastfeeding outcomes. It was reported that inverted
and non-protractile nipples as leading to problems establishing and maintaining breastfeeding (23)
.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
Provide information for pregnant women during prenatal visits about important of initiation of breastfeeding
and benefits of breastfeeding and signs of good attachment.
Implementing LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool for women after childbirth.
Distribution of breastfeeding pamphlet of the instructional material to all mothers having C/S or normal
vaginal delivery.
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