This document describes a study on the effectiveness of touch therapy in reducing pain among patients admitted to an orthopedic surgery ward. The study had several objectives including assessing pre-and post-test pain levels in experimental and control groups and evaluating the effectiveness of touch therapy. The experimental group received touch therapy while the control group did not. Results found that the mean post-test pain levels were significantly lower than pre-test levels in the experimental group receiving touch therapy. The study concluded that touch therapy was effective in reducing pain in orthopedic surgery patients.
1. This document describes a study protocol to evaluate if pre-procedural ultrasound of the lumbar spine can improve the procedural skill of performing subarachnoid blocks.
2. The study aims to compare outcomes like success on the first needle pass, number of needle passes, time taken between groups who receive pre-procedure ultrasound versus those who do not.
3. A review of previous literature found that ultrasound can help identify anatomy like the posterior longitudinal ligament that indicates ease of dural puncture, and may help predict difficult procedures. Simulation training and deliberate practice was also found to improve residents' skills in performing subarachnoid blocks.
epidemiology in community health nursingNanduNandana3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The document outlines the main components of epidemiological investigation, which include establishing occurrence of a problem, verifying diagnoses, collecting related data, describing occurrences, formulating hypotheses, and testing hypotheses. It also describes epidemiological methods such as descriptive studies, analytical studies, experimental approaches, and observational approaches. The document provides examples of how rates, ratios, and distributions are used as basic tools for measurement in epidemiological studies.
The study assessed the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. It found that the experimental group that received sitz baths had significantly better wound healing outcomes than the control group. Specifically, the experimental group had a lower average post-test wound healing score compared to controls, indicating sitz baths were effective at improving episiotomy wound healing. Demographic factors like age and education were also found to influence post-test wound healing levels in the experimental group.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on a study assessing the knowledge and practices of intensive care nurses regarding the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The study found that the nurses had average knowledge but unsatisfactory practices in preventing VAP. It concluded that additional in-service education and training programs are needed to improve nurses' knowledge and practices and reduce infections among patients. The presentation reviewed the objectives, methods, findings and conclusions of the descriptive study conducted with 50 nurses in India. It also discussed relevant literature supporting the average knowledge levels found and the need for preventative protocols and guidelines.
A comparative study of fine needle aspiration cytology, trucut biopsy and his...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study compared two methods of fixing polypropylene mesh during open inguinal hernia repair surgery: fibrin glue fixation versus suture fixation. The study included 60 patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair who were divided into two groups. The results showed that surgery time was significantly shorter when using fibrin glue fixation compared to suture fixation. Patients who received fibrin glue fixation also reported significantly less pain in the first post-operative day, first post-operative week, and one month after surgery. There were no significant differences in complications between the two groups. The study concluded that fibrin glue provided an effective alternative to sutures for fixing mesh with benefits including shorter surgery time and less post-operative pain.
Malaria Parasitemia in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, N...ijtsrd
Malaria is quite possibly the main general medical issues in Nigeria which can be transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles as a result of bushy environment, stagnant water or poor housing condition and sometimes nearness to water bodies. This study is aimed at studying malaria parasitemia in Anambra East Local Government Area.The malaria parasitemia in four communities of Anambra East Local Government Area LGA was carried out using standard parasitological techniques for rapid assessment of malaria infection and level of parasitemia. Results showed an overall malaria parasitemia of 22.3, where 49 participants out of 220 participants were positive. Community based malaria parasitemia of 13 5.9 in Nando, 12 5.5 in Umuoba Anam, 9 4.1 in Nsugbe and 8 3.6 in Umueri. The four different communities recorded variations in malaria parasitemia. There should be intensified efforts to continuously educate the masses on all the strategies of malaria prevention. Dike, Uchechi Pamela | Udujih, Obinna Godwin | Dike-Ndudim, Joy Nkiru | Udujih Helen Ifeoma | Amah, Henry Chidozie | Nasir A. Umar "Malaria Parasitemia in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59681.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/59681/malaria-parasitemia-in-anambra-east-local-government-area-of-anambra-state-nigeria/dike-uchechi-pamela
1. This document describes a study protocol to evaluate if pre-procedural ultrasound of the lumbar spine can improve the procedural skill of performing subarachnoid blocks.
2. The study aims to compare outcomes like success on the first needle pass, number of needle passes, time taken between groups who receive pre-procedure ultrasound versus those who do not.
3. A review of previous literature found that ultrasound can help identify anatomy like the posterior longitudinal ligament that indicates ease of dural puncture, and may help predict difficult procedures. Simulation training and deliberate practice was also found to improve residents' skills in performing subarachnoid blocks.
epidemiology in community health nursingNanduNandana3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The document outlines the main components of epidemiological investigation, which include establishing occurrence of a problem, verifying diagnoses, collecting related data, describing occurrences, formulating hypotheses, and testing hypotheses. It also describes epidemiological methods such as descriptive studies, analytical studies, experimental approaches, and observational approaches. The document provides examples of how rates, ratios, and distributions are used as basic tools for measurement in epidemiological studies.
The study assessed the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. It found that the experimental group that received sitz baths had significantly better wound healing outcomes than the control group. Specifically, the experimental group had a lower average post-test wound healing score compared to controls, indicating sitz baths were effective at improving episiotomy wound healing. Demographic factors like age and education were also found to influence post-test wound healing levels in the experimental group.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on a study assessing the knowledge and practices of intensive care nurses regarding the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The study found that the nurses had average knowledge but unsatisfactory practices in preventing VAP. It concluded that additional in-service education and training programs are needed to improve nurses' knowledge and practices and reduce infections among patients. The presentation reviewed the objectives, methods, findings and conclusions of the descriptive study conducted with 50 nurses in India. It also discussed relevant literature supporting the average knowledge levels found and the need for preventative protocols and guidelines.
A comparative study of fine needle aspiration cytology, trucut biopsy and his...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study compared two methods of fixing polypropylene mesh during open inguinal hernia repair surgery: fibrin glue fixation versus suture fixation. The study included 60 patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia repair who were divided into two groups. The results showed that surgery time was significantly shorter when using fibrin glue fixation compared to suture fixation. Patients who received fibrin glue fixation also reported significantly less pain in the first post-operative day, first post-operative week, and one month after surgery. There were no significant differences in complications between the two groups. The study concluded that fibrin glue provided an effective alternative to sutures for fixing mesh with benefits including shorter surgery time and less post-operative pain.
Malaria Parasitemia in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, N...ijtsrd
Malaria is quite possibly the main general medical issues in Nigeria which can be transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles as a result of bushy environment, stagnant water or poor housing condition and sometimes nearness to water bodies. This study is aimed at studying malaria parasitemia in Anambra East Local Government Area.The malaria parasitemia in four communities of Anambra East Local Government Area LGA was carried out using standard parasitological techniques for rapid assessment of malaria infection and level of parasitemia. Results showed an overall malaria parasitemia of 22.3, where 49 participants out of 220 participants were positive. Community based malaria parasitemia of 13 5.9 in Nando, 12 5.5 in Umuoba Anam, 9 4.1 in Nsugbe and 8 3.6 in Umueri. The four different communities recorded variations in malaria parasitemia. There should be intensified efforts to continuously educate the masses on all the strategies of malaria prevention. Dike, Uchechi Pamela | Udujih, Obinna Godwin | Dike-Ndudim, Joy Nkiru | Udujih Helen Ifeoma | Amah, Henry Chidozie | Nasir A. Umar "Malaria Parasitemia in Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59681.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/59681/malaria-parasitemia-in-anambra-east-local-government-area-of-anambra-state-nigeria/dike-uchechi-pamela
The aim of this study was to assess the interobserver variation among surgeons in grading of the inflammatory severity of acute appendicitis as recognized on visual findings at operation.
The document discusses the changing paradigm in dental care from the nonspecific plaque hypothesis (NSPH) to the specific plaque hypothesis (SPH). It summarizes the key differences between the two approaches. The NSPH assumed all plaque was equally pathogenic, while more recent evidence shows only certain plaque bacteria cause infections. The SPH recognizes healthy and infected plaque can be differentiated microbiologically, enabling more targeted treatment of the infection-causing bacteria.
Gaudreault et al-2015-anesthesia_&_analgesiasamirsharshar
The study evaluated the reliability of current perception threshold (CPT) measurements for assessing sensory block in two investigations. In the first study, CPT measurements in healthy volunteers showed good within-day reliability but more variable between-day reliability. In the second study with patients receiving femoral nerve blocks, CPT values significantly increased after local anesthetic administration and paralleled the loss of cold sensation, suggesting CPT can characterize sensory onset of peripheral nerve blocks. The study supports using CPT in future regional anesthesia research.
The document discusses advances in periodontal diagnosis. It covers limitations of conventional diagnosis methods like gingival bleeding, probing, and radiography. It then summarizes various advances in diagnostic tools and techniques, including digital radiography, subtraction radiography, temperature probes, automated probes, microbiological analysis of bacterial species, and analysis of the host immune response. Newer imaging modalities like CBCT are able to provide more detailed 3D evaluation of the alveolar bone for implant planning compared to traditional CT, while delivering a lower radiation dose.
This document provides an overview of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected groups, using open-ended responses and interviews. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses and make predictions through larger, randomly selected groups and validated quantitative data collection instruments. The researcher's role and biases are known in qualitative research but hidden in quantitative research. Qualitative findings are less generalizable while quantitative findings can be more widely applied.
19_alwarb_original_10_1 article د. جواد الوبر .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
Assessment of Knowledge about Standard Precautions and Nosocomial Infection among Nurses Working in Hospitals of Sana'a City, Yemen.
Dr. Gawad Alwabr Yemen
Screening tests aim to identify unrecognized disease in apparently healthy individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to groups rather than individuals, use a single criterion, and are less accurate. Validity refers to a test's accuracy while reliability is its precision on repeat tests. Sensitivity measures a test's ability to identify true positives, and specificity measures its ability to identify true negatives. Screening programs must consider factors like disease burden, test characteristics, and whether early detection improves outcomes.
Prospective Study of Acute Appendicitis with its Clinical, Radiological Profi...semualkaira
Acute appendicitis is the most common condition encountered in general surgical practice. Alvarado and Modified Alvarado Scores (MASS) are the commonly used scoring
systems for its diagnosis, but its performance has been found to
be poor in certain populations. Hence, we compared the RIPASA
score with MASS, to find out which is a better diagnostic tool for
acute appendicitis in the Indian population.
This document outlines the structure and contents of a research study on assessing the knowledge of staff nurses regarding prevention and management of perineal tears during normal delivery. It includes 6 chapters that discuss the introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection process, data analysis plan, and expected outcomes including conclusions and recommendations. The study aims to assess nurses' current knowledge and identify any associations between knowledge and demographic factors, with the goal of developing an educational module to improve nurses' understanding of perineal tears.
This document discusses the use of various imaging modalities in pregnancy. It reviews the risks and benefits of ionizing radiation techniques like radiography and CT scans, as well as safer alternatives like ultrasound and MRI. While ionizing radiation poses risks to the fetus, limited use of techniques like chest x-rays and CT scans may be necessary for diagnostic purposes when the benefits outweigh the risks. Ultrasound and MRI are generally the preferred initial imaging options in pregnancy due to lack of ionizing radiation exposure. The document provides guidelines on appropriate use of different imaging techniques for common medical symptoms in pregnant patients.
Clinical effect and safety of pulsed radiofrequency treatment for pudendal ne...Jason Attaman
The document describes a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial that compared the clinical effect and safety of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment combined with pudendal nerve block (NB) to NB alone for treating pudendal neuralgia. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to receive either PRF+NB or NB. Pain levels, depression scores, treatment effects, analgesic use, and adverse events were assessed over 3 months. The results showed that PRF+NB provided significantly greater pain relief and improved depression scores compared to NB alone, with no severe adverse events reported for either group.
The document summarizes several studies on the effects of various interventions on health-related outcomes. One study found that pranayama practice was effective in reducing anxiety among jail inmates. Another study found that patients were satisfied with nursing services but only partially satisfied with general hospital services. A third study found that most nurses were satisfied with supervision and salary at a particular hospital.
Clinical effect and safety of pulsed radiofrequency treatment for pudendal ne...Jason Attaman
This study compared the clinical effectiveness and safety of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment combined with pudendal nerve block (NB) versus NB alone for treating pudendal neuralgia. 80 patients were randomly assigned to receive either PRF+NB or NB. Patients in the PRF+NB group had significantly lower pain scores and depression scores at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months compared to the NB group. The PRF+NB group also had higher clinical effectiveness rates and less postoperative analgesic usage. No severe adverse events occurred in either group. The results suggest that PRF+NB provides more long-lasting pain relief and better outcomes for pudendal neuralgia than NB alone.
This study analyzed 318 stable trauma patients who underwent laparoscopy over 4 years to investigate indications for laparoscopy and conversion to laparotomy. The conversion rate was higher for blunt abdominal trauma (22.9%) than penetrating abdominal trauma (11.7%). The most common reason for conversion was uncontrolled intraabdominal bleeding, followed by multiple complex injuries, hemodynamic instability, and poor visualization. Only lower pH was associated with conversion. The management of stable trauma patients with laparoscopy appears to be safe, though continuous bleeding, complex injuries, deterioration, poor visibility, or equipment failure indicate need for conversion.
Running head STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N/V 1
Statistical Analysis Project on Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting
Brenda Venvertloh
Olivet Nazarene University
Statistics
BSN 198/MATH 120
Dr. Dan Green
September 15, 2015
Certification of Authorship: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I
received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited
any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also
certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for the purpose of this assignment.
Your Signature: Brenda Venvertloh RN, CAPA
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N/V 2
Abstract
The purpose of this case-controlled observational study is to determine if the proportion of men
or women experience post-operative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia more often
than the opposite gender. Post-operative nausea and vomiting proves to be very debilitating for
many patients. The population of this study is all outpatient surgical patients who receive general
anesthesia. Data was obtained through random samples of patients that received general
anesthesia for outpatient procedures at a hospital based surgical center. Permission was granted
by the manager of the surgical department to use the data for statistical purposes for this
assignment. No personal or demographic information was used to protect the confidentiality of
the patients. This paper will discuss statistical methods used to analyze the data collected for this
project. Results will be revealed through graphs and statcrunch computations. My hypothesis is
that women experience post-operative nausea/vomiting at a higher proportion than men. This
hypothesis is based on observations and experience as a nurse with years of experience in
perianesthesia nursing.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N/V 3
Statistical Analysis Project on Post-operative Nausea/Vomiting
Introduction
Post-operative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia proves to be very debilitating
for many patients. In fact, according to the American Society of Perianesthesia nurses, post-
operative nausea and vomiting is the most common complication after general anesthesia that
affects one third of all surgical patients each year (McLaughlin, 2010). Due to the fact that this
complication may lead to unanticipated or prolonged hospital stays, it is important to identify
high risk patients in order to be pro-active in prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea
and vomiting. This statistical analysis project focuses on the topic of post-operative nausea and
vomiting, with the specific question being, which gender is affected by post-operative nausea
and vomiting after general anesthesia at a higher proportion, men or women? I ...
This document discusses research problems and variables in nursing research. It defines a research problem as a question about the relationship between two or more variables. The identification of a research problem is the first step in the research process. Research variables can be independent, dependent, demographic, or extraneous. Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher, while dependent variables are measured outcomes. Demographic variables describe study subjects and extraneous variables are not part of the study but may influence results. The document also discusses formulating research objectives which provide direction for investigating variables.
This document discusses supportive periodontal therapy (SPT), including its objectives, components, efficacy, and role in daily practice. SPT involves regular patient monitoring after active periodontal treatment to prevent reinfection and continued disease progression. Key aspects of SPT include patient motivation and reinstruction, treatment of reinfected sites, polishing and fluoride application, and determining the appropriate recall interval. The success of long-term SPT relies on effective communication and compliance. SPT can help maintain bone height and attachment levels if performed regularly.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
EFFECTS OF MRSA SCREENING ON THE HEALTH.docxwrite5
This document discusses screening patients for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA is a bacterium that is difficult to treat and often spreads in healthcare settings. The document notes that current evidence on MRSA screening is limited and does not adequately address outcomes like morbidity, mortality, and resource use. It proposes a new research study on MRSA screening that would incorporate controls for trends and confounding factors, and assess various infection control interventions and their impact on outcomes. The goal would be to develop a more effective strategy for preventing MRSA infections.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of applying breast milk to treat sore nipples among postnatal mothers. It found that applying breast milk significantly reduced nipple soreness in the experimental group compared to the control group. Specifically, the mean nipple soreness score decreased from 13.53 to 5.27 in the experimental group after applying breast milk for one week, while it only decreased from 9.43 to 6.53 in the control group. This provides evidence that applying breast milk is an effective treatment for sore nipples among postnatal mothers.
This document presents a study proposal on assessing the effectiveness of nursing care in reducing blood sugar levels among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The study aims to compare blood sugar levels between an experimental group that receives nursing care and a control group. The introduction provides background on gestational diabetes and its risks. The methodology will use a quasi-experimental design with 60 subjects divided into experimental and control groups. Nursing care involving education will be provided to the experimental group for 5 days. Blood sugar levels will be measured before and after the intervention to analyze its effectiveness. Appropriate statistical tests will be used to analyze the results.
The aim of this study was to assess the interobserver variation among surgeons in grading of the inflammatory severity of acute appendicitis as recognized on visual findings at operation.
The document discusses the changing paradigm in dental care from the nonspecific plaque hypothesis (NSPH) to the specific plaque hypothesis (SPH). It summarizes the key differences between the two approaches. The NSPH assumed all plaque was equally pathogenic, while more recent evidence shows only certain plaque bacteria cause infections. The SPH recognizes healthy and infected plaque can be differentiated microbiologically, enabling more targeted treatment of the infection-causing bacteria.
Gaudreault et al-2015-anesthesia_&_analgesiasamirsharshar
The study evaluated the reliability of current perception threshold (CPT) measurements for assessing sensory block in two investigations. In the first study, CPT measurements in healthy volunteers showed good within-day reliability but more variable between-day reliability. In the second study with patients receiving femoral nerve blocks, CPT values significantly increased after local anesthetic administration and paralleled the loss of cold sensation, suggesting CPT can characterize sensory onset of peripheral nerve blocks. The study supports using CPT in future regional anesthesia research.
The document discusses advances in periodontal diagnosis. It covers limitations of conventional diagnosis methods like gingival bleeding, probing, and radiography. It then summarizes various advances in diagnostic tools and techniques, including digital radiography, subtraction radiography, temperature probes, automated probes, microbiological analysis of bacterial species, and analysis of the host immune response. Newer imaging modalities like CBCT are able to provide more detailed 3D evaluation of the alveolar bone for implant planning compared to traditional CT, while delivering a lower radiation dose.
This document provides an overview of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected groups, using open-ended responses and interviews. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses and make predictions through larger, randomly selected groups and validated quantitative data collection instruments. The researcher's role and biases are known in qualitative research but hidden in quantitative research. Qualitative findings are less generalizable while quantitative findings can be more widely applied.
19_alwarb_original_10_1 article د. جواد الوبر .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
Assessment of Knowledge about Standard Precautions and Nosocomial Infection among Nurses Working in Hospitals of Sana'a City, Yemen.
Dr. Gawad Alwabr Yemen
Screening tests aim to identify unrecognized disease in apparently healthy individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to groups rather than individuals, use a single criterion, and are less accurate. Validity refers to a test's accuracy while reliability is its precision on repeat tests. Sensitivity measures a test's ability to identify true positives, and specificity measures its ability to identify true negatives. Screening programs must consider factors like disease burden, test characteristics, and whether early detection improves outcomes.
Prospective Study of Acute Appendicitis with its Clinical, Radiological Profi...semualkaira
Acute appendicitis is the most common condition encountered in general surgical practice. Alvarado and Modified Alvarado Scores (MASS) are the commonly used scoring
systems for its diagnosis, but its performance has been found to
be poor in certain populations. Hence, we compared the RIPASA
score with MASS, to find out which is a better diagnostic tool for
acute appendicitis in the Indian population.
This document outlines the structure and contents of a research study on assessing the knowledge of staff nurses regarding prevention and management of perineal tears during normal delivery. It includes 6 chapters that discuss the introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection process, data analysis plan, and expected outcomes including conclusions and recommendations. The study aims to assess nurses' current knowledge and identify any associations between knowledge and demographic factors, with the goal of developing an educational module to improve nurses' understanding of perineal tears.
This document discusses the use of various imaging modalities in pregnancy. It reviews the risks and benefits of ionizing radiation techniques like radiography and CT scans, as well as safer alternatives like ultrasound and MRI. While ionizing radiation poses risks to the fetus, limited use of techniques like chest x-rays and CT scans may be necessary for diagnostic purposes when the benefits outweigh the risks. Ultrasound and MRI are generally the preferred initial imaging options in pregnancy due to lack of ionizing radiation exposure. The document provides guidelines on appropriate use of different imaging techniques for common medical symptoms in pregnant patients.
Clinical effect and safety of pulsed radiofrequency treatment for pudendal ne...Jason Attaman
The document describes a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial that compared the clinical effect and safety of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment combined with pudendal nerve block (NB) to NB alone for treating pudendal neuralgia. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to receive either PRF+NB or NB. Pain levels, depression scores, treatment effects, analgesic use, and adverse events were assessed over 3 months. The results showed that PRF+NB provided significantly greater pain relief and improved depression scores compared to NB alone, with no severe adverse events reported for either group.
The document summarizes several studies on the effects of various interventions on health-related outcomes. One study found that pranayama practice was effective in reducing anxiety among jail inmates. Another study found that patients were satisfied with nursing services but only partially satisfied with general hospital services. A third study found that most nurses were satisfied with supervision and salary at a particular hospital.
Clinical effect and safety of pulsed radiofrequency treatment for pudendal ne...Jason Attaman
This study compared the clinical effectiveness and safety of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment combined with pudendal nerve block (NB) versus NB alone for treating pudendal neuralgia. 80 patients were randomly assigned to receive either PRF+NB or NB. Patients in the PRF+NB group had significantly lower pain scores and depression scores at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months compared to the NB group. The PRF+NB group also had higher clinical effectiveness rates and less postoperative analgesic usage. No severe adverse events occurred in either group. The results suggest that PRF+NB provides more long-lasting pain relief and better outcomes for pudendal neuralgia than NB alone.
This study analyzed 318 stable trauma patients who underwent laparoscopy over 4 years to investigate indications for laparoscopy and conversion to laparotomy. The conversion rate was higher for blunt abdominal trauma (22.9%) than penetrating abdominal trauma (11.7%). The most common reason for conversion was uncontrolled intraabdominal bleeding, followed by multiple complex injuries, hemodynamic instability, and poor visualization. Only lower pH was associated with conversion. The management of stable trauma patients with laparoscopy appears to be safe, though continuous bleeding, complex injuries, deterioration, poor visibility, or equipment failure indicate need for conversion.
Running head STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N/V 1
Statistical Analysis Project on Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting
Brenda Venvertloh
Olivet Nazarene University
Statistics
BSN 198/MATH 120
Dr. Dan Green
September 15, 2015
Certification of Authorship: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I
received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited
any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, either quoted directly or paraphrased. I also
certify that this paper was prepared by me specifically for the purpose of this assignment.
Your Signature: Brenda Venvertloh RN, CAPA
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N/V 2
Abstract
The purpose of this case-controlled observational study is to determine if the proportion of men
or women experience post-operative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia more often
than the opposite gender. Post-operative nausea and vomiting proves to be very debilitating for
many patients. The population of this study is all outpatient surgical patients who receive general
anesthesia. Data was obtained through random samples of patients that received general
anesthesia for outpatient procedures at a hospital based surgical center. Permission was granted
by the manager of the surgical department to use the data for statistical purposes for this
assignment. No personal or demographic information was used to protect the confidentiality of
the patients. This paper will discuss statistical methods used to analyze the data collected for this
project. Results will be revealed through graphs and statcrunch computations. My hypothesis is
that women experience post-operative nausea/vomiting at a higher proportion than men. This
hypothesis is based on observations and experience as a nurse with years of experience in
perianesthesia nursing.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PROJECT ON POST-OPERATIVE N/V 3
Statistical Analysis Project on Post-operative Nausea/Vomiting
Introduction
Post-operative nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia proves to be very debilitating
for many patients. In fact, according to the American Society of Perianesthesia nurses, post-
operative nausea and vomiting is the most common complication after general anesthesia that
affects one third of all surgical patients each year (McLaughlin, 2010). Due to the fact that this
complication may lead to unanticipated or prolonged hospital stays, it is important to identify
high risk patients in order to be pro-active in prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea
and vomiting. This statistical analysis project focuses on the topic of post-operative nausea and
vomiting, with the specific question being, which gender is affected by post-operative nausea
and vomiting after general anesthesia at a higher proportion, men or women? I ...
This document discusses research problems and variables in nursing research. It defines a research problem as a question about the relationship between two or more variables. The identification of a research problem is the first step in the research process. Research variables can be independent, dependent, demographic, or extraneous. Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher, while dependent variables are measured outcomes. Demographic variables describe study subjects and extraneous variables are not part of the study but may influence results. The document also discusses formulating research objectives which provide direction for investigating variables.
This document discusses supportive periodontal therapy (SPT), including its objectives, components, efficacy, and role in daily practice. SPT involves regular patient monitoring after active periodontal treatment to prevent reinfection and continued disease progression. Key aspects of SPT include patient motivation and reinstruction, treatment of reinfected sites, polishing and fluoride application, and determining the appropriate recall interval. The success of long-term SPT relies on effective communication and compliance. SPT can help maintain bone height and attachment levels if performed regularly.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
EFFECTS OF MRSA SCREENING ON THE HEALTH.docxwrite5
This document discusses screening patients for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA is a bacterium that is difficult to treat and often spreads in healthcare settings. The document notes that current evidence on MRSA screening is limited and does not adequately address outcomes like morbidity, mortality, and resource use. It proposes a new research study on MRSA screening that would incorporate controls for trends and confounding factors, and assess various infection control interventions and their impact on outcomes. The goal would be to develop a more effective strategy for preventing MRSA infections.
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2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOUCH THERAPY IN
REDUCING PAIN AMONG PATIENT ADMITTED IN ORTHOPAEDIC
SURGERY WARD IN SELECTED HOSPITAL AT BHIWANI.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. TO ASSESS THE PRETEST AND POSTTEST LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGONE
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN THE CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
2. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOUCH THERAPY ON THE LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG
PATIENTS UNDERGONE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
3. TO FIND OUT THE CORRELATION BETWEEN POSTTEST LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG PATIENTS
UNDERGONE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP
4. TO FIND OUT THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POSTTEST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG
PATIENTS UNDERGONE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND WITH THEIR SELECTED
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES IN CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
4. INTRODUCTION
"THE FIRST EMOTIONAL COMFORT, TOUCHING AND BEING TOUCHED BY OUR MOTHER, REMAINS THE
ULTIMATE MEMORY OF SELFLESS LOVE, WHICH STAYS WITH US LIFE LONG.“ -DIANE ACKERMAN
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM SERVES AS A FRAMEWORK FOR TISSUES AND ORGANS TO ATTACH
THEMSELVES TO. THIS SYSTEM ACTS AS A PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE FOR VITAL ORGANS. BONES AND
OTHER SKELETAL MATERIALS MUST BE RESISTANT TO SUCH STRESSES, OR THEY MAY BREAK OR DISTORT.
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY ADDRESSES AND ATTEMPTS TO CORRECT PROBLEMS THAT ARISE IN THE
SKELETON AND ITS ATTACHMENTS, THE LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS. IT MAY ALSO INCLUDE SOME
PROBLEMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, SUCH AS THOSE THAT ARISE FROM INJURY OF THE SPINE. THESE
PROBLEMS CAN OCCUR AT BIRTH, THROUGH INJURY, OR AS THE RESULT OF AGING. THEY MAY BE ACUTE,
AS IN AN ACCIDENT OR INJURY, OR CHRONIC, AS IN MANY PROBLEMS RELATED TO AGING.
IN THIS STUDY, THE LINK BETWEEN INTENTION, PHYSICAL TOUCH, AND THEIR HEALING
CAPACITIES WAS OF PRIMARY INTEREST. RESEARCHER FOCUSES ON PAIN IN ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
PATIENTS BECAUSE IT CAN BE PROBLEMATIC TO ADDRESS IN EVERYDAY NURSING ROUTINES. IN A FIRST
STEP, THE INTERVENTION WAS DEVELOPED, WHICH WE NAMED INTENTIONAL TOUCH (IN TOUCH). UNLIKE
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH OR MASSAGE, IN TOUCH DOES NOT REFER TO A SPECIFIC METHOD, TECHNIQUE, OR
CONCEPT, BUT SHOULD REFER SIMPLY TO A SOFT PHYSICAL TOUCH WITH A POSITIVE INTENTION TO EASE
COMPLAINTS AND ENHANCE WELL-BEING. IN THE QUALITATIVE PART OF THE STUDY, THE SUBJECTIVE
EXPERIENCE OF NURSES AND PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN RELATIVE TO IN TOUCH WAS EXAMINED.
5. NEED FOR STUDY
THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF PAIN DEFINES PAIN AS “AN UNPLEASANT
SENSORY AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL TISSUE DAMAGE”. THERE
ARE VARIATIONS IN EACH PATIENT’S EXPERIENCE WITH PAIN AND THE ABILITY TO COPE OR DEAL WITH THE
‘’UNPLEASANT SENSORY’’ PERCEPTION THAT THE PAIN ENTAILS. PAIN IS SUBJECTIVE, ELICITING DIFFERENT
RESPONSES; HOWEVER THERE IS NO SET GOLD STANDARD OF CARE FOR TREATING PAIN IN PATIENTS.
NURSES ARE THE HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS WHO SPENT MOST OF TIME WITH THE PATIENTS AND
THEIR ROLE IN PAIN MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL. IN ADDITION; TO ENSURE AN EFFECTIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT,
THERE SHOULD BE AN EFFECTIVE PAIN ASSESSMENT.
THE APPROPRIATE USE OF TOUCH THERAPY BY NURSES HAS THE POTENTIAL TO SIGNIFICANTLY
IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE FOR THE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY PATIENTS. SO THAT THE STUDY IS
AIMED AT EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOUCH THERAPY IN ORDER TO RELIVE PAIN IN ORTHOPAEDIC
SURGERY PATIENTS.
6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
• H1-THE MEAN POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN WILL BE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THE
MEAN PRE TEST LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGONE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
IN THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
• H2-THE MEAN POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP WILL BE
SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THE MEAN POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN IN CONTROL GROUP
AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGONE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY.
• H3-THERE WILL BE A SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE POST TEST LEVEL OF
PAIN AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGONE ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND THEIR
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES IN CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
7. ASSUMPTION
TOUCH THERAPY IS AN EASY AND EXECUTABLE METHOD FOR TREATING PAIN IN
ALL MEDICAL CARE CENTERS AND EVEN AT PATIENT’S HOME.
TOUCH THERAPY IS CONSIDERED AS A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION FOR
REDUCING ORTHOPAEDIC SURGICAL PAIN.
TOUCH THERAPY RELAX THE BODY TISSUES AND MIND THERE BY REDUCING
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGICAL PAIN.
8. INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT
DEMOGRAPHIC
VARIABLES
•Age,
•Education
•Occupation of
women
•Family income
•Husband’s
occupation
PRE-ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT OF
PAIN –
Numerical pain rating
scale is used for pain
assessment
POST-ASSESSMENT
INTERVENTION
TOUCH THERAPY
The practice of placing
hands lightly on or just
above the person’s body,
palms down, on pain site
(total 15-20 minutes) and
two times a day for the
first, second and third post-
operative days.
ASSESSMENT OF
PAIN –
Numerical pain rating
scale is used for pain
assessment
MILD PAIN
MODERATE
PAIN
FIGURE 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON MODIFIED ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL
9. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• THE LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO THIS STUDY WAS DISCUSSED UNDER THE
FOLLOWING HEADING;
LITERATURE RELATED TO PAIN SEVERITY ON ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
LITERATURE RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT THERAPIES IN
REDUCING POSTOPERATIVE PAIN
LITERATURE RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF TOUCH THERAPY IN REDUCING
POSTOPERATIVE PAIN
10. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• EVALUATIVE RESEARCH APPROACH IS USED IN THIS STUDY.
• QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS USED.
• STUDY SETTING- KADAM MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL AND CHUGH MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL,
BHIWANI, HARAYANA
• TARGET POPULATION- POST-OPERATIVE ORTHOPAEDIC PATIENTS ADMITTED IN KADAM
MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL AND CHUGH MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL, BHIWANI
• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: NON PROBABILITY PURPOSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE.
• SAMPLE SIZE: : 60 POST-OPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS (30=EXPERIMENTAL AND 30= CONTROL
GROUP)
• TOOL IS FORMULATED NUMERICAL PAIN RATING SCALE
• INTERVENTION- TOUCH THERAPY
• ANALYSIS WAS USE AS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS.
• FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• COMMUNICATION AND FINDINGS
11. PILOT STUDY
BEFORE CONDUCTING THE PILOT STUDY FORMAL CONSENT WAS OBTAINED FROM THE MEDICAL
OFFICER OF KADAM MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL AND CHUGH MULTISPECIALITY HOSPITAL AT BHIWANI,
DURING 20-4-2022 TO 27-4-2022.
IN ORDER TO TEST THE FEASIBILITY, RELEVANCE AND PRACTICABILITY OF THE STUDY, A PILOT
STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AMONG SIX SUBJECTS WHO HAD ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY (3= EXPERIMENTAL GROUP,
3= CONTROL GROUP). FIRST THREE DAY EXPERIMENTAL GROUP PARTICIPANTS WERE SELECTED AND
FOLLOWED BY CONTROL GROUP THREE DAYS. INITIALLY, THE SUBJECTS WERE INTERVIEWED IN ORDER TO
COLLECT THE DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND RESEARCHER EXPLAINED THE PROCEDURE. THE PRE-TEST LEVEL OF
PAIN WAS ASSESSED BY NUMERICAL PAIN SCALE FOLLOWED BY TOUCH THERAPY FOR 10-15 MINUTES. POST-
TEST WAS DONE IMMEDIATELY AFTER MUSIC THERAPY. NEXT THREE DAYS CONTROL GROUP PARTICIPANTS
WERE SELECTED. SAME PROCEDURE WAS FOLLOWED TO THE CONTROL GROUP WITHOUT INTERVENTION
(MUSIC THERAPY). THE WHOLE PROCEDURE WAS REPEATED IN 2ND, 3RDAND 4TH POST OPERATIVE DAYS. DATA
WERE ANALYZED TO FIND OUT THE SUITABILITY OF THE STATISTICAL METHOD. IT REVEALED THAT THE STUDY
WAS FEASIBLE. THE SUBJECTS INCLUDED IN THE PILOT STUDY WERE EXCLUDED IN THE MAIN STUDY.
12. METHOD OF DATAANALYSIS
• FREQUENCY, PERCENTAGE AND MEAN WERE USED FOR ANALYSIS
DATA WERE ORGANIZED IN MASTER SHEET.
THE FREQUENCIES AND PERCENTAGE WAS USED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SOCIO
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.
MEAN, MEAN SCORE PERCENTAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION WAS USED TO
ASSESS THE PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST SCORES.
PAIRED ‘T’ TEST WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRETEST
AND POST-TEST LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
CHI-SQUARE WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POST-TEST
LEVEL OF PAIN AND SELECTED VARIABLES.
13. ORGANIZATI ON OF FINDINGS
• SECTION – I: DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES BASED ON THE SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC
VARIABLES AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS.
• SECTION – II: DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES BASED ON THE LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS.
• SECTION – III: DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF TOUCH THERAPY ON PAIN REDUCTION AMONG EXPERIMENTAL GROUP.
• SECTION – IV: COMPARISON OF THE POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
AND CONTROL GROUP.
• SECTION – V: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL AND
CONTROL GROUP AND THEIR SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES.
14. SECTION-A DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE PROFILE
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
N=30
CONTROL GROUP
N=30
F % F %
1. Age (in years)
21-40 11 36.67% 13 43.33%
41-60 14 46.67% 11 36.67%
61-80 5 16.66% 6 20%
Above 80 0 0% 0 0%
2. Gender
Male 16 53.33% 20 66.67%
Female 14 46.67% 10 33.33%
3. Educational status
Illiterate 0 0% 0 0%
Primary school 7 23.33% 6 20%
High school 14 46.67% 13 43.33%
Higher secondary & above 9 30% 11 36.67%
15. 4. Work pattern
Sedentary 13 43.33% 19 63.33%
Moderate 11 36.67% 7 23.33%
Heavy 6 20% 4 13.34%
5. Area of living
Urban 9 30% 12 40%
Semi-urban 7 23.33% 6 20%
Rural 14 46.67% 12 40%
6. Types of ortho surgery
Upper extremity 13 43.33% 19 63.33%
Lower extremity 17 56.67% 11 36.67%
7. Types of anesthesia
Spinal 12 40% 8 26.67%
General 18 60% 22 73.33%
16. SECTION – II
DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES BASED ON THE LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG EXPERIMENTALAND
CONTROL GROUPS
N=3
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0%
23% 23%
63%
27%
70%
80%
77% 77%
37%
73%
30%
20%
0% 0% 0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
2nd day Pre-test 2nd day post test 3rd pre test 3rd post test 4th day pre test 4th day post test
LEVEL OF PAIN IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
No pain
Mild pain
Moderate pain
Severe pain
Fig-9 Percentage distribution of pre test and post test level of pain among patients in experimental group
17. N=30
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 3%
100% 100% 100% 97% 100% 97%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
2nd day Pre-test 2nd day post test 3rd pre test 3rd post test 4th day pre test 4th day post test
LEVEL OF PAIN IN CONTROL GROUP
No pain
Mild pain
Moderate pain
Severe pain
Fig-10 Percentage distribution of pre test and post test level of pain among patients in control group
18. SECTION – III
DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOUCH
THERAPY ON PAIN REDUCTION AMONG EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
Level of pain post
operative day
Experimental
group pre test
Experimental group
post test
Mean
difference
t-value
mean SD Mean SD
2nd day 6.77 0.57 5.83 0.53 0.94 20.14**
3rd day 5.46 0.51 4.56 0.50 0.9 16.15**
4th day 4.16 0.46 3.2 0.41 0.96 29**
H1-The mean post test level of pain will be significantly lower than the mean pre test level of pain among patients undergone
orthopaedic surgery in the experimental group.
This table reveals in pre-test, 2nd day mean scores and SD of pain was 6.77 and 0.57, in post test 2nd day mean scores and
SD of pain was 5.83 and 0.53. The mean difference of pre test and post test was 0.94, the calculated t- value was 20.14 which was
significant at p<0.05. In pre-test, 3rd day mean scores and SD of pain was 5.46 and 0.51, in post test 3rd day mean scores and SD
of pain was 4.56 and 0.50. The mean difference of pre test and post test was 0.9, the calculated t- value was 16.15 which was
significant at p<0.05. In pre-test, 4th day mean scores and SD of pain was 4.16 and 0.46, in post test 4th day mean scores and SD
of pain was 3.2 and 0.41. The mean difference of pre test and post test was 0.96, the calculated t- value was 29 which was
significant at p<0.05.
Hence hypothesis H1 was accepted.
19. SECTION – IV
COMPARISON OF THE POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN AMONG POST OPERATIVE ORTHOPAEDIC
SURGERY PATIENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPAND CONTROL GROUP
Level of pain post operative
day
Experimental group
post test
Control group post test Mean
difference
t-value
Mean SD Mean SD
2nd day 5.83 0.53 8.06 0.53 2.77 17.97
3rd day 4.56 0.50 7.33 0.54 2.77 20.38
4th day 3.2 0.41 7.33 0.53 4.13 33.32
H2-The mean post test level of pain in experimental group will be significantly lower than the mean post test level of pain in
control group among patients undergone orthopaedic surgery.
This table reveals that post test score of mean and SD of experimental group and control group. In experimental group 2nd
day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 5.83 and 0.53, in control group 2nd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was
8.06 and 0.53. The mean difference of control and experimental group was 2.77, the calculated t- value was 17.97 at p<0.05. In
experimental group 3rd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 4.56 and 0.50, in control group 3rd day post test mean
scores and SD of pain was 7.33 and 0.54. In the mean difference of control and experimental group was 2.77, the calculated t-
value was 20.38 at p<0.05 so it is significant. . In experimental group 4th day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 3.2 and
0.42, in control group 3rd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 7.33 and 0.53. In the mean difference of control and
experimental group was 4.13, the calculated t- value was 33.32 at p<0.05 so it is significant.
Hence hypothesis H2 was accepted.
20. SECTION – V
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE POST TEST LEVEL OF PAIN IN EXPERIMENTALAND CONTROL
GROUPAND THEIR SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
H3-there will be a significant association between the post test level of pain among patients undergone
orthopaedic surgery and their demographic variables in control and experimental group.
The table showed in experimental group association of post test level of pain with selected
demographical variables. The variables such as educational status, work pattern, type of orthopaedic surgery
and type of anesthesia shows no association with posttest level of pain. There was a significant association of
selected demographic variables such as duration of diabetes age, gender and area of living with posttest level
of pain.
Hence the hypothesis H3 was accepted.
21. DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with the discussion of the findings of present study in accordance with the objectives of the
research problem.
The post test score of mean and sd of experimental group and control group. In experimental group 2nd day post
test mean scores and SD of pain was 5.83 and 0.53, in control group 2nd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 8.06
and 0.53. The mean difference of control and experimental group was 2.77, the calculated t- value was 17.97 at p<0.05. In
experimental group 3rd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 4.56 and 0.50, in control group 3rd day post test mean
scores and SD of pain was 7.33 and 0.54. In the mean difference of control and experimental group was 2.77, the calculated
t- value was 20.38 at p<0.05 so it is significant. . In experimental group 4th day post test mean scores and sd of pain was 3.2
and 0.42, in control group 3rd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 7.33 and 0.53. In the mean difference of control
and experimental group was 4.13, the calculated t- value was 33.32 at p<0.05 so it is significant.
22. CONCLUSION
In the present study in pre-test, 2nd day mean scores and SD of pain was 6.77 and 0.57, in
post test 2nd day mean scores and SD of pain was 5.83 and 0.53. The mean difference of pre test
and post test was 0.94, the calculated t- value was 20.14 which was significant at p<0.05. In pre-
test, 3rd day mean scores and SD of pain was 5.46 and 0.51, in post test 3rd day mean scores and
SD of pain was 4.56 and 0.50. The mean difference of pre test and post test was 0.9, the calculated
t- value was 16.15 which was significant at p<0.05. In pre-test, 4th day mean scores and SD of pain
was 4.16 and 0.46, in post test 4th day mean scores and SD of pain was 3.2 and 0.41. The mean
difference of pre test and post test was 0.96, the calculated t- value was 29 which was significant at
p<0.05.Hence the touch therapy was effective in reducing post operative pain
23. SUMMARY
The study design consisted of an evaluative approach with one group pre test and post test control group
design. The study population consisted of 60 post-operative orthopaedic patients in Kadam multi-speciality hospital and
Chugh multi-speciality hospital Bhiwani, purposive sampling technique was adopted. The tool developed and used for
data collection was demographic variables and numerical pain rating scale.
In experimental group 2nd day post test mean scores and sd of pain was 5.83 and 0.53, in control group 2nd
day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 8.06 and 0.53. The mean difference of control and experimental group
was 2.77, the calculated t- value was 17.97 at p<0.05. In experimental group 3rd day post test mean scores and SD of
pain was 4.56 and 0.50, in control group 3rd day post test mean scores and SD of pain was 7.33 and 0.54. In the mean
difference of control and experimental group was 2.77, the calculated t- value was 20.38 at p<0.05 so it is significant. .
In experimental group 4th day post test mean scores and sd of pain was 3.2 and 0.42, in control group 3rd day post test
mean scores and SD of pain was 7.33 and 0.53. In the mean difference of control and experimental group was 4.13, the
calculated t- value was 33.32 at p<0.05 so it is significant. Hence hypothesis H2 was accepted.
In experimental group association of post test level of pain with selected demographical variables. The
variables such as educational status, work pattern, type of orthopaedic surgery and type of anesthesia shows no
association with posttest level of pain. There was a significant association of selected demographic variables such as
duration of diabetes age, gender and area of living with posttest level of pain. Hence the hypothesis H3 was accepted.
24. RECOMMENDATION
A similar study can be conducted for all types of surgical patients.
The same study can be conducted in larger groups in different settings.
Comparison study can be done by various distraction therapies.
This can be done as a true experimental study
A similar study can be conducted in various age groups.
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