Describe synchronization techniques used by programmers who develop applications for
LUBUNTU (LINUX)
Solution
Concurrency and locking: Synchronization methods are necessary when the property of
concurrency exists. Concurrency exists when two or more processes execute over the same time
period and potentially interact with one another. The Linux kernel supports concurrency in both
modes. The kernel itself is dynamic, and race conditions can be created in a number of ways. The
Linux kernel also supports multiprocessing known as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP).
Concurrency can occur on uniprocessor (UP) hosts where multiple threads share the same CPU
and preemption creates race conditions. Preemption is sharing the CPU transparently by
temporarily pausing one thread to allow another to execute. A race condition occurs when two or
more threads manipulate a shared data item and the result depends upon timing of the execution.
Concurrency also exists in multiprocessor (MP) machines, where threads executing
simultaneously in each processor share the same data. Note that in the MP case there is true
parallelism because the threads execute simultaneously. In the UP case, parallelism is created by
preemption. The difficulties of concurrency exist in both modes.
To combat the issue of race conditions, the concept of a critical section was created. A critical
section is a portion of code that is protected against multiple access. This portion of code can
manipulate shared data or a shared service (such as a hardware peripheral). Critical sections
operate on the principle of mutual exclusion.
Race condition Situation where simultaneous manipulation of a resource by two or more threads
causes inconsistent results.
Critical section Segment of code that coordinates access to a shared resource.
Mutual exclusion Property of software that ensures exclusive access to a shared resource.
Deadlock Special condition created by two or more processes and two or more resource locks
that keep processes from doing productive work.
Linux synchronization methods
Now that you have a little theory under your belt and an understanding of the problem to be
solved, let\'s look at the various ways that Linux supports concurrency and mutual exclusion. In
the early days, mutual exclusion was provided by disabling interrupts, but this form of locking is
inefficient (even though you can still find traces of it in the kernel). This method also doesn\'t
scale well and doesn\'t guarantee mutual exclusion on other processors.
The atomic operators are ideal for situations where the data you need to protect is simple,
such as a counter. While simple, the atomic API provides a number of operators for a variety of
situations. Here\'s a sample use of the API.
To declare an atomic variable, you simply declare a variable of type atomic_t. This structure
contains a single int element. Next, you ensure that your atomic variable is initialized using the
ATOMIC_INIT symbolic constant. In the case .
Spin Locks and Contention : The Art of Multiprocessor Programming : NotesSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes of:
Chapter 7: Spin Locks and Contention
Book:
The Art of Multiprocessor Programming
Authors:
Maurice Herlihy
Nir Shavit
Maurice Herlihy has an A.B. in Mathematics from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from M.I.T. He has served on the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University and the staff of DEC Cambridge Research Lab. He is the recipient of the 2003 Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing, the 2004 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science, the 2008 ISCA influential paper award, the 2012 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize, and the 2013 Wallace McDowell award. He received a 2012 Fulbright Distinguished Chair in the Natural Sciences and Engineering Lecturing Fellowship, and he is fellow of the ACM, a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Edward Kandrot is a senior software engineer on NVIDIA’s CUDA Algorithms team, has more than twenty years of industry experience optimizing code performance for firms including Adobe, Microsoft, Google, and Autodesk.Nir Shavit received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Computer Science from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in 1984 and 1986, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1990. Shavit is a co-author of the book The Art of Multiprocessor Programming. He is a recipient of the 2004 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science for his work on applying tools from algebraic topology to model shared memory computability and of the 2012 Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing for the introduction of Software Transactional Memory. He is a past program chair of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC) and the ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA).
His current research covers techniques for desinging scalable software for multiprocessors, in particular concurrent data structures for multicore machines.
Metasploit Framework is a open source penetration tool used for developing and executing exploit code against a remote target machine it, Metasploit frame work has the world’s largest database of public, tested exploits.
This Slide talks about multithreading in python with sample code snippets.
Connect me at
https://nextsrini.blogspot.com/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqIHkbuf1uGiN8QXwWX5dkQ
Agenda:
In this talk we will present various locking mechanisms implemented in the linux kernel.
From System V locks to raw spinlocks and the RT patch.
Speaker:
Mark Veltzer - CTO of Hinbit and a senior instructor at John Bryce. Mark is also a member of the Free Source Foundation and contributes to many free projects.
https://github.com/veltzer
Beyond the RTOS: A Better Way to Design Real-Time Embedded SoftwareQuantum Leaps, LLC
Embedded software developers from different industries are independently re-discovering patterns for building concurrent software that is safer, more responsive and easier to understand than naked threads of a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). These best practices universally favor event-driven, asynchronous, non-blocking, encapsulated state machines instead of naked, blocking RTOS threads. This presentation explains the concepts related to this increasingly popular "reactive approach", and specifically how they apply to real-time embedded systems.
unixlinux - kernelexplain yield in user spaceexplain yield in k.pdfPRATIKSINHA7304
this is java. problem.
i already make employee class. but i can not make employeetester class. i want to know
Employeetester class.
EmployeeTester class:
Write a main method that produces a dialog like this:
-->Enter a name : dave
-->Enter hours worked (7 values separated by spaces): 5 2 1 0 0 3 3
Output: dave worked for 5 day(s) for a total of 14.0 hours.
-->Enter a day of the week (0-6): 2
Output: Hours worked on day 2 is 1.0
************and this is my employee class.**********************
public class Employee {
private double[] hours=new double[7];
private String name;
public Employee(String name){
this.name=name;
}
public double getHours(int day){
return hours[day];
}
public void setHours(int day,double hrs){
hours[day]=hrs;
}
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
}
return totalH;
}
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() +
\"hours\ .\";
}
}
Solution
Note:
I have made some changes to the Employee class which have provided to meet the required
output.Thank You.
________________________
Employee.java
public class Employee {
//Creating an double type array of size 7
private double[] hours=new double[7];
//Declaring variable
private String name;
//Parameterized constructor
public Employee(double[] hours, String name) {
super();
this.hours = hours;
this.name = name;
}
//Setters and getters
public double[] getHours() {
return hours;
}
public void setHours(double[] hours) {
this.hours = hours;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
//This method will calculate the no of days worked by an employee
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]!=0.0){
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
//This method will return the total no of hours worked by an employee
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
//Calculating the total hours worked
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
return totalH;
}
//this method will return the hours worked on particular day of an employee
public double hoursWorkedOnParticularday(int day)
{
return hours[day];
}
//this method will display the contents of an object inside it
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() + \"
hours\ .\";
}
}
____________________
EmployeeTester.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EmployeeTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variables
String name;
double tot_hours=0;
int no_of_days_worked=0;
int week_day=0;
//Scanner object is used to get the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
//Creating an double type array of size 7
double hours[]=new double[7];
//getting the name of an employee entered by the us.
How is the spleen like a lymph node How is it unlike a lymph node .pdfexcellentmobiles
How is the spleen like a lymph node? How is it unlike a lymph node? Differentiate between
humoral and cell-mediated immunity. (A paragraph or 2, for each)
Solution
Spleen and a lymph node are alike as both the organs act as haemopoietic organs. Haemopoietic
organs are those organs in which formation of blood cellular components occurs.
They are unlike in the fact that spleen is that haemopoietic organ which filters blood with
sinusoids while as lymph node filters lymph with sinusoids. Moreover Spleen is a prenatal
(before birth) haemopoietic organ whereas lymph node is a postnatal (after birth) haemopoietic
organ.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
When a foreign substance called antigen enters into human body, it is encountered through two
ways, humoral and cell mediated immunity.
In humoral immunity B cells or antibodies recognise antigens and kill them. They also produce
memory cells specific to each antigen which kill antigens if detected in future.
In contrast, cell mediated immunity uses T cells which circulate in the blood stream. In this
system of immunity, antigens are tagged by cell surface proteins called as Major
Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC). T-cells bind with MHC tagged antigens and kill them..
Give two advantages and two disadvantages of placing IO function in.pdfexcellentmobiles
Give two advantages and two disadvantages of placing I/O function in a device controller, as
opposed to the kernel.
Solution
Answer:
Adventages : -
1 . Operating system is free from worrying about bugs to crash it.
2. Improvement in the performance.
Disadventages : -
1. If bugs found in the system , then these are harder to fix up.
2. Improvement of algorithms require hardware update than just a kernel..
More Related Content
Similar to Describe synchronization techniques used by programmers who develop .pdf
Spin Locks and Contention : The Art of Multiprocessor Programming : NotesSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes of:
Chapter 7: Spin Locks and Contention
Book:
The Art of Multiprocessor Programming
Authors:
Maurice Herlihy
Nir Shavit
Maurice Herlihy has an A.B. in Mathematics from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from M.I.T. He has served on the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University and the staff of DEC Cambridge Research Lab. He is the recipient of the 2003 Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing, the 2004 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science, the 2008 ISCA influential paper award, the 2012 Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize, and the 2013 Wallace McDowell award. He received a 2012 Fulbright Distinguished Chair in the Natural Sciences and Engineering Lecturing Fellowship, and he is fellow of the ACM, a fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Edward Kandrot is a senior software engineer on NVIDIA’s CUDA Algorithms team, has more than twenty years of industry experience optimizing code performance for firms including Adobe, Microsoft, Google, and Autodesk.Nir Shavit received B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Computer Science from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in 1984 and 1986, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1990. Shavit is a co-author of the book The Art of Multiprocessor Programming. He is a recipient of the 2004 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science for his work on applying tools from algebraic topology to model shared memory computability and of the 2012 Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing for the introduction of Software Transactional Memory. He is a past program chair of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC) and the ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA).
His current research covers techniques for desinging scalable software for multiprocessors, in particular concurrent data structures for multicore machines.
Metasploit Framework is a open source penetration tool used for developing and executing exploit code against a remote target machine it, Metasploit frame work has the world’s largest database of public, tested exploits.
This Slide talks about multithreading in python with sample code snippets.
Connect me at
https://nextsrini.blogspot.com/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqIHkbuf1uGiN8QXwWX5dkQ
Agenda:
In this talk we will present various locking mechanisms implemented in the linux kernel.
From System V locks to raw spinlocks and the RT patch.
Speaker:
Mark Veltzer - CTO of Hinbit and a senior instructor at John Bryce. Mark is also a member of the Free Source Foundation and contributes to many free projects.
https://github.com/veltzer
Beyond the RTOS: A Better Way to Design Real-Time Embedded SoftwareQuantum Leaps, LLC
Embedded software developers from different industries are independently re-discovering patterns for building concurrent software that is safer, more responsive and easier to understand than naked threads of a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). These best practices universally favor event-driven, asynchronous, non-blocking, encapsulated state machines instead of naked, blocking RTOS threads. This presentation explains the concepts related to this increasingly popular "reactive approach", and specifically how they apply to real-time embedded systems.
unixlinux - kernelexplain yield in user spaceexplain yield in k.pdfPRATIKSINHA7304
this is java. problem.
i already make employee class. but i can not make employeetester class. i want to know
Employeetester class.
EmployeeTester class:
Write a main method that produces a dialog like this:
-->Enter a name : dave
-->Enter hours worked (7 values separated by spaces): 5 2 1 0 0 3 3
Output: dave worked for 5 day(s) for a total of 14.0 hours.
-->Enter a day of the week (0-6): 2
Output: Hours worked on day 2 is 1.0
************and this is my employee class.**********************
public class Employee {
private double[] hours=new double[7];
private String name;
public Employee(String name){
this.name=name;
}
public double getHours(int day){
return hours[day];
}
public void setHours(int day,double hrs){
hours[day]=hrs;
}
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]==0.0){
}else{
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
}
return totalH;
}
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() +
\"hours\ .\";
}
}
Solution
Note:
I have made some changes to the Employee class which have provided to meet the required
output.Thank You.
________________________
Employee.java
public class Employee {
//Creating an double type array of size 7
private double[] hours=new double[7];
//Declaring variable
private String name;
//Parameterized constructor
public Employee(double[] hours, String name) {
super();
this.hours = hours;
this.name = name;
}
//Setters and getters
public double[] getHours() {
return hours;
}
public void setHours(double[] hours) {
this.hours = hours;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
//This method will calculate the no of days worked by an employee
public int numDaysWorked(){
int totalD=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
if(hours[i]!=0.0){
totalD=totalD+1;
}
}
return totalD;
}
//This method will return the total no of hours worked by an employee
public double totalHours(){
double totalH=0;
for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
//Calculating the total hours worked
totalH=totalH+hours[i];
}
return totalH;
}
//this method will return the hours worked on particular day of an employee
public double hoursWorkedOnParticularday(int day)
{
return hours[day];
}
//this method will display the contents of an object inside it
public String toString(){
return name+\" Worked \" +numDaysWorked() + \" day(s) for a total of \"+totalHours() + \"
hours\ .\";
}
}
____________________
EmployeeTester.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class EmployeeTester {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variables
String name;
double tot_hours=0;
int no_of_days_worked=0;
int week_day=0;
//Scanner object is used to get the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
//Creating an double type array of size 7
double hours[]=new double[7];
//getting the name of an employee entered by the us.
How is the spleen like a lymph node How is it unlike a lymph node .pdfexcellentmobiles
How is the spleen like a lymph node? How is it unlike a lymph node? Differentiate between
humoral and cell-mediated immunity. (A paragraph or 2, for each)
Solution
Spleen and a lymph node are alike as both the organs act as haemopoietic organs. Haemopoietic
organs are those organs in which formation of blood cellular components occurs.
They are unlike in the fact that spleen is that haemopoietic organ which filters blood with
sinusoids while as lymph node filters lymph with sinusoids. Moreover Spleen is a prenatal
(before birth) haemopoietic organ whereas lymph node is a postnatal (after birth) haemopoietic
organ.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
When a foreign substance called antigen enters into human body, it is encountered through two
ways, humoral and cell mediated immunity.
In humoral immunity B cells or antibodies recognise antigens and kill them. They also produce
memory cells specific to each antigen which kill antigens if detected in future.
In contrast, cell mediated immunity uses T cells which circulate in the blood stream. In this
system of immunity, antigens are tagged by cell surface proteins called as Major
Histocompatibility Complexes (MHC). T-cells bind with MHC tagged antigens and kill them..
Give two advantages and two disadvantages of placing IO function in.pdfexcellentmobiles
Give two advantages and two disadvantages of placing I/O function in a device controller, as
opposed to the kernel.
Solution
Answer:
Adventages : -
1 . Operating system is free from worrying about bugs to crash it.
2. Improvement in the performance.
Disadventages : -
1. If bugs found in the system , then these are harder to fix up.
2. Improvement of algorithms require hardware update than just a kernel..
Frances drop in output per capita relative to U.S. output per capi.pdfexcellentmobiles
France\'s drop in output per capita relative to U.S. output per capita in the 1980s and 1990s was
due to:
the slowdown in technology growth in France.
decreasing marginal returns to capital.
the steady decrease in the labor-population ratio in France.
All of the above.
the slowdown in technology growth in France.
decreasing marginal returns to capital.
the steady decrease in the labor-population ratio in France.
All of the above.
Solution
The steady decrease in the labor-population ratio in France.
The underlying factors in France\'s relative decline can be noticed through a growth accounting
approach to the various components of per capita GDP:.
Describe the effect of cyanide ion, CN^-, on oxidative phosphorylatio.pdfexcellentmobiles
Describe the effect of cyanide ion, CN^-, on oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle.
Why is cyanide deadly?
Solution
Cyanide ions inhibit the electron transport chain by binding strongly to the Fe–Cu center in
cytochrome c oxidase, preventing the reduction of oxygen. Cytochrome c oxidase is also called
Complex IV. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor. Oxygen with its 2 extra electrons binds
with hydrogen to form water. If oxygen is not present in the mitochondria, elecetrons cannot be
removed from the system and the electron transport chain comes to an halt. As a result new ATP
cannot be synthesised and the cell would die due to lack of energy..
Barney had a bag of cookies. He ate 35 in the first 10 minutes. He a.pdfexcellentmobiles
Barney had a bag of cookies. He ate 35 in the first 10 minutes. He ate one-fourth of the
remaining cookies during the next 10 minutes. The next day he ate 20,but then he made 10 mor.
His wife,Louise, ate 15 cookies while Barney was at work. When Barney got home from work,
he ate one-half of the remaiing cookies. Louiseate 5 more when he went out into the
backyard.Barney then ate 15 more and found that he had only 2 left. How many cookies did he
start with? How many did he eat? How much weight did he gain if every 20 cookies translated
into 1 pound?
Solution
2 cookies left so there was 2+15 before before barney came.
2+15+5 before louise ate 5 more.
(2+15+5)*2 before he get home from work.
so there ware (2+15+5)*2+15 before louise ate 15.
he ate 20 but made 10 so there was (2+15+5)*2+15-10+20.
he ate one fourth so there was ((2+15+5)*2+15-10+20)*4/3
he ate 35 so initial no of cookies was = ((2+15+5)*2+15-10+20)*4/3+35 = 127
so barney ate 35+23+20+22+15 = 115 cookies.
total pound gained = 115/20 = 5.75(ans).
2.4 Write a stream –based echo server and a client sending message t.pdfexcellentmobiles
2.4 Write a stream –based echo server and a client sending message to it, and receiving back
each message in turn until the client terminates the connection. Hint: Modify the stream-based
TCP client and server programs in this chapter or similar programs to transfer multiple messages
back and forth.
Solution
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a stream-based method of network communication.
And one of the main protocol of Internet Protocol suite.
TCP provides an interface to network communications that is radically different from the USER
datagram Protocol(UDP).
The properties of TCP make it highly attractive to network programmers and it simplifies
network communication by removing many of the obstacles of UDP, such as ordering of packets
and packet loss.
TCP focuses instead on establishing a network connection, through which a stream of bytes may
be sent and received.
It establishes a \"virtual connection\" between two machines, through which stream of data may
be sent.
TCP uses a lowel-level communications protocol, the internet protocol to establish the
connection between machines.This connection provides an interface that allows stream of bytes
to be sent and received and to convert the data into IP datagram packets.
Simple Echo Server Program:
import socket
host = \' \'
port = 5000
backlog = 1024
s = socket.socket(socket.AF-INET, socket.SOCK-STREAM)
s.bind ((host,port))
s.listen(backlog)
while 1:
client, address = s. accept()
data = client.recv(size)
if data;
client.send(data)
client.close()
TCP ECHO CLIENT USING STREAMS:
import asyncio
@asyncio.coroutine
def tcp-echo-client(message, loop);
reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open-connection(loop = loop)
printf(\"send:% message)
writer.write(message.encode())
data = yield from reader.read(100)
print(\'received: %r\' %data.decode())
print(\'close the socket\')
writer.close()
message = \'Hello World\'
loop = asyncio.get-event-loop()
loop.run-until-complete-echo-client(message,loop)
loop.close().
11. In the United States, financial statement audits of non-public co.pdfexcellentmobiles
11. In the United States, financial statement audits of non-public companies are generally
governed by rules of the a. PCAOB b. ASB c. FASB d. SEC 12. Throughout the planning and
performance of a financial statement audit auditors are responsible for maintaining and
exercising essional skepticism/ professional judgment auditce approval /control over the
auditee\'s internal controls c. a cynical attitude / control over the auditee\'s financial statements d.
the auditee\'s financial information / management responsibility over the auditee 13. Financial
statement auditing generally involves a testing every transaction in which an entity engaged
during a year to prove accuracy b. obtaining evidence to remove all risk regarding the accuracy
of an entity\'s financial statements c. investigating the personal backgrounds of audit client
executives to determine whether they are honest d. testing samples of financial data to determine
whether the populations of financial statement information from which the samples are drawn
show the financial statements to be fair 14. The requirement that financial statement auditors be
independent helps assure the auditors\' work and resulting report will be unbiased and thus
credible b. that the auditors\' work and resulting report will be correct c that information risk
relating to auditees\' financial statements will be eliminated d that auditing firms will be free of
legal liability for deficient audits 15. Auditing generally requires a the availability of established
criteria obtaining all possible evidence regarding assertions 100% analysis ofall assertios dthat
GAAP ahways be respectied
Solution
11. B - ASB AUDITING STANDARD BOARD ISSUE STANDARDS , GUIDANCE FOR
NON PUBLIC CO. AUDIT
13 D- TESTING SAMPLE OF DATA....
15 A- AUDIT IS GENERALLY CONDUT TO GIVE ASSURANCE THAT F.S AS PER
SPECIFIED CRITERIA.
Why do you think nursing core competencies were selectedWhy do .pdfexcellentmobiles
Why do you think nursing core competencies were selected?
Why do you think nursing core competencies were selected?
Solution
The Nurse of the Future (NOF) Competency Committee developed a set of core competencies
for all professional nurses of the future that are now being used as the framework for nursing
curriculum redesign and a statewide transition into practice model.Core Competencies includes
the following competencies: Patient-centered care,Professionalism,Informatics and
technology,Evidence-based practice (EBP),Leadership, Systems-based
practice,Safety,Communication,Teamwork and collaboration,and Quality improvement.All 10 of
these Core Competencies are centered toward one goal,the universal development of knowledge
for future nursing care.As health care providers are continually focused what is the best outcome
for the patient.They can achieve this goal for our patients through our continued education in
these competencies.The NOF Core Competencies are extremely important to streamlining how
nurses experience education and learning,and in how we provide care to the patient’s we
serve.The NOF Nursing Core Competency model provides a standardized and structured
approach to learning how to best introduce all 10 of the competencies into our nursing care.By
following these 10 competencies they can benefit the patient’s entire experience of the health
care system.The Nurse of the Future will provide holistic care that recognizes an individual’s
preferences,values,and needs and respects the patient or designee as a full partner in providing
compassionate,coordinated,age and culturally appropriate,safe and effective care..
Which of the following is true of water It is a phospholipid It is.pdfexcellentmobiles
Which of the following is true of water? It is a phospholipid It is polar It binds tightly to fats
All the above Which of the following would be a colloid? Blood Muddy river water Jello Salt
water Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? O_3 CO_2 H_2O C_6
H_12 O_6 which type of chemical bond causes a permanent transfer of electrons? Hydrogen
bond Covalent bond Ionic bond James Bond Why do fats and water not mix well? Water is
non-polar, fat is polar Water is polar, fat is non-polar Both water and fat are polar and repel
each other Both water and fat are non-polar and repel each other Any chemical reaction that
make larger molecules out of smaller things is called a ________ Equilibrium reaction Stable
reaction Creation reaction Synthesis reaction 46. How many different amino acids are used by
the human body? 12 20 32 128
Solution
40. b
Water (H2O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side
(hydrogen side) and a slight negative charge on the other (oxygen side).
41. a
Blood in its normal in suspension, which is a colloid. When applying of centrifugal force
externally, blood separates into its separate components just as a suspension does.
42. a
Smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. A
molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
43. c
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of
chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.
44. b
45. d.
Which of the following are considered to be alive and whyProteins.pdfexcellentmobiles
Which of the following are considered to be alive and why?
Proteins:
Bacteria:
Yeast:
Viruses:
Prions:
DNA:
Candles:
Chemical reactions:
Water:
Solution
Biologists have defined some characteristics to categorize an entitiy as alive. These are -
organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response and evolution. However,
some of the entities may possess a few of these qualities, the ones which show all the afore-
mentioned characteristics are classified as alive.
Bacteria and yeast are alive in the mentioned list as they possess all the qualities of being alive.
One might think of viruses as living things but they are not as they cannot reproduce/divide on
their own, they need the host cellular machinaries, therefore they are dependent on other living
cells for their own replication..
Which of the following are actually vector spaces over the real numbe.pdfexcellentmobiles
Which of the following are actually vector spaces over the real numbers? The complex numbers
The set of all polynomials of even degree. All continuous functions for which integral^1_0 f(x)
dx =0. All vectors of the form (a, b, l) where a and b are any real numbers. I & II I&III; I & IV
II & III II & IV The mathematica command \"RowReduce[] is a very useful tool in solving a
system of linear equations. finding the inverse of a matrix. finding the dimension of the range of
a transformation. computing the determinant of a matrix. determining if a set of vectors is
linearly independent. I only I & II only I, II & III only All but IV All but V
Solution
3. The statements I and III are correct because complex numbers form a vector space as well as
all coontinuous functions form a vector space
4. Row reduce is very usful tool in solving system of liner equations and finding the inverse of a
matrix. So statement I and II are correct..
What is the change of entropy of water (Lf = 0.333 MJkg, Lv = 2.26 .pdfexcellentmobiles
What is the change of entropy of water (Lf = 0.333 MJ/kg, Lv = 2.26 MJ/kg) when 450. grams of
water:
(a) changes from liquid to steam?
(b) changes from ice to liquid?
Solution
change of entropy of water = heat/temparature
a) dS = 0.450*2.26*10^6)/(273+100) = 2726.54 J/K
b) dS = 0.450*0.3333*10^6)/(273) = 549.39 J/K.
What are the epidemiological characteristics of infection with avian.pdfexcellentmobiles
What are the epidemiological characteristics of infection with avian and swine flu COMPARED
to yearly flu? please be SPECIFIC!
please, don\'t just give me the definition of avian and swine flu.
Solution
Avian Flu:
Avian flu caused by influenza virus in birds. The immediate source of infection for domestic
poultry can seldom start with direct or indirect contact of domestic poultry with water birds.
Many of the strains that circulate in wild birds are either non-pathogenic or mildly pathogenic for
poultry. However, a virulent strain may emerge either by genetic mutation or by reassortment of
less virulent strains. Infected birds excrete virus in high concentration in their faeces and also in
nasal and ocular discharges. Once introduced into a flock, the virus is spread from flock to flock
by the usual methods involving the movement of infected birds, contaminated equipment, egg
flats, feed trucks, and service crews, to mention a few. The disease generally spreads rapidly in a
flock by direct contact, but on occasions spread is erratic.
Swine Flu :
The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected
animals. These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport. Intensive
farming may also increase the risk of transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close proximity
to each other. The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses, or
through dried mucus. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or
sneezing are also an important means of infection. The virus usually spreads quickly through a
herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days. Transmission may also occur through wild
animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms. People who work with
poultry and swine, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic
infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human
hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur.
Yearly Flu :
Influenza virus is transmitted among humans in three main ways: by direct contact with infected
individuals, through contaminated objects (such as hairbrushes or towels – often called fomites)
and by inhaling virus-laden aerosols. The contribution of each mode of transmission to overall
spread of influenza is not known.The production of aerosols that contain virus particles is
necessary for the respiratory transmission. Speaking, singing and even normal breathing can
produce an adequate amount of aerosols, while sneezing and coughing lead to more forceful
expulsion.
comparision : All the three virus outbreaks happens from contact with different organisms like
birds, pigs and humans but the symptoms are all same and the severity of symptoms are
different. the common symptoms are fever,cough, sore throat, runny nose, headache, fatigue, and
muscle aches. The diagnosis will be doe for specific flu and then treated wit.
What benefits if any, are inherent with interactive communication fo.pdfexcellentmobiles
What benefits if any, are inherent with interactive communication for organizations?What
benefits if any, are inherent with interactive communication for organizations?
Solution
Just as for any organisation vertical as well as horizontal communication plays a vital role, there
is noth a great need for the interactive communication. Interactive communication has several
inherant benefits that come with the complete package. Some of them are.
What are the features of linear and charter What are the featur.pdfexcellentmobiles
What are the features of linear and charter
What are the features of linear and charter
Solution
Ans:
LINEAR:- Linear means arrangement in or extending along a straight line. This line is straight
because the variables change at a constant rate. They have a constant rate of change.
The features of linear are as follows:-
1. End behaviour in opposite directionside
2. There is an increasing trend in the entire function
3. There is no maximum or Minimum value
4. All are real numbers
5. Will have only one X intercept and one Y intercept
CHARTER :- It is a legal document that provides for the creation of a corporate entity. It
describes the rights, principles of an organisation or sometimes of a group of people. It is a
written instrument or a contract which is executed in due form and which creates and defines the
franchisees of a city, educational institutions or corporation.
The features of a linear are as follows:-
1. In case of charters, Annual franchise taxes also applies
2. Generally most charter include the corporation name, the location of its headoffice, the date of
incorporation, the amount type of stock to be issued and any restrictions on access of business
activity or further share issuances.
3. In case of charters, a chartering fee is also paid
4. It is filled up with the Secretary of the state for the state in which the corporation is
headquartered..
W hy is D the answer Why does it not indicate the same relations.pdfexcellentmobiles
W hy is D the answer? Why does it not indicate the same relationship among whales and other
groups? f 4, which of the following phylogrnies does not indicate the same relationship among
whales and otlier groups? E All the above show the same relationship g Each phylogeny slows a
different relationship
Solution
Answer:
1. a and b are the same tree but drawn in opposite orientation.
2. a, b, c and e share the same phylogenetic relationships. A close look into the trees reveal that
the whale along with the other animal (?) form a separate group and have evolved the most.
3. In a, b, c and e, whale and camel has same the phylogenetic distance (relationship), which is
not found in case of d. In a, b, c and e, camel has evolved the least and is close to the root. But in
case of d, camel shares a common group with deer (?). This alters the phylogenetic distance
between whale and camel.
Thus, the tree in d is different and does not indicate the same relationship between whale and
other animals..
what are handles, WS private, WS shared and Working set used for in .pdfexcellentmobiles
what are handles, WS private, WS shared and Working set used for in the OS
Solution
Handle: Handle is a reference to the resources present in a operating system. Resources can be
memory, a hardware device, a service etc. Some example of handles are network sockets,
process identifiers, file descriptors etc.
Working set (WS) is the total amount of memory a process needs to execute.
Privet working set means the portion of working set which is exclusively held by a process
during the execution. Memory utilized in privet working set cannot be accessed or used by other
process until the memory is voluntarily released.
Shared working set is the portion of working set which doesn\'t required exclusively by a
process. There for, it can be shared with other process to increase throughput..
USA Today conducted a survey asking readers, “What is the most hilar.pdfexcellentmobiles
USA Today conducted a survey asking readers, “What is the most hilarious thing that has ever
happened to you en route or during a business trip?”
a) What kind of sampling method is this?
b) Are the results likely to be biased? Explain.
Solution
a) This is self-selection sampling, where the readers voluntarily choose to be a part of sample.
b) Due to self selection, the sample is typically biased towards the subjects with stronger
opinions. Typically indifferent subjects do not participate in such survey, and thus the survey
mis-represents the population..
The distance between two successive minima of a transverse wave i.pdfexcellentmobiles
The distance between two successive minima of a transverse wave is 3.31 m. five of the wave
pass a given point along the direction of travel every 13.4 Find the frequency of the wave. Find
the wave speed.
Solution
Distance b/w two succesive minima=3.31m=wavelength
Time taken for 5 crests to pass =13.4s
It means 4 waves have passed in 13.4 sec
therefore frequency(no.of waves passed in 1 sec) =4/13.4=0.2985Hz
speed=4*3.31/13.4=0.988m/s.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Describe synchronization techniques used by programmers who develop .pdf
1. Describe synchronization techniques used by programmers who develop applications for
LUBUNTU (LINUX)
Solution
Concurrency and locking: Synchronization methods are necessary when the property of
concurrency exists. Concurrency exists when two or more processes execute over the same time
period and potentially interact with one another. The Linux kernel supports concurrency in both
modes. The kernel itself is dynamic, and race conditions can be created in a number of ways. The
Linux kernel also supports multiprocessing known as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP).
Concurrency can occur on uniprocessor (UP) hosts where multiple threads share the same CPU
and preemption creates race conditions. Preemption is sharing the CPU transparently by
temporarily pausing one thread to allow another to execute. A race condition occurs when two or
more threads manipulate a shared data item and the result depends upon timing of the execution.
Concurrency also exists in multiprocessor (MP) machines, where threads executing
simultaneously in each processor share the same data. Note that in the MP case there is true
parallelism because the threads execute simultaneously. In the UP case, parallelism is created by
preemption. The difficulties of concurrency exist in both modes.
To combat the issue of race conditions, the concept of a critical section was created. A critical
section is a portion of code that is protected against multiple access. This portion of code can
manipulate shared data or a shared service (such as a hardware peripheral). Critical sections
operate on the principle of mutual exclusion.
Race condition Situation where simultaneous manipulation of a resource by two or more threads
causes inconsistent results.
Critical section Segment of code that coordinates access to a shared resource.
Mutual exclusion Property of software that ensures exclusive access to a shared resource.
Deadlock Special condition created by two or more processes and two or more resource locks
that keep processes from doing productive work.
Linux synchronization methods
Now that you have a little theory under your belt and an understanding of the problem to be
solved, let's look at the various ways that Linux supports concurrency and mutual exclusion. In
the early days, mutual exclusion was provided by disabling interrupts, but this form of locking is
inefficient (even though you can still find traces of it in the kernel). This method also doesn't
scale well and doesn't guarantee mutual exclusion on other processors.
The atomic operators are ideal for situations where the data you need to protect is simple,
2. such as a counter. While simple, the atomic API provides a number of operators for a variety of
situations. Here's a sample use of the API.
To declare an atomic variable, you simply declare a variable of type atomic_t. This structure
contains a single int element. Next, you ensure that your atomic variable is initialized using the
ATOMIC_INIT symbolic constant. In the case shown in Listing 1, the atomic counter is set to
zero. It's also possible to initialize the atomic variable at runtime using the atomic_set function.
1. Creating and initializing an atomic variable
The atomic API supports a rich set of functions covering many use cases. You can read the
contents of an atomic variable with atomic_read and also add a specific value to a variable with
atomic_add. The most common operation is to simply increment the variable, which is provided
withatomic_inc. The subtraction operators are also available, providing the converse of the add
and increment operations. Listing 2 demonstrates these functions.
2. Simple arithmetic atomic functions
The API also supports a number of other common use cases, including the operate-and-test
routines. These allow the atomic variable to be manipulated and then tested (all performed as one
atomic operation). One special function called atomic_add_negative is used to add to the atomic
variable and then return true if the resulting value is negative. This is used by some of the
architecture-dependent semaphore functions in the kernel.
While many of the functions do not return the value of the variable, two in particular operate and
return the resulting value (atomic_add_returnand atomic_sub_return)
3. Operate-and-test atomic functions
If your architecture supports 64-bit long types (BITS_PER_LONG is 64), then long_t atomic
operations are available. You can see the available long operations in linux/include/asm-
generic/atomic.h.
You'll also find support for bitmask operations with the atomic API. Rather than arithmetic
operations (as explored earlier), you'll find set and clear operations. Many drivers use these
atomic operations, particularly SCSI. The use of bitmask atomic operations is slightly different
than arithmetic because only two operations are available (set mask and clear mask). You
provide a value and the bitmask upon which the operation is to be performed, as shown in
Listing 4.
4. Bitmask atomic functions
Atomic API prototypes
Spinlocks
Spinlocks are a special way of ensuring mutual exclusion using a busy-wait lock. When the lock
is available, it is taken, the mutually-exclusive action is performed, and then the lock is released.
If the lock is not available, the thread busy-waits on the lock until it is available. While busy-
3. waiting may seem inefficient, it can actually be faster than putting the thread to sleep and then
waking it up later when the lock is available.
Spinlocks are really only useful in SMP systems, but because your code will end up running on
an SMP system, adding them for UP systems is the right thing to do.
Spinlocks are available in two varieties: full locks and reader/writer locks. Let's look at the full
lock variety first.
First you create a new spinlock through a simple declaration. This can be initialized in place or
through a call to spin_lock_init. Each of the variants shown in Listing 5 accomplishes the same
result.
5. Creating and initializing a spinlock
Now that you have a spinlock defined, there are a number of locking variants that you can use.
Each is useful in different contexts.
First is the spin_lock and spin_unlock variant shown in Listing 6. This is the simplest and
performs no interrupt disabling but includes full memory barriers. This variant assumes no
interactions with interrupt handlers and this lock.
6. Spinlock lock and unlock functions
Next is the irqsave and irqrestore pair shown in Listing 7. The spin_lock_irqsave function
acquires the spinlock and disables interrupts on the local processor (in the SMP case). The
spin_unlock_irqrestore function releases the spinlock and restores the interrupts (via theflags
argument).
7. Spinlock variant with local CPU interrupt disable
A less safe variant of spin_lock_irqsave/spin_unlock_irqrestore is
spin_lock_irq/spin_unlock_irq. I recommend that you avoid this variant because it makes
assumptions about interrupt states.
Finally, if your kernel thread shares data with a bottom half, then you can use another variant of
the spinlock. A bottom half is a way to defer work from interrupt handling to be done later in a
device driver. This version of the spinlock disables soft interrupts on the local CPU. This has the
effect of preventing softirqs, tasklets, and bottom halves from running on the local CPU. This
variant is shown in Listing 8.
8. Spinlock functions for bottom-half interactions
Reader/writer spinlocks
In many cases, access to data is indicated by many readers and less writers (accessing the data
for read is more common than accessing for write). To support this model, reader/writer locks
were created. What's interesting with this model is that multiple readers are permitted access to
the data at one time, but only one writer. If a writer has the lock, no reader is allowed to enter the
critical section. If only a reader has the lock, then multiple readers are permitted in the critical
4. section. Listing 9 demonstrates this model.
9. Reader/writer spinlock functions
You'll also find variants of reader/writer spinlocks for bottom halves and interrupt request (IRQ)
saving depending on the situation for which you require the lock. Obviously, if your use of the
lock is reader/writer in nature, this spinlock should be used over the standard spinlock, which
doesn't differentiate between readers and writers.
Kernel mutexes
Mutexes are available in the kernel as a way to accomplish semaphore behavior. The kernel
mutex is implemented on top of the atomic API, though this is not visible to the kernel user. The
mutex is simple, but there are some rules you should remember. Only one task may hold the
mutex at a time, and only this task can unlock the mutex. There is no recursive locking or
unlocking of mutexes, and mutexes may not be used within interrupt context. But mutexes are
faster and more compact than the current kernel semaphore option, so if they fit your need,
they're the choice to use.
You create and initialize a mutex in one operation through the DEFINE_MUTEX macro. This
creates a new mutex and initializes the structure. You can see this implementation in
./linux/include/linux/mutex.h.
The mutex API provides five functions: three are used for locking, one for unlocking, and
another for testing a mutex. Let's first look at the locking functions. The first function,
mutex_trylock, is used in situations where you want the lock immediately or you want control to
be returned to you if the mutex is not available. This function is shown in Listing 10.
10. Trying to grab a mutex with mutex_trylock
If, instead, you want to wait for the lock, you can call mutex_lock. This call returns if the mutex
is available; otherwise, it sleeps until the mutex is available. In either case, when control is
returned, the caller holds the mutex. Finally, the mutex_lock_interruptible is used in situations
where the caller may sleep. In this case, the function may return -EINTR. Both of these calls are
shown in Listing 11.
11. Locking a mutex with the potential to sleep
After a mutex is locked, it must be unlocked. This is accomplished with the mutex_unlock
function. This function cannot be called from interrupt context. Finally, you can check the status
of a mutex through a call to mutex_is_locked. This call actually compiles to an inline function. If
the mutex is held (locked), then one is returned; otherwise, zero. Listing 12 demonstrates these
functions.
12. Testing a mutex with mutex_is_locked
While the mutex API has its constraints because it's based upon the atomic API, it's efficient
and, therefore, worthwhile if it fits your need.