Cognitive therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and psychopharmacological therapy are three major approaches to treating major depressive disorder. Cognitive therapy involves helping individuals recognize faulty thought patterns and develop coping skills through talking with a psychologist. ECT uses electrically induced seizures to rapidly relieve depression but can cause memory loss. Psychopharmacological therapy involves antidepressant medication, which is effective for many but requires monitoring for side effects and risks of overdose. While all three aim to improve depression, they differ significantly in their techniques and potential risks.

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Psychology
Depression Therapy
Cognitive therapy for depression:
Sigmund Freud in Mourning and Melancholia, suggest that depression can occur in response to
imagery and perceived loss, and that self- critical aspects of the ego are responsible in part of
depression. The cognitive therapist will focused on the individuals’ faulty social learning, lack of
experiences that would allow adaptive learning to occur, or from family problems experiences, and
traumatic events. By doing so, psychologist will be able to recognize that psychological problems, such
as depression can develop from variety of life experience, depending on the individual. This will also
help them to recognize the problem of the individual, and let them expand more on the topic. However,
cognitive with depression have become increasing and as the result, it is the most effective ways t treat
depression.
Cognitive therapy of depression can help the individual in many ways. It is the most supportive
counseling that help ease the pain of depression, because it address the feelings of the person’s thinking
and that it helps when that person is talking about it. The second way that the cognitive therapy
changes the negative idea by; helping the individual to recognize which life problems are critical, and
which are minor. It also helps the individual to develop positive life goals, are a most positive self-
assessment. The third way is to get them to gain coping skills and assisting them to solve relationship
problems. Cognitive- behavioral therapy techniques are used together to help the individual maintaining
their life style. Before, the behavior therapy did not pay attention to perception, evaluations or
expectations, only the ones that can be observed and measures. However, today, the scientific research
has found that perceptions, expectations, values, attitudes, personal evaluations of self and others,
fears, desire are all human experiences that affect our behavior. Therefore, cognitive and behavioral
experiences are intertwined, and must be studied, changed or eliminated, as helping them.
There are many factors that affect cognitive depression; self- evaluation, identification of skill
deficits, evaluation of life experiences, self- talk, automatic thoughts, irrational ideas and beliefs, over
generalizing or catastrophizing, cognitive distortions, pessimistic thinking. Self evaluation is an ongoing
process, by evaluation of managing life tasks and whether we are doing and acting as we should. For
example, “I’m messed up. I’m not good at anything. It’s my fault.” Identification of skill deficit is an
example of “I’m not good at telling people what I want from them. Therefore, it’s my fault that I didn’t
get what I want.” This depression, the person assumes that he/ she cannot learn how to do what is
necessary to achieve a better outcome. Evaluations of life experiences are when a person focuses on
minor negative aspects of what was otherwise a positive life experience, for after vacation at the beach,

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the depressed person will remember the one day it rained, rather than the days of sunshine. Self talk is
a way of describing all the things we say to ourselves all day long as we confront obstacles, make
decision, and resolve problems. For example, in a social situation, the person always presumes the other
person dislikes you. Irrational ideas and beliefs started when Albert Ellis says that it’s the core of most
psychological problems. The beliefs include: unrealistic, incorrect, or maladaptive; for example, you
make a small mistake on a project, and assume that you will be fired when the
Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression:
Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is the fastest and most effective way to relieve depression. It
is usually used when treatment have failed, suicidal, severe depression. It is more expensive drugs, and
serious treatment, therefore its reserved for more serious and unresponsive depression. The treatment
is consists of a medically controlled seizure by passing an electrical current between two scalp
electrodes. If the seizure is uncustomized, it would look like a typical epileptic convulsion lasting twenty
seconds, causing the muscles of the body to contract rhythmically. To prepare for the treatment, patient
will receive a short acting anesthetic in a vein so they are anesthetized throughout the procedure. They
are also given drug to relax the muscles to prevent the hard muscle contractions that are related to
epileptic seizures; they are also given oxygen. After the seizure, they are put in a recovery room. ECT
causes mental confusion that is most marked during hour after treatment, therefore short observation
is needed. ECT is given three days a week, because treatment required three or four weeks to complete.
It is continued until depression is cure, and antidepressant medication will be started.
ECT is a safe medical procedure, and given safely with variety of people of medical condition. There are
also benefits with the medical illness such as heart attack or failures. However, the side effects of this
therapy are usually not serious thought they can be bothersome. Headache and nausea on awakening
from the treatment are common complaints, but it’s treatable. The effect is on the memory, because it
is interfering with the storage. And the events of the treatment are forgotten. It is also possible for
patient to make new memories and return to normal. Memory loss can be minimized by stimulating
only one side of the head. The left side is usually dominant, so the right side causes less memory loss
that stimulating both sides. It benefits balanced against the observation that stimulating on one side is
sometimes less effective so that more treatments are needed to recover.
ECT is effective, because 80% of patients recover or are much more improved. It is also effective
in patients who have not responded to one or more trials of antidepressant. It is reserved for the usual
circumstance when manic excitement and psychosis cannot be controlled with antipsychotic and mood
stabilizing medication. In the past ECT is use usually to treat schizophrenia, but now they are use

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antipsychotic medication. However, it is very effective in catatonia, because it deals with abnormality on
immobility; and it responsive to ECT that patients often improve noticeably after a single treatment.
Psychopharmacological treatment for Major Depressive Disorder:
Major depression is severely ill depressed patient received little or no antidepressant therapy.
This therapy is for major depression and can dramatically reduce suicidal rates and hospitalization rates;
however some does not receive it at all.
The general guidelines for physicians are required when they are prescribing antidepressant
drugs. They need to understand that it can be a risks to takers due to overdose, and that sometimes
they do not recognized the symptom of improved depression, and that they still take it. This can also
cause them to have side effects; and that doctors are held responsible. However, by only taking the
drugs, the patient will recover within two to four months, but without therapy it will come back. The
antidepressant therapy is required due to stress is a major role in depression, and that by therapy it will
help relive it. However, in the middle of anti depressant therapy, one SSRI antidepressant can be
abruptly stopped, and another SSRI antidepressant can be gradually started after one or two days of no
antidepressant. In this way, the time a severely depressed patient is off, medication can be minimized
during a switch in SSRI antidepressants.
The strategy for initial antidepressant therapy is varied due to how severely depress the patient
is. The indications of this strategy are that seventy percent of depressant (sever or moderate) respond
to antidepressant therapy. The contradiction is that not to use in patients with known hyper intensity to
the drugs; don’t use combination with other depressants. Suicidal depressed patients often overdose
with their antidepressant. The drugs that are good choice for the patient’s use, because of their low
incidence of side- effects and their low lethality if taken in to an overdose. Anxiety and depression are
used by Fluvoxamine (reducing anxiety in mixed- anxiety- depression). Both fluoxetine and paroxetene
(dramatically benefit from the addition therapy). If the patient does not improve the does will be higher,
due to stronger stimulating hyperactivity in the brain. However, there are many different choices if the
drugs do not work: alternating to other drugs, increasing dose, combinations, stop the pharmacotherapy
and proceeding only with psychotherapy.
Alternative Depression Therapy:
Depression self help is way to eliminate depression by the person, including psychotherapy,
mindfulness practice, yoga, exercise, sunlight. Depression is a state of contraction, experiences as
apathy, fear, sadness etc. This depends on what we think, and how quickly we evolve towards the joyful,
self realized, creative the human kind are. The methods that are explain above when applied, helps you

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to be more positive and peaceful, therefore, taking the person away from depression. Meditation
(greater self- awareness) and concentration medication (focused awareness on particular mental
images).
Holistic treatment for depression encompasses a vast number of treatment modalities.
Complimentary medicine is quickly respect in the medical world, however, mainstream institutions are
often far behind the curve regarding the acceptance of alternative or holistic treatments for depression.
It deals with body (physical interventions and also may include energy work). Mind working with the
emotions and thought process or intellect, spirit (treating the spiritual dimension/ accessing the wisdom
of the essential self or soul.
Art therapy has a good healing power. It is believe that its art, and this they are no judgments,
because it’s who you are and what you think. Therefore, it’s fully you, and that it’s the mind’s judgment
and analysis has no place in the spontaneous expression of the heart and soul. By doing this, you can
evaluate yourself, and know how you feel.
Anxiety is feeling of nervousness, worry, or fear that is generated from within. Although
mainstream psychology has yet to fully recognize the potency of energy, there is some evidence, and
thousand of case histories that demonstrates it’s superiority over other treatment. Anxiety responds
well to energy psychology techniques, EFT usually helps with anxiety.
Effective adolescent depression treatment can make the difference between life and death a
teenager need in help. Since the world is changing, and most child experience changing of socio-
economic atmosphere, and pressure, the changes that kids falling into stress is very high. Therefore, it
increases the leading cause of death, and that adolescent depression treatment can help the family to
find the lost connection.
Compare and contrast cognitive, electrovulsive, and psychopharmacological treatment for major
depressive disorder
The similarity in the three therapies deals with helping the individual to become better, by the
techniques that minimize the risks. However, the difference in techniques and risks are concern more
with how the patient might take it. The period of time, that it takes for the person to be back to normal
also depends on the therapy. The electroconvulsive, tends to be more risk taking, due to the electrocute
shot, but after, the patient is under control. The psychopharmacological treatment helps the patient by
taking drugs, but however it can become dangerous due to overdosing. Lastly, the cognitive therapy is
the most un- harmful therapy, due to the psychologist talking to the person, and helps them to express

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themselves. Therefore, the psychologist has to gain a lot of trust to the other patient, so the doctor can
help cure them.

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Psychology
themselves. Therefore, the psychologist has to gain a lot of trust to the other patient, so the doctor can
help cure them.