Depression is a common and serious mood disorder that is characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest, feelings of guilt and low self-worth, sleep and appetite disturbances, low energy, and poor concentration. It affects over 121 million people worldwide and can be caused by genetic, environmental, biochemical and other factors. Symptoms of depression can interfere with daily life and functioning. Treatment options include antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant cases.

2. BY:- LINDA ANTONY

4. Everyone occasionally feels blue or
sad. But these feelings are usually
short-lived and pass within a
couple of days. When you have
depression, it interferes with daily
life and causes pain for both you
and those who care about you.
Depression is a common but
Serious mood disoreder.

5. Depression is a common mental
disorder that presents with
depressed mood, loss of interest
or pleasure, feelings of guilt or
low self-worth, disturbed sleep or
appetite, low energy, and poor
concentration.

6.  Depression occurs in persons of all
genders, ages, and backgrounds.
 Depression is common, affecting
about 121 million people worldwide.
 Depression is among the leading
causes of disability worldwide.
 Depression can be reliably
diagnosed and treated in primary
care.
 Fewer than 25 % of those affected
have access to effective treatments.

7.  Genetic cause
 Environmental factors
 Biochemical factors : Biochemical theory of
depression postulates a deficiency of
neurotransmitters in certain areas of the
brain (noradrenaline, serotonin, and
dopamine).
 Dopaminergic activity : reduced in case of
depression, over activity in mania.
 Endocrine factors
hypothyroidism, cushing’s syndrome etc

8.  Abuse of Drugs or Alcohol
 Hormone Level Changes
 Physical illness and side effects of
medications

9. There are several forms of depressive
disorders…..
1. Major depressive disorder, or major
depression
2. Dysthymic disorder, or dysthymia
3. Minor depression
• Psychotic depression,
• Postpartum depression
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
4. Bipolar disorder

10.  Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty"
feelings
 Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
 Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or
helplessness
 Irritability, restlessness
 Loss of interest in activities or hobbies
once pleasurable, including sex
 Fatigue and decreased energy

11.  Difficulty concentrating, remembering
details, and making decisions
 Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or
excessive sleeping
 Overeating, or appetite loss
 Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
 Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or
digestive problems that do not ease even
with treatment.

12.  1.Genetic or Hereditary
 2. Biological / Biochemical /Medication
 3. Dietary
 4. Environmental
 5. Socio Cultural Factors /Situations /
Relationships /Personality

13.  History Collection
 Mental Status Examination
 ICD – 10 Criteria
 usual symptoms

14. • Antidepressants primarily work on brain
chemicals called neurotransmitters,
especially serotonin and norepinephrine.
Other antidepressants work on the
neurotransmitter dopamine.
• Psychosocial therapies.
• Electroconvulsive therapy

15. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs).
Fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft),
escitalopram (Lexapro), paroxetine (Paxil),
and citalopram (Celexa) are some of the
most commonly prescribed SSRIs for
depression.
Tricyclics are older antidepressants.
Examples: Imipramine and Nortriptyline

16. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
(MAOIs) are the oldest class of antidepressant
medications. They can be especially effective in
cases of “atypical" depression. People who take
MAOIs must avoid certain foods and beverages
(including cheese and red wine) that contain a
substance called
tyramine.
Atypical antidepressants
Trazodone, Mianserin, Mirtazapine, Venlafaxine,
Duloxetine, Bupropion and Tianeptine

17. Cognitive - behavioral therapy (CBT)
CBT helps people with depression restructure
negative thought patterns.
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
IPT helps people understand and work
through troubled relationships that may
cause their depression

18. For cases in which medication and/or
psychotherapy does not help relieve a
person's treatment resistant depression,
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be
useful

19.  Develop a therapeutic relationship.
 Provide positive reinforcement.
 Teach problem solving skills.
 Reduce the enviornmental stimuli.
 Provide a healthy sleep pattern and nutritional
intake.
 Be aware of what client is saying about feeling with
verbal and non verbal communication.
 Show empathy regarding patient’s feelings.
 Provide proper medication and therapies according
to doctor’s order.

20. • Affective disorders remain one of the most
commonly occurring mental illnesses in
adults.
• It is often undiagnosed and untreated.
• Both pharmacological and
nonpharmacological interventions acts as
cornerstone in the treatment of affective
disorders.