BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
* Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles
* People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing radiation, such as in soil, water, and vegetation, as well as in human-made sources, such as x-rays and medical devices
* Ionizing radiation has many beneficial applications, including uses in medicine, industry, agriculture and research.As the use of ionizing raiation increases, so does the otential for health hazards if not properly used or contained
Carbon Stock Assessment in Banten Province and Demak, Central Java, Indonesia
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY/PETROCHEMICAL A SEMINAR ONRADIATION SAFETY
1. UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY/PETROCHEMICAL
A SEMINAR
ON
RADIATION SAFETY
2. Outlines
*Introduction to Radiation Safety
*Definition of Radiation
* Radiation Sources
* Types of Radiation
*Measurements of Radiation
*Principles of Radiation
*Effects of Radiation
* Definition of Radiation Safety
* Radiation Safety Measure
* Importance of Radiation Safety
3. Background to Radiation Safety
* Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by
atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or
particles
* People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing
radiation, such as in soil, water, and vegetation, as
well as in human-made sources, such as x-rays and
medical devices
* Ionizing radiation has many beneficial applications,
including uses in medicine, industry, agriculture and
research.As the use of ionizing raiation increases, so
does the otential for health hazards if not properly
used or contained
4. Definition of Radiation
* Radiation is the energy that comes a source and
travels through space at the speed of light
* It is also a form of energy moving in the form of
particles or Waves known as electromagnetic Wave.
5. Sources of Radiation
* Natural Radiation and Man made Radiation
Sources
* People are exposed to natural radiation sources
as well as human-made sources on a daily basbasi
* Natural radiation comes from many sources
including more than 60 naturally-occurring
radioactive materials found in soil, water and air
Human exposure to radiation also comes from
human-made source from nuclear power
generation to medical uses of radiation for
diagnosis or treatment.
6. Types of Radiation
* In an electromagnetic spectrum, there are two
types of radiation.
* Non- Ionizing radiation
* Ionizing radiation
7. Types of Radiation
* Alpha Radiation
* Beta Radiation
* X-rays* Gamma Ray etc
* Alha Radiation particles have very low
penetrating power, travel only a few centimeters
in air, and will not penetrate the dead outer layer
of skin
* Shielding is generally not required for alpha
particles because external exposure to alpha
particles delivers no radiation dose.
8. Types of Radiation
* Beta RadiationHigh-energy beta particles can
travel several meters in air and can penetrate
several millimeters into the skin
* For high-energy beta particles, first select
adequate shielding with an appropriate thickness
of low atomic number (Z<14) materials, such as
specialized plastics (e.g., Plexiglas®) or aluminum
9. Types of Radiation
* X-ray and Gamma Radiation .Gamma rays and X-
rays can travel kilometers in air and can penetrate
deep into the human body or pass through it
entirely.* Proper shielding should be in place to
prevent or reduce radiation dose rates
* Some PPE for worker protection from gamma
and X-rays incorporates lead or other dense, high
atomic number (high Z) materials.
10. Measurements of Radiation
* Radiation can be measured by
* The amount of radioactivity* Ambient radiation
Levels and
* Radiation dose
* The amount of radioactivity* The amount of
radioactivity can be measured by finding out how
many radioactive atom decay every second. The
unit is Becquerel (Bq) or Curie (Ci) and Geiger
Counter etc.
11. Measurements of Radiation
* Ambient radiation Levels
* This measures how much radiation is in the
environment around us
* That is, Natural background+Radiation Sources
* It units are Gray per hour (Gy/h) or Sievert per hour
(Sv/h) and also Roentgen per hour (R/h) or Rem per
hour (rem/h).
* Radiation dose measurements.
* Radiation dose is the amount of radiation absorbed
by the body. The units are Gray (Gy) and Sievert (Sv).
12. Principles of Radiation Safety
* The three Principles for radiation Safety are
* ALARA" which stand for as low as reasonably
achievable.
* A means As
* L means Low
* A means As
* R means Reasonably
* A means Achievable
* This principles means that even if it is a small
dose, if receiving has no direct benefits avoid it.
13. Effects of Radiation
* The effect of radiation depends on the distance,
time, sources, the types of radiation and dose
.* The effect is much felt by the children, elderly,
pregnant women and those with complications
* The effect can be positive ie when using to solve
medical issues and research
* It can also be negative , resulting to death if the
entire body received dose in much quantity at
once.
15. Effects of Radiation
* Radiation can damage the DNA in the cells
* High dose of radiation can cause acute radiation
syndrome (ARS) or cutaneous radiation injuries
.* High doses of radiation could lead to cancer
later in life
.* Loss of hair occurs at exposure to radiation
higher than 200 rems.
* Heart and Brain: Intense exposure to radiation
from 1000 to 5000 rems will affect the functioning
of the heart, thyroid, blood systems and
reproductive track.
16. Definition of Radiation Safety
* Radiation Safety is the combination of safety
practice and precautionary measure put in place
to promote Safety when working with or near
radiation
* It follow the principles of ALARA
. As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
17. Measurements of Radiation Safety
* Distance an Time
* Sheilding Engineering controls to maintain
ocupational radiation doses by the use of
shielding and interlock systems
* Administrative control eg. Warming systems and
written operating procedures to reduce or
eliminate exposure
* Personal protective equipment (PPE).
* Radiation measurements and sampling are
methods used to evaluate exposure rates, dose
rates and quantities of radioactive materials and
18. Radiation Safety Measures
Contaminations using survey instruments such as
* Handheld survey meters
* Radioisotope identification devices (RIID): The
instruments evaluate gamma energies emitted by
a radioactive source and comparing the measured
gamma spectrum to libraries of characteristics of
gamma spectra
.* Personal radiation detectors (PRD) are small
electronic devices designed to alert the wearer to
the presence of radiation eg dosimeters, TLD etc.
19. Radiation Safety Measures
* Radiological sampling and Analysis: These are
sampling, analytical methods and equipment that
allows radiation Safety professionals to identify
areas with radioactivity eg contaminations
sampling, Air, personal and Area sampling etc
using
* Samples Analysis Equipments such as*
Scalers/Counters, Liquid Scintillations Counters,
Gamma Spectroscopy, Alpha Spectroscopy etc
* To monitor and evaluate the presence of
radiation in Air, Water, Soil and Surfaces.
20. Radiation Safety Measures
* Bioassay Sampling: Is used in occupational
settings to determine the uptake of radioactive
materials for radiological workers
* Workers Training
24. Conclusion
* The best way to radiation Safety is to obey and
use the Principles of ALARA meaning as low as
reasonably achievable. If taken the dose has no
direct benefits, try as much as possible to avoid
it.
