Sem crown removars/cosmetic dentistry courses

SEMINAR ONSEMINAR ON
VARIOUS METHODS TOVARIOUS METHODS TO
REMOVE THE CROWNREMOVE THE CROWN
AND BRIDGES INAND BRIDGES IN
PROSTHODONTICSPROSTHODONTICS
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental
Education
www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
FAILURES ARE THE PART OFFAILURES ARE THE PART OF
LIFE AS WELL IN THELIFE AS WELL IN THE
TREATMENT,TREATMENT,
HENCE THE PROVISION ANDHENCE THE PROVISION AND
EFFECTIVENESS OF REPAIR ISEFFECTIVENESS OF REPAIR IS
OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTENCEOF PARAMOUNT IMPORTENCE

CAUSES FOR REMOVALCAUSES FOR REMOVAL
 Decay around periphery or margin ofDecay around periphery or margin of
the retainerthe retainer a)a)
May be able to remove /repair /recementMay be able to remove /repair /recement
b) can be plugged with filling /inlayb) can be plugged with filling /inlay
 Crown may be worn thorough onCrown may be worn thorough on
occlusal surface by opposing toothocclusal surface by opposing tooth
a) Restore with filling b) Ifa) Restore with filling b) If
cavity is large; other alternatives.cavity is large; other alternatives.
 Ill fitting and causing periodontalIll fitting and causing periodontal
problems.problems.
 Pontics irritating gingiva-inflamationPontics irritating gingiva-inflamation

CONTINUEDCONTINUED
 Crowns or Bridges that have beenCrowns or Bridges that have been
rotated out of place: occlusal changesrotated out of place: occlusal changes
 Trauma- blows/occlusal forcesTrauma- blows/occlusal forces
 HypersensitivityHypersensitivity
 Replace facing or pontics subsequentReplace facing or pontics subsequent
to immediate insertionto immediate insertion
 abutment attachments-looseabutment attachments-loose
 Endodontic reasonsEndodontic reasons
 Removal of temporary crown/bridgesRemoval of temporary crown/bridges

TYPES OF REMOVERSTYPES OF REMOVERS
Three basic types of crown removers.Three basic types of crown removers.

REMOVAL AND REPAIR OF GOLD CROWNSREMOVAL AND REPAIR OF GOLD CROWNS
1.1. Crown with axial band –Crowns slitterCrown with axial band –Crowns slitter
a)a) Place under the gingiva, slit on buccalPlace under the gingiva, slit on buccal
side, edges forced apart, removeside, edges forced apart, remove
b)b) Boil –acidBoil –acid
c)c) Brings two ends – contouring pliersBrings two ends – contouring pliers
d)d) Place .001 Pt foil, sticky wax this placePlace .001 Pt foil, sticky wax this place
from outsidefrom outside
e)e) Fill crown – investment , boil , flux ,Fill crown – investment , boil , flux ,
soldersolder
f)f) Polish and recementPolish and recement

2. CROWN WITH AXIAL BAND –FISSURE2. CROWN WITH AXIAL BAND –FISSURE
BURBUR
a)a) Cut with fissure bur (700)-buccle surface,Cut with fissure bur (700)-buccle surface,
occlusal to gingival, insert flat instrument ,occlusal to gingival, insert flat instrument ,
and force edges apartand force edges apart
b)b) Cuts more gold awayCuts more gold away
c)c) Removal / repair/ cementation-sameRemoval / repair/ cementation-same
3.3. BY CROWN PULLERSBY CROWN PULLERS
a)a) obtain slight edge for instrument toobtain slight edge for instrument to
engageengage
b)b) repair as same aboverepair as same above

4)ALL CAST CROWNS /ONE WHICH HAS4)ALL CAST CROWNS /ONE WHICH HAS
THICK AXIAL BAND.THICK AXIAL BAND.
a)a) Thick :inability to peel gold backThick :inability to peel gold back
b)b) Drill small hole buccaly, in b/w occlusalDrill small hole buccaly, in b/w occlusal
plane of the preparation and bottom,plane of the preparation and bottom,
directed mesio-distally,insert instrumentdirected mesio-distally,insert instrument
elevate occusally.elevate occusally.
c)c) Repair as usual.Repair as usual.

REPAIR OF PORCELAIN CROWNS.REPAIR OF PORCELAIN CROWNS.
REASONS TO REMAKE.REASONS TO REMAKE.
Fracture ,from blowFracture ,from blow
Gingival irritationGingival irritation
Improvement of estheticsImprovement of esthetics
Repreparation of tooth; AgeRepreparation of tooth; Age
Endodontic reasonsEndodontic reasons
LooseLoose

PORCELAIN JACKET CROWNSPORCELAIN JACKET CROWNS
a)a) Cut incisal notch, insert #20chisel , slightCut incisal notch, insert #20chisel , slight
blow or rotating will split crownblow or rotating will split crown
b)b) Label /keep old dies: quick new crownsLabel /keep old dies: quick new crowns
c)c) Sear modeling compound, make handle,Sear modeling compound, make handle,
exert a pressure in long axis ofexert a pressure in long axis of
preparation with traction.preparation with traction.

1)In RCT ,open in lingual side with diamond1)In RCT ,open in lingual side with diamond
bur, treat and fill tooth.bur, treat and fill tooth.
2)Put copper band, with cement illed,after2)Put copper band, with cement illed,after
cement hardened exert rocking motioncement hardened exert rocking motion
with inserted bar.with inserted bar.

RICHMOND CROWNSRICHMOND CROWNS
More difficult –dowel.More difficult –dowel.
Don’t pull or pry crownDon’t pull or pry crown
Can rarely be used againCan rarely be used again
Solders on lingual/porcelain in labialSolders on lingual/porcelain in labial
surface.surface.
Must severe crown from dowel.Must severe crown from dowel.
Drill beveled drill lingual side, try to cutDrill beveled drill lingual side, try to cut
through dowel just below attachment to thethrough dowel just below attachment to the
root coping, dowel removed with crownroot coping, dowel removed with crown
remover.remover.

REMOVAL BRIDGESREMOVAL BRIDGES
Removed because of loose retainer/ break inRemoved because of loose retainer/ break in
bodybody
A) If bridge has full coverage crowns , passA) If bridge has full coverage crowns , pass
several strands of wire around gingivalseveral strands of wire around gingival
surface, pull occlusally.surface, pull occlusally.
B) If it has ¾ or inlays cut through the occlusalB) If it has ¾ or inlays cut through the occlusal
surface to loosen the restoration.surface to loosen the restoration.

REMOVAL OF ALL PORCELAIN BRIDGESREMOVAL OF ALL PORCELAIN BRIDGES
1. Twist several strands of dental floss in to1. Twist several strands of dental floss in to
one.one.
2. Pass through the gingival interdental2. Pass through the gingival interdental
space between pontic and retainer. Bringspace between pontic and retainer. Bring
across occlusal and though other interdentalacross occlusal and though other interdental
space. This forms a loop which grips thespace. This forms a loop which grips the
bridge near its two retainers; two ends arebridge near its two retainers; two ends are
twisted together and allowed to handtwisted together and allowed to hand
occlusally.occlusally.
3. Modeling compound adapted to lingual,3. Modeling compound adapted to lingual,
get into interdental spaces). After it is hard-get into interdental spaces). After it is hard-
remove and trim to flat buccal surfaceremove and trim to flat buccal surface
mesio-distally. Replace core.mesio-distally. Replace core.

CONTINUEDCONTINUED
4. Repeat the process on buccal. Bridge is4. Repeat the process on buccal. Bridge is
now imbedded between two modelingnow imbedded between two modeling
compound cores while the strands hangcompound cores while the strands hang
occlusally.occlusally.
5. Two cores are firmly gripped with fingers5. Two cores are firmly gripped with fingers
of one hand while ligature is wrappedof one hand while ligature is wrapped
around fingers of other.around fingers of other.
6. With a firm grip and occlusal pull bridge6. With a firm grip and occlusal pull bridge
is dislodged. This is possible becauseis dislodged. This is possible because
traction is equal on both labial and lingual.traction is equal on both labial and lingual.
7. After treatment of teeth bridge may be7. After treatment of teeth bridge may be
replacedreplaced

OTHER TECHNIQUESOTHER TECHNIQUES
A SAFE CROWN-REMOVAL TECHA SAFE CROWN-REMOVAL TECH
Don G.Garver,Don G.Garver,
PurposePurpose
 During fitting /temporary restoration.During fitting /temporary restoration.
Restoration with fractured facingRestoration with fractured facing
TECHNIQUETECHNIQUE
1.1. metal ceramicmetal ceramic
restoration(tempocement)restoration(tempocement)

Autopolymerzising acrylic painting on lab/ ling sideAutopolymerzising acrylic painting on lab/ ling side
These two regions joined with thin isthmus.These two regions joined with thin isthmus.

For added strength increase the thicknessFor added strength increase the thickness
of isthmus and allow it to harden.of isthmus and allow it to harden.
Crown puller is fitted to appropriate shapedCrown puller is fitted to appropriate shaped
tip.tip.

Method to remove the multiple unitMethod to remove the multiple unit
restoration.restoration.
Large resin copingLarge resin coping
single mid restoration purchase pointsingle mid restoration purchase point
single path of removal.single path of removal.

Resin coping for removal of individual metalResin coping for removal of individual metal
ceramic restoration.ceramic restoration.

Fractured porcelain facing.Fractured porcelain facing.
Permit reveneering the metal substructurePermit reveneering the metal substructure
recontouring –fit ret clasp for RPDrecontouring –fit ret clasp for RPD

Hand made FPD remover.Hand made FPD remover.
Selcuk orucSelcuk oruc,,
A) Make 2 metal cut stones of 6-7 mm rad,1cm ht,A) Make 2 metal cut stones of 6-7 mm rad,1cm ht,
B) Bore to fit vertical bar, make fitting socket for bar,B) Bore to fit vertical bar, make fitting socket for bar,
flatten themflatten them ,,

C) place bar, solder, finish.C) place bar, solder, finish.
D) use ring for attachment of ligatureD) use ring for attachment of ligature
wire.wire.
E) With screws attach a horizontal bar toE) With screws attach a horizontal bar to
vertical barvertical bar

a) patients information and consent.a) patients information and consent.
B) Need of anesthesia.B) Need of anesthesia.
C) Precaution and procedure.C) Precaution and procedure.
D) Pass wire embrasure upward throughD) Pass wire embrasure upward through
instrument ring, tighten them.instrument ring, tighten them.
E) Protect TMJ,bone, injuries.E) Protect TMJ,bone, injuries.

Fabrication- significant time.Fabrication- significant time.
Can be justified by low cost and reduced chairCan be justified by low cost and reduced chair
time.time.
Reduced chance of prosthesis swallowing.Reduced chance of prosthesis swallowing.

CAST PROSTHESIS REMOVAL USINGCAST PROSTHESIS REMOVAL USING
ULTRASONICS ANDULTRASONICS AND
A THERMOPLASTIC REDIN ADHESIVEA THERMOPLASTIC REDIN ADHESIVE
Francis R.Pereira.Francis R.Pereira.
Need for removal in endodontic treatment.Need for removal in endodontic treatment.
1)Bergenholtz et al; high percentage of teeth with1)Bergenholtz et al; high percentage of teeth with
prosthodontic treatment need endo treatment.prosthodontic treatment need endo treatment.
2)clinician should decide b/w removal crown or2)clinician should decide b/w removal crown or
perforation of restoration.(not without risk)perforation of restoration.(not without risk)
often anatomy of teeth distorted because ofoften anatomy of teeth distorted because of
preparation and subsequent cementation. may leadpreparation and subsequent cementation. may lead
to improper orientation, perforation, fracture ofto improper orientation, perforation, fracture of
restoration itself.restoration itself.

ADVANTAGE OF REMOVALADVANTAGE OF REMOVAL
a) Visualization of tooth morphology.a) Visualization of tooth morphology.
b) visualization of fracture.b) visualization of fracture.
C) radiographic interpretation ;better.C) radiographic interpretation ;better.
D) better access to root canal.D) better access to root canal.

PROCEDURE.PROCEDURE.
Same principle used in cemented post andSame principle used in cemented post and
silver cone removal.silver cone removal.
 Anesthetization; local.Anesthetization; local.
Vibrator tip ; on metal aspect of casting.Vibrator tip ; on metal aspect of casting.
Time;5min (range)Time;5min (range)
Movement of tip on other areas; Care.Movement of tip on other areas; Care.

continuedcontinued
After adequate time ; thermoplastic resinAfter adequate time ; thermoplastic resin
on the occlusal aspect after softening.on the occlusal aspect after softening.
Patient is instructed to occlude to 2/3 ofPatient is instructed to occlude to 2/3 of
its volits vol
Patient asked to open with rapid forceful,Patient asked to open with rapid forceful,
rapid motion.rapid motion.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF A NEW CROWNCLINICAL EVALUATION OF A NEW CROWN
AND FPD REMOVER.AND FPD REMOVER.
Richard A.Oliva.Richard A.Oliva.
Introduced by Rich well lab. Consists ofIntroduced by Rich well lab. Consists of
resin base pliable substance developsresin base pliable substance develops
temporary adhesive property undertemporary adhesive property under
compression.compression.
Force for removal ; patient,Force for removal ; patient,
Purpose of the study,Purpose of the study,
effectiveness of above methods ineffectiveness of above methods in
different condition.different condition.
Eg;temp acrylic,metal,FPD,inlays, onEg;temp acrylic,metal,FPD,inlays, on
lays,---lays,---

PROCEDUREPROCEDURE
Patient information, very importantPatient information, very important
cooperation.cooperation.
Condition; of resin 145 F 1-2minCondition; of resin 145 F 1-2min,,
Dip in hot water, blot for excess of moisture,Dip in hot water, blot for excess of moisture,
compress in finger,compress in finger,
Number of remover depends on type ofNumber of remover depends on type of
prosthesis.prosthesis.

Patient asked to close; 2/3 of volumePatient asked to close; 2/3 of volume
posterior; centric,posterior; centric,
anterior ; edge-edge,anterior ; edge-edge,
Patient is asked to hold continual nonPatient is asked to hold continual non
compressing pressure against remover.compressing pressure against remover.
(specified time)(specified time)

Open ; rapid forceful movement.Open ; rapid forceful movement.
Remover and restoration are removed with 2x2Remover and restoration are removed with 2x2
gauze padgauze pad

RESULTSRESULTS
Temp acrylicTemp acrylic
resin or metalresin or metal
123123 123123 100%100%
TempTemp
cementedcemented
crownscrowns
118118 118118 100%100%
TempTemp
cemented FPDcemented FPD
5353 4848 91%91%
Per cementedPer cemented
crownscrowns
5555 4747 86%86%
FPDFPD
2525 1818 72%72%
inlays ,on laysinlays ,on lays
4646 4646 100%100%

PRECAUTION.PRECAUTION.
1) OPP TEETH1) OPP TEETH
2) OPP RESTORATION2) OPP RESTORATION
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Direction of forces./reduced chances ofDirection of forces./reduced chances of
injury.injury.
Causes of unsuccessful removalCauses of unsuccessful removal
A) long parallel axial wallA) long parallel axial wall
B) rough axial wallB) rough axial wall
C) acute angle of line of withdrawalC) acute angle of line of withdrawal
D) Lack of patients cooperationD) Lack of patients cooperation

REMOVING A CEMENTED FIXED PROSTHESISREMOVING A CEMENTED FIXED PROSTHESIS
USING A CROWN REMOVER.USING A CROWN REMOVER.
Russel T Williamson.Russel T Williamson.
Patient education and consent.Patient education and consent.
6 inch length brass separating wire6 inch length brass separating wire
Thread this 3 times through theThread this 3 times through the
interproximal space, twist the end together,interproximal space, twist the end together,
pull down with crown remover (lowpull down with crown remover (low
amplitude/high intensity strokes.amplitude/high intensity strokes.

Trim twisted endTrim twisted end
use the handle of the crown remover touse the handle of the crown remover to
twist closely around the interproximaltwist closely around the interproximal
connection.connection.
Set the crown remover to first intensitySet the crown remover to first intensity andand
place the hook into the brass wireplace the hook into the brass wire loop.loop.
Instruct the patient about the procedure.Instruct the patient about the procedure.

An instrument for removal of defective crownsAn instrument for removal of defective crowns
or fixed partial dentures.or fixed partial dentures.
Norton P.Smith.Norton P.Smith.
Advantages of this technique.Advantages of this technique.
Modification of the instrument.Modification of the instrument.
A flat 90 degree screw driver with bladeA flat 90 degree screw driver with blade
on both end of the handle.on both end of the handle.
Grinding to provide blade width of 1 to 4Grinding to provide blade width of 1 to 4
mm tapered toward shank, andmm tapered toward shank, and
smootheningsmoothening

CROWN REMOVAL TECHNIQUE.CROWN REMOVAL TECHNIQUE.
 Slot ; on buccal and lingual sideSlot ; on buccal and lingual side
Sides slot kept parallelSides slot kept parallel
Margin; half way across the occlusalMargin; half way across the occlusal
surfacesurface
Pressure; on buccal side, rotate handle, &Pressure; on buccal side, rotate handle, &
widen.widen.
Protective step.Protective step.

ContdContd
Movement can be felt in controlling hand.Movement can be felt in controlling hand.
If casting is not separate after severalIf casting is not separate after several
attempts extend the slot across occlusalattempts extend the slot across occlusal
surface to lingual surface , apply the forcesurface to lingual surface , apply the force
on occlusal surface. Due care should beon occlusal surface. Due care should be
taken.taken.

AdvantagesAdvantages
 AccessbilityAccessbility
Blade parallel to handle. Allows accessBlade parallel to handle. Allows access
toto lingual groove.lingual groove.
Long arm of the instrument andLong arm of the instrument and
sufficient rigid allows the sufficientsufficient rigid allows the sufficient force.force.
Sterilization.Sterilization.

Removing a cemented metal ceramic fixedRemoving a cemented metal ceramic fixed
prosthesis without damage: A custom madeprosthesis without damage: A custom made
appliance.appliance.
Fred B. Williams.Fred B. Williams.
TECHNIQUE.TECHNIQUE.
 Alginate impression; max arch ,cast with artificialAlginate impression; max arch ,cast with artificial
stone.stone.
Tin foil adaptation on both surfaces beyond oneTin foil adaptation on both surfaces beyond one
teeth on each retainer.teeth on each retainer.

CONTDCONTD
Putty mix of auto polymerizing tray acrylicPutty mix of auto polymerizing tray acrylic
adapt closely to facial surfaces andadapt closely to facial surfaces and
embrasures.embrasures.
Thickness;5mmThickness;5mm
Vertically;10mmVertically;10mm
After acrylization-remove carefully,trimmAfter acrylization-remove carefully,trimm
acrylic which is beyond abutment and softacrylic which is beyond abutment and soft
tissue undercuts.tissue undercuts.

contdcontd
Incisal: flat vertical plane parallel to pathIncisal: flat vertical plane parallel to path
of removal.& Exposeof removal.& Expose
 incisal: flat, accommodate ¼ inch screwincisal: flat, accommodate ¼ inch screw
hole slightly larger than the screw drilled.hole slightly larger than the screw drilled.

CONTDCONTD
 ON CAST: new layer of tin foil is adopted andON CAST: new layer of tin foil is adopted and
screw is placed through the labial acrylic resin.screw is placed through the labial acrylic resin.
Same procedure is followed on lingual sideSame procedure is followed on lingual side
while labial matrix is held firmly in place.while labial matrix is held firmly in place.

CONTDCONTD
 After polymerization separate two,After polymerization separate two,
lingual half is trimmed for optimal relingual half is trimmed for optimal re
adaptation to the matrix, trimmingadaptation to the matrix, trimming
exposes the tip of the screw so that itexposes the tip of the screw so that it
extends beyond the acrylic resin .extends beyond the acrylic resin .

CONTDCONTD
 slight recess is cut in inner side of theslight recess is cut in inner side of the
labial matrix to accommodate the wire loop.labial matrix to accommodate the wire loop.
secured with thin mix of cold cure acrylic.secured with thin mix of cold cure acrylic.
finished and polished.finished and polished.

CONTDCONTD
Patient is seated vertically.Patient is seated vertically.
Place: lingual-labial- screw tightened.Place: lingual-labial- screw tightened.
 care :soft tissues, adjacent tooth.care :soft tissues, adjacent tooth.

CONTDCONTD
Use: blade of a reverse sliding –weightUse: blade of a reverse sliding –weight
crown and FPD crown remover is placedcrown and FPD crown remover is placed
in loop.in loop.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
 Little risk of # margin.Little risk of # margin.
Porcelain.Porcelain.
Abutment.Abutment.
 More predictableMore predictable
Less chance of crushing force;Less chance of crushing force;
tissues/prosthesis.tissues/prosthesis.
 wide gripwide grip
Less chance of aspiration/swallowing.Less chance of aspiration/swallowing.

Atwood crown/inlay remover.Atwood crown/inlay remover.
 Drill in occlusal surface –thickestDrill in occlusal surface –thickest
portion;min1.5mm preferably in centre.portion;min1.5mm preferably in centre.
 Twist drill in slow speed/water coolant/up toTwist drill in slow speed/water coolant/up to
tooth and cement.tooth and cement.
 Self tapping screw into channel/rotate by hand.Self tapping screw into channel/rotate by hand.
 Use spanner until crown is pushed of.Use spanner until crown is pushed of.
 Anticipated complications.Anticipated complications.

Higa crown removerHiga crown remover
Useful in removing provisional res/failed bridges.Useful in removing provisional res/failed bridges.
 cavity preparation in occl surface –expose crown.cavity preparation in occl surface –expose crown.
Pin alignmentPin alignment
0.5 mm soft wire passed b/w proximal joints.0.5 mm soft wire passed b/w proximal joints.
Wire attached to spindle. Tighten by screwWire attached to spindle. Tighten by screw
driver.this pull the remover towards crown.driver.this pull the remover towards crown.
Further tightening :occlusal load on crown-pin,axialFurther tightening :occlusal load on crown-pin,axial
load on bridge –wireload on bridge –wire
Break of cement. Loosening of crownBreak of cement. Loosening of crown

Crown removing forceps.Crown removing forceps.
 by engaging the embrasure.by engaging the embrasure.
Adjustment of screw :damage to crown.Adjustment of screw :damage to crown.
 the handles are moved in axialthe handles are moved in axial
direction.direction.
 care.care.

Conclusion.Conclusion.
In the case of failed restoration the successful removalIn the case of failed restoration the successful removal
of crown of the crown is important to treat or correct theof crown of the crown is important to treat or correct the
cause of failure. This is will ensue the use of the samecause of failure. This is will ensue the use of the same
abutment tooth for further effective use and also ifabutment tooth for further effective use and also if
crown removed intact it can be recemented.crown removed intact it can be recemented.
Hence in the case of crown removal procedures theHence in the case of crown removal procedures the
technique which istechnique which is
applied should take care of the crown, abutment tooth ,applied should take care of the crown, abutment tooth ,
surrounding tissues, adjacent teeth as well as ease,surrounding tissues, adjacent teeth as well as ease,
cost of the technique which is applied should becost of the technique which is applied should be
considered.considered.
Even though the basic principle of the instrument withEven though the basic principle of the instrument with
which the forces generated are the same thewhich the forces generated are the same the
techniques which are hypothesized by the many authorstechniques which are hypothesized by the many authors
are different in the sense of the use of the purchaseare different in the sense of the use of the purchase
point, as well as success of the criteria’s which arepoint, as well as success of the criteria’s which are
discussed above.discussed above.

ReferencesReferences
 Joseph E.Ewing:Fixed partial prosthesis,2Joseph E.Ewing:Fixed partial prosthesis,2ndnd
edn,Lea-edn,Lea-
& Ferber 1959.& Ferber 1959.
 Don G.Garver: A safe crown –removal technique,JDon G.Garver: A safe crown –removal technique,J
Prosthet Dent 1978,vol39,56-8.Prosthet Dent 1978,vol39,56-8.
 Richard A.Oliva:Clinical evaluation of a new crownRichard A.Oliva:Clinical evaluation of a new crown
and fixed partial denture remover.J prosthet Dentand fixed partial denture remover.J prosthet Dent
1980,vol 44,267-9.1980,vol 44,267-9.
 Fred B. Williams: Removing a cemented metal-Fred B. Williams: Removing a cemented metal-
ceramic fixed prosthesis without damage:A custom-ceramic fixed prosthesis without damage:A custom-
made appliance,J Prosthet Dent 1984,vol 51,656-made appliance,J Prosthet Dent 1984,vol 51,656-
59.59.
 Norton P.Smith:An instrument for removal ofNorton P.Smith:An instrument for removal of
defective crowns or fixed partial dentures, J Prosthetdefective crowns or fixed partial dentures, J Prosthet
Dent 1991,vol 66,823-4.Dent 1991,vol 66,823-4.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com

ReferencesReferences
 Russell T Willismdon et al:Removing aRussell T Willismdon et al:Removing a
cemented fixed prosthesis using a crowncemented fixed prosthesis using a crown
remover.J Prosthet Dent 1993,vol 69:634-5.remover.J Prosthet Dent 1993,vol 69:634-5.
 Francis R.Parreira et al: Cast prosthesis removalFrancis R.Parreira et al: Cast prosthesis removal
using ultrasonic and a thermoplastic resinusing ultrasonic and a thermoplastic resin
adhesive,J Endodon 1994,vol 20,141-3.adhesive,J Endodon 1994,vol 20,141-3.
 Selcuk Oruc: Hand made fixed partial prothesisSelcuk Oruc: Hand made fixed partial prothesis
remover,J Prosthet Dent 2002,vol 88 233-4.remover,J Prosthet Dent 2002,vol 88 233-4.
 Rosenstiel:cotemporary fixed prosthodontics 3Rosenstiel:cotemporary fixed prosthodontics 3rdrd
edn Mosby 2002edn Mosby 2002

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