This presentation represents the sources of different vitamins and related deficiency diseases and their treatment

1. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University,
Gopalganj-8100
A Presentation on Deficiency States of Vitamins Such as
A,C and D
Presented by
Md. Shimul Bhuia
St.ID: 16PHR003
Department of Pharmacy

2. Deficiency States of Vitamins
Such as A,C and D

3. Causes of Vitamin A Deficiency
• Primary vitamin A deficiency is caused by prolonged dietary deprivation.
• Secondary vitamin A deficiency is caused by reduced absorption, storage or
transport of vitamin A.
Vitamin A deficiency can also occur in adults with diseases of the
gastrointestinal system that interfere with absorption of vitamin A. These
may include:
Celiac disease
Cirrhosis of the liver
Pancreatic insufficiency
Bile duct disorder
Duodenal bypass

4. States of Vitamin A Deficiency
Night blindness: This causes you to have trouble seeing
in low light. It will eventually lead to complete blindness
at night.
Xerophthalmia: With this condition, the eyes may
become very dry and crusted, which may damage the
cornea and retina.
Infection: A person with a vitamin A deficiency can
experience more frequent health concerns as they will
not be able to fight off infections as easily.
Bitot spots: This condition is a buildup of keratin in the
eyes, causing hazy vision.
Skin irritation: People experiencing vitamin A deficiency
could have problems with their skin, such as dryness,
itching.
Keratomalacia: This is an eye disorder involving drying
and clouding of the cornea — the clear layer in front of
the iris and pupil.
Keratomalacia
Bitot spots

5. States of Vitamin A Deficiency cont..
• Keratinisation: This is a process by which cells become filled with
keratin protein, die, and form tough, resistant structures in the
urinary, gastrointestinal, respiratory tracts and skin.
• Stunted growth: Not having enough vitamin A could delay growth
or cause children to experience slow bone growth or stunted
growth.
• Fertility: A deficiency in vitamin A may cause challenges when
trying to conceive a child, and in some cases, infertility.

6. Causes of Vitamin C Deficiency
In adults, vitamin C deficiency usually results from
• A diet low in vitamin C
The following conditions can significantly increase the body’s requirements for vitamin C
and the risk of vitamin C deficiency:
• Pregnancy
• Breastfeeding
• Disorders that cause a high fever or inflammation
• An overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism)
• Diarrhea that lasts a long time
• Surgery
• Burns
• Smoking, which increases the vitamin C requirement by 30%

7. States of Vitamin C Deficiency
• Rough, Bumpy Skin
When vitamin C levels are low →keratosis pilaris can develop → bumpy,
“chicken skin” forms on the back of the upper arm
• Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair
Vitamin C deficiency causes hair to grow in bent or coiled shaped →
Defecting development in protein structure of hair → damaged hairs are
more likely to break off or fall out.
• Bright Red Hair Follicles
Vitamin C deficiency hampers blood supply to the tiny hair follicle →
small blood vessels become fragile and break easily → causing small,
bright red spots to appear around the hair follicles → perifollicular
hemorrhage
• Spoon-Shaped Fingernails with Red Spots or Lines
Healthy skin contains large amounts of vitamin C → protecting it from
oxidative damage form sun and pollutants .
Also promotes collagen production → keeps skin looking plump and
youthful → Lower intake risk of developing dry, wrinkled skin

8. State of Vitamin C Deficiency cont…
• Easy Bruising
Vitamin C deficiency → poor collagen production → weak blood vessels formation → Rupture of blood vessels
under the skin → leakage of blood vessels surrounding → Easy Bruising
• Slowly Healing Wounds
Slow rate of collagen formation → wounds to heal more slowly
• Painful, Swollen Joints
Vitamin C deficiency → poor collagen formation → cause limping or difficulty walking (joints contain collagen-
rich connective tissue).
• Poor Immunity
Vitamin C accumulates inside various types of immune cells to help them combat infection and destroy
disease-causing pathogens.
• Fatigue and Poor Mood
• Unexplained Weight Gain
• Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
• Weak Bones
• Bleeding Gums and Tooth Loss

9. Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency
The main reasons for low levels of vitamin D are:
●Lack of vitamin D in the diet, often in conjunction with inadequate sun
exposure
●Inability to absorb vitamin D from the intestines.
●Inability to process vitamin D due to kidney or liver disease.

10. State of Vitamin D Deficiency
• Ricket: A childhood disease characterized by impeded growth
and deformity of the long bones.
• Osteomalacia: A bone-thinning disorder that occurs
exclusively in adults and is characterized by proximal muscle
weakness and bone fragility.
• Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by reduced bone
mineral density and increased bone fragility.
• Periodontitis: Local inflammatory bone loss that can result in
tooth loss.
• Schizophrenia: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the
development of schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia
generally have lower levels of vitamin D.
• Others: Muscle aches, weakness, and twitching
(fasciculations).

11. Nutrition
The process of eating the right kind of food so you can grow properly
and be healthy.
Nutrients
A food or other substance that provides energy or building metabolism
and growth of a living organism.
Deficiency
The inadequate up take of any thing is called deficiency.
Causes of nutritional deficiency
• Inadequate up take of diet or a specific nutrient or vitamin,
• Access of a specific nutrient,
• Malabsorption,
• Disease.

12. Calcium(ca) deficiency
Disorders
• Rickets though caused due to vit-D
deficiency,
• Osteomalcia in adults,
• Osteoporosis,
• Muscular disorders like tetany,
• Skin disorders like tanning of skin.
Symptoms(bone diseases)
• Muscle cramps, spasms or tremors
• Brittle nails
• Joint pain.
Treatment
• Use of ca rich diet,
• ca supplementation,
• vit-D supplementation,
• Sun bath.

13. Phosphorus deficiency
• Rickets,
• Osteoporosis,
• Osteomalacia.
Symptoms
• Board legs,
• soft bones,
• bone pain.
Treatment
• Use of milk products ,egg yolk,
legumes, nuts, and whole grains,
• P supplementation etc.

14. Iron deficiency
Disorders
• Anemia,
• colon cancer,
• Fatigue,
• Over menstruation in female etc.
Symptoms
• Feel weak and tired out more easily,
• Feel dizzy,
• Be grumpy or cranky,
• Have headaches,
• Look very pale,
• Feel short of breath,
• Have trouble concentrating .
Treatment
• Use of iron rich food,
• Iron supplementation etc