defense mechanisms in plants.pptx
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Plants have developed various structural defense mechanisms to protect themselves from threats like herbivorous animals and insects. These include modifications like thorns, spines, wax coatings, and cell walls. The cell wall provides rigidity through substances like lignin and cutin, and prevents germ entry. Cuticular wax deposits form a hydrophobic surface that repels water needed by pathogens. Thorns are modified branches, prickles develop from epidermal tissue, and spines are modified leaves or stipules. Some plants like the sensitive plant can also shrink their leaves rapidly to appear unappetizing. These diverse barriers strengthen plants and safeguard them from pathogens.
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Structural defence machenism
1. Plants have various structural defence mechanisms to prevent pathogen infection, including waxes, cuticles, thickened cell walls, and natural openings that limit pathogen entry.
2. After infection occurs, plants form additional defensive structures like cork layers, tyloses, gum deposits, and abscission layers that isolate the pathogen from healthy tissue.
3. Structures like tyloses and sheath formations around hyphae can physically block pathogen spread within the plant. Together, pre-existing and infection-induced structures help plants resist pathogens.
Defence mechanism in plants
Structural and biochemical defense mechanisms help plants defend against pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing structures like cuticular wax, thick cuticles, and tough cell walls, as well as structures that develop after infection, such as cell wall thickening, callose deposition, and formation of layers and cork. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors that prevent pathogen germination and growth, as well as responses after infection like phytoalexin production, oxidative burst, and hypersensitive response cell death. These multifaceted defense strategies help plants resist invading pathogens.
defensemechanismsinplants-180308104711.pptx
Plants have two types of defense mechanisms against pathogens: structural barriers and biochemical reactions. Structural barriers include pre-existing features like thick cell walls and wax coatings, as well as post-infection responses like cork layers, tyloses, and necrotic tissue that isolate the pathogen. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors exuded by the plant and induced responses like the hypersensitive response where infected cells undergo rapid cell death to prevent pathogen spread. Together these mechanisms inhibit pathogens from entering plants, limit their growth and movement within plants, and produce toxic compounds to kill pathogens.
Structural defence mechanism in plants
This document discusses structural and post-infection defense mechanisms in plants. Pre-existing structural defenses include waxes, cuticles, epidermal and sclerenchyma cells that form physical barriers against pathogens. Post-infection defenses are produced after infection, including histological barriers like cork layers and abscission layers that isolate the infection, and cellular defenses where invading hyphae are enveloped by the plant cell. Together these defenses provide plants with multilayered protection against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.
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1. The document discusses the defense mechanisms of plants against plant pathogens, including structural and biochemical defenses.
2. Structural defenses include pre-existing structures like wax, thick cuticles, and thick-walled cells, as well as induced structures like cork layers and tyloses formation in response to infection.
3. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors and phenolic compounds, as well as induced responses like phytoalexin production, hypersensitive response, and pathogenesis-related protein synthesis post-infection.
4. Both structural and biochemical defenses work together and are influenced by factors like the plant's age, organ infected, and environmental conditions.
defencemechanism-190212021715.pdf
This document discusses the defense mechanisms of plants against plant pathogens. It describes two main types of defense mechanisms: structural (morphological) defenses and biochemical defenses. Structural defenses include pre-existing barriers like wax layers and thick cell walls, as well as induced defenses created after infection like cork layers and tyloses formation. Biochemical defenses include both pre-existing compounds like phenolics and induced responses like phytoalexin and PR protein production. The document provides examples of specific defense mechanisms employed by plants in response to various pathogens.
Defense mechanisms in plants
This ppt presentation will serve the plant pathology students to get proper information about the defence mechanisms in plants...
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Structural defence machenism
1. Plants have various structural defence mechanisms to prevent pathogen infection, including waxes, cuticles, thickened cell walls, and natural openings that limit pathogen entry.
2. After infection occurs, plants form additional defensive structures like cork layers, tyloses, gum deposits, and abscission layers that isolate the pathogen from healthy tissue.
3. Structures like tyloses and sheath formations around hyphae can physically block pathogen spread within the plant. Together, pre-existing and infection-induced structures help plants resist pathogens.
Defence mechanism in plants
Structural and biochemical defense mechanisms help plants defend against pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing structures like cuticular wax, thick cuticles, and tough cell walls, as well as structures that develop after infection, such as cell wall thickening, callose deposition, and formation of layers and cork. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors that prevent pathogen germination and growth, as well as responses after infection like phytoalexin production, oxidative burst, and hypersensitive response cell death. These multifaceted defense strategies help plants resist invading pathogens.
defensemechanismsinplants-180308104711.pptx
Plants have two types of defense mechanisms against pathogens: structural barriers and biochemical reactions. Structural barriers include pre-existing features like thick cell walls and wax coatings, as well as post-infection responses like cork layers, tyloses, and necrotic tissue that isolate the pathogen. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors exuded by the plant and induced responses like the hypersensitive response where infected cells undergo rapid cell death to prevent pathogen spread. Together these mechanisms inhibit pathogens from entering plants, limit their growth and movement within plants, and produce toxic compounds to kill pathogens.
Structural defence mechanism in plants
This document discusses structural and post-infection defense mechanisms in plants. Pre-existing structural defenses include waxes, cuticles, epidermal and sclerenchyma cells that form physical barriers against pathogens. Post-infection defenses are produced after infection, including histological barriers like cork layers and abscission layers that isolate the infection, and cellular defenses where invading hyphae are enveloped by the plant cell. Together these defenses provide plants with multilayered protection against fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.
Defence mechanism.ppt new
1. The document discusses the defense mechanisms of plants against plant pathogens, including structural and biochemical defenses.
2. Structural defenses include pre-existing structures like wax, thick cuticles, and thick-walled cells, as well as induced structures like cork layers and tyloses formation in response to infection.
3. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitors and phenolic compounds, as well as induced responses like phytoalexin production, hypersensitive response, and pathogenesis-related protein synthesis post-infection.
4. Both structural and biochemical defenses work together and are influenced by factors like the plant's age, organ infected, and environmental conditions.
defencemechanism-190212021715.pdf
This document discusses the defense mechanisms of plants against plant pathogens. It describes two main types of defense mechanisms: structural (morphological) defenses and biochemical defenses. Structural defenses include pre-existing barriers like wax layers and thick cell walls, as well as induced defenses created after infection like cork layers and tyloses formation. Biochemical defenses include both pre-existing compounds like phenolics and induced responses like phytoalexin and PR protein production. The document provides examples of specific defense mechanisms employed by plants in response to various pathogens.
Defense mechanisms in plants
This ppt presentation will serve the plant pathology students to get proper information about the defence mechanisms in plants...
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Plants have two main ways to defend themselves against pathogens: structural characteristics and biochemical characteristics. Structural defenses include waxy cuticles, thick cell walls, stomata shape and distribution, trichomes, lenticels, hydathodes, cork layers, abscission layers, and tyloses. Biochemical defenses include the hypersensitive response where infected cells are killed to contain the pathogen, and inducible chemical defenses where pathogens are recognized by molecular patterns which triggers immune responses. Together these structural and biochemical defenses help plants survive attacks from hundreds of potential pathogens.
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Plants have two main ways to defend themselves against pathogens: structural characteristics and biochemical characteristics. Structural defenses include waxy cuticles, thick cell walls, stomata shape and distribution, trichomes, lenticels, hydathodes, cork layers, abscission layers, and tyloses. Biochemical defenses include the hypersensitive response where infected cells are killed to contain the pathogen, and inducible chemical defenses where pathogens are recognized by molecular patterns which triggers immune responses. Together these structural and biochemical defenses help plants survive attacks from hundreds of potential pathogens.
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The document summarizes plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. It discusses both structural and biochemical defenses. For structural defenses, it describes preexisting structures like cuticular wax, thick cuticles, and lignified cell walls that physically block pathogens. It also discusses defense structures that develop after infection, like cell wall thickening, callose deposition, and tissue necrosis. For biochemical defenses, it outlines preexisting inhibitors and lack of nutrients for pathogens. It also describes phytoalexins and other compounds produced after infection, such as phenolic compounds and substances that deactivate pathogen enzymes and toxins. The document provides several examples to illustrate different defense strategies in plants.
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Plants have both structural and biochemical defense mechanisms against pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing traits like thick cuticles and presence of thick-walled cells, as well as induced responses like formation of cork layers and tyloses after infection. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitory compounds and enzymes, as well as induced responses like phytoalexins, hypersensitive response, and transgenic production of plantibodies after pathogen detection. Together these defenses provide multiple layers of protection against the wide variety of fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that plants encounter.
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Defence mechanism in plants pdf
Plants have developed various defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing structures like thick cuticles, waxes and presence of thick-walled cells. Post-infection, plants induce defenses like formation of cork layers and tyloses to restrict pathogen movement. Biochemical defenses include pre-formed inhibitors and phenolic compounds. After infection, plants produce phytoalexins and hydrolytic enzymes that are pathogenic to invading microbes. Overall, plants utilize an array of physical, chemical and protein-based defenses to detect pathogens and limit infection damage.
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defencemechanism 1-converted.pptx
Plants have developed structural, chemical, and protein-based defenses against pathogens. Structural defenses include waxy coatings, thick cell walls, and pores designed to limit pathogen entry. Chemical defenses include pre-existing compounds like phenolics and induced responses like phytoalexins and hypersensitive response that are activated post-infection. Together, a plant's layered defenses work to detect, stop, and limit damage from invading pathogens.
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This document discusses structural defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. It describes both constitutive and induced defenses, which can be morphological (structural) or biochemical. Structural defenses include pre-existing barriers like waxy coatings, hairs, lignin and cuticles, as well as sub-surface barriers like epidermal cells, stomata and lenticels. Post-infection defenses form after pathogen attack, such as tyloses that block vascular systems, cork layers that limit lesion size, and hypersensitive response that causes rapid cell death around the infection site. These structural defenses help protect plants by physically blocking pathogens or limiting their spread and access to nutrients.
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This document discusses structural defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. It describes both constitutive and induced defenses, which can be morphological (structural) or biochemical. Structural defenses include pre-existing barriers like waxy coatings, hairs, lignin and cuticles, as well as post-infection structures like tyloses, cork layers and abscission zones that limit pathogen spread. These physical barriers block pathogen entry and movement.
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The cell wall is present in plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides structural support and protection to the cell. The composition of the cell wall varies between organisms but generally includes cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and sometimes lignin. In plants, the cell wall has a multilayer structure and performs critical functions like allowing cells to withstand pressure, regulate growth, and transport nutrients.
Defense mechanism in plants
1. The document discusses various defense mechanisms in plants, including preexisting structural defenses like cuticular wax, cuticle thickness, and epidermal cell wall structures.
2. It also describes defense structures that develop after a pathogen attack, such as cytoplasmic reactions, cell wall thickening, gum deposition, and formation of layers.
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Spore forming bacteria (prokaryotes) such as Bacillus anthracis can be dormant & survive even
for 1000 years under the exposure of ultra-violet rays (the longest UV exposure). This is because
of the following properties
Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores
are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures
followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to
mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to
extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.
Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the
possible mutation inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium,
hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate
digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of
peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast.
These layers potentially protect spore DNA material.
Factor-2: Core material of the spore also possesses calcium dipicolinate that enable stability of
chromosomal DNA by protecting it from oxidizing agents. Inside the core material, spore
possess DNA and it is covered by specifically small acid-soluble spore proteins an these are
similar to chromatin-like proteins and enable in protecting DNA from heat as well as UV
radiation inducing mutation.
Factor-3: In order to keep the spore dormancy all the spore structural components formed and
maintain signal transduction pathways, which further result in elevated activity of the cAMP-
dependent protein kinase, triggers rapid encapsulation.
Solution
Spore forming bacteria (prokaryotes) such as Bacillus anthracis can be dormant & survive even
for 1000 years under the exposure of ultra-violet rays (the longest UV exposure). This is because
of the following properties
Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores
are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures
followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to
mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to
extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.
Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the
possible mutation inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium,
hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate
digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of
peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast.
These layers potentially protect spore DNA material.
Factor-2: Core mater.
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Plants have two main ways to defend themselves against pathogens: structural characteristics and biochemical characteristics. Structural defenses include waxy cuticles, thick cell walls, stomata shape and distribution, trichomes, lenticels, hydathodes, cork layers, abscission layers, and tyloses. Biochemical defenses include the hypersensitive response where infected cells are killed to contain the pathogen, and inducible chemical defenses where pathogens are recognized by molecular patterns which triggers immune responses. Together these structural and biochemical defenses help plants survive attacks from hundreds of potential pathogens.
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This document discusses structural defense mechanisms in plants against pathogens. It describes both constitutive and induced defenses, which can be morphological (structural) or biochemical. Structural defenses include pre-existing barriers like waxy coatings, hairs, lignin and cuticles, as well as post-infection structures like tyloses, cork layers and abscission zones that limit pathogen spread. These physical barriers block pathogen entry and movement.
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The cell wall is present in plants, fungi, algae, most bacteria, and archaea. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides structural support and protection to the cell. The composition of the cell wall varies between organisms but generally includes cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and sometimes lignin. In plants, the cell wall has a multilayer structure and performs critical functions like allowing cells to withstand pressure, regulate growth, and transport nutrients.
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Spore forming bacteria (prokaryotes) such as Bacillus anthracis can be dormant & survive even
for 1000 years under the exposure of ultra-violet rays (the longest UV exposure). This is because
of the following properties
Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores
are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures
followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to
mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to
extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.
Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the
possible mutation inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium,
hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate
digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of
peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast.
These layers potentially protect spore DNA material.
Factor-2: Core material of the spore also possesses calcium dipicolinate that enable stability of
chromosomal DNA by protecting it from oxidizing agents. Inside the core material, spore
possess DNA and it is covered by specifically small acid-soluble spore proteins an these are
similar to chromatin-like proteins and enable in protecting DNA from heat as well as UV
radiation inducing mutation.
Factor-3: In order to keep the spore dormancy all the spore structural components formed and
maintain signal transduction pathways, which further result in elevated activity of the cAMP-
dependent protein kinase, triggers rapid encapsulation.
Solution
Spore forming bacteria (prokaryotes) such as Bacillus anthracis can be dormant & survive even
for 1000 years under the exposure of ultra-violet rays (the longest UV exposure). This is because
of the following properties
Bacillus subtilis produce dormant spores by sporulation ate suitable conditions and these spores
are called as endospores. These endopores have the capability to survive at extreme temperatures
followed by insufficient nutrient availability and their spore DNA is completely resistant to
mutagens such as UV light, chemicals. They are also resistant to desiccation and resistant to
extreme freezing and chemical disinfectants.
Factor-1: These endospores possess very complex diversified structure that can withstand all the
possible mutation inducing changes. These possess structural adaptations such as exosporium,
hard spore coat and these are acts as very hard complex resistant materials, which can eliminate
digesting enzymes such as lysozymes. These endospores possess cortex composed of
peptidoglycan and it has a core wall that is present under the cortex and surrounds protoplast.
These layers potentially protect spore DNA material.
Factor-2: Core mater.
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- 3. INTRODUCTION Plants need to protect themselves from various threats. Hence, some plants have modified parts that are used for defense. These defense mechanisms are used to protect plants from herbivorous animals, insects also from insects laying eggs on the plants. In plants, defense is made possible through structural methods like thorns, spines, shrinkage, wax covering cuticle, cell wall etc.
- 4. 1.CELL WALL Cell wall is well equipped resistant coat. Chemical substances such as lignin, cutin, suberin, etc. provide rigidity to the cell wall The germs that have crossed the cell wall are prevented from entering through the cell membrane by callose a polysaccharide formed in the cell wall.
- 5. 2.CUTICULAR WAX Wax-mixtures of long chain aliphatic compounds get deposited on the cuticular surface of plants. Deposition of wax on the cuticular is thought to play a defensive role by forming a hydrophobic surface where water is repelled. As a result, the pathogen does not get sufficient water to germinate or
- 6. 3.THORNS Thorns are derived fron shoots. They are modified branches or stems. They may be simple or branched. Curissa bispinosa is a plant that possesses thorn as a defense mechanism.
- 7. 4.PRICKLES Prickles are derived from epidermis tissue. Prickles arise from either stem or leaves.
- 8. 5.SPINES Spines are modified leaves or stipules. Spines are variously described as petiolar spines, leaflet spines, stipular spines. Spine are modified from leaves are seen in Opuntia species. Spine are modified from stipules are seen in Acacia ecioloba
- 9. 6.SHRINKAGE The sensitive plant closes its leaves when they are touched, making them appear dead and therefore unappetizing. Animals may be scared of fast moving plants and hence don’t eat plants that shrink.
- 10. CONCLUSION Plant defense mechanisms consist of a variety of performed barriers likecell wall, cuticles, thorn etc. The barriers, give rigidity and strength to the plant in addition to protecting the plant from pathogen invasion.