Defending a Stand on an Issue by Presenting.pptx

1. Defending a Stand on an Issue by
Presenting Reasonable
Arguments

2. Steps in presenting arguments to defend
or support a stand on an issue
1. Make Issue Criteria
2. Collect Evidences from Properly -
Cited Sources
3. Make an Appeal to Your Audience

3. 1. Make Issue Criteria
Keep in mind that you have to persuade
others and make them believe in your
claim.
When shaping it, consider and ask
yourself the following questions to ensure
that you will be able to present strong
arguments on the issues.

4. 2. Collect Evidences from Properly - Cited
Sources
Before deciding on a stand to defend, you
should do some research on the subject
matter.
While you may already have an opinion
on your topic and an idea about which
side of the argument you want to take, you
need to ensure that your position is well
supported.

5. List of the most common kinds of
evidentiary sources:
surveys, descriptive studies, case studies,
academic journals, popular magazines,
biographical information, quotes or
summaries of work from established
authorities, statistics, interview of an
authority or ordinary citizen, laboratory
research, and textual analysis.

6. 3. Make an Appeal to Your Audience
To convince a particular person that your
own views are sound, you have to consider
the audience way of thinking.
Appealing to the audience is another
important part of defending a stand on an
issue.
This can help you strengthen your position
or claim

7. 3. Make an Appeal to Your Audience
In an academic argument, logical appeals are
the most common, however, depending on your
topic, ethical and emotional appeals may be
used as well.
Your claim or position may be supported
through three major types of appeals: Logical
Appeals, Emotional Appeals, Ethical Appeals

8. A. LOGICAL APPEALS
This is the use of facts in order to support and
defend a position.
This means reasoning with your audience,
providing them with facts and statistics, or
making historical and literal analogies.
It persuades the audience by targeting their
thinking.

9. A. LOGICAL APPEALS
Example: More than one hundred peer-reviewed
studies have been conducted over the past
decade, and none of them suggests that
coconut milk is an effective treatment for hair
loss.
In this argument, the peer – reviewed studies are
used as factual supports.

10. B. EMOTIONAL APPEALS
This is the use of the audience’s feelings for the
subject of the paper such as anger, pity, and
aversion in order to persuade.
It may also refer to values that the reader may
identify with such as the importance of family
ties, hospitality and the bayanihan spirit.

11. B. EMOTIONAL APPEALS
Example: How can you say that the government
shouldn’t censor the internet? Think of the poor
children who might be exposed to inappropriate
content.
This type of argument attempts to elicit a strong
emotional response, since people will generally
want to protect children, and since no one wants
to adopt a stance that will purportedly harm
them

12. C. ETHICAL APPEALS
This is the use of convincing an audience
through the credibility of the persuader, be it a
notable or experienced figure in the field or even
a popular celebrity.
Example: As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you
that this course of treatment will likely generate
the best results.

13. C. ETHICAL APPEALS
Here, people tend to believe the opinions
of doctors in the matter of medical
treatments.
The audience consider the argument
because of the credibility of the speaker

14. 4. ORGANIZE YOUR VIEWPOINTS OR
ARGUMENTS
In presenting arguments, you are typically asked to
take a position on an issue or topic and explain and
support your position with research from reliable and
credible sources.
The argument you are making should be clear within
your thesis statement. You should have several
reasons or points of discussion that help you to
support your argument.

15. Sample Outline
I. Introduction
A. Introduce the topic
B. Provide background on the topic to explain
why it is important
C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue).

16. Sample Outline
Your introduction has a dual purpose:
to indicate both the topic and your
approach to it (your thesis statement),
and to arouse your reader’s interest in
what you have to say.

17. II. Your Arguments
A. Assert point #1 of your claims
1. Give your educated and informed opinion
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source
(preferably three)
B. Assert point #2 of your claims
1. Give your educated and informed opinion
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source
(preferably three)
C. Assert point #3 of your claims
1. Give your educated and informed opinion
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source
(preferably three)

18. III. Counter Argument
A. Summarize the counterclaims
B. Provide supporting information for
counterclaims
C. Refute the counterclaims
D. Give evidence for argument

19.  You can generate counterarguments by asking
yourself what someone who disagrees with you
might say about each of the points you've made
or about your position as a whole.
 Once you have thought up some
counterarguments, consider how you will
respond to them.

20.  Will you concede that your opponent has a
point but explain why your audience
should nonetheless accept your argument?
 Will you reject the counterargument and
explain why it is mistaken?
 Be sure that your reply is consistent with
your original argument.

21. IV. Conclusion
A. Restate your argument
B. Provide a plan of action but do not
introduce new information
When defending a stand on an issue it is
very important that you have to organize
your arguments clearly.

22. FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND
VALIDITY OF
EVIDENCES/INFORMATION

23. While there is a wealth of information found in
various sources electronically or nonelectronically,
you should also keep in mind that not all of these
pieces of information are accurate, relevant, valid or
credible.
Hence, it is important to evaluate sources of
information that you plan to include in your
academic writing venture.

24. The following are some of the criteria
assessing whether the source is suitable to
use for academic purposes.
The criteria include relevance, authority,
currency, contents, and location of sources.

25. 1. Relevance of the Source
How well does the source support your
stand?
You can check the title, table of contents,
summary, introduction or headings of the
text to have a sense of its content.

26. 2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications
Is the author’s name identified?
Is the author’s background, education or
training related to the topic?
If the source does not have an author, think
twice before using it.
Legitimate academic texts must include
citations. Citations demonstrate that the writer
has thoroughly researched the topic and is not
plagiarizing the material.

27. 3. Currency/Date of Publication
What is the date of the publication?
 In most fields, the data from the older
publications may no longer be valid. As
much as possible, the date of publication
should be at most five years earlier.

28. 4. Contents/Accuracy of Information
Does the author have a lot of citations in
his or her text and/or bibliography or works
cited section?
 You do not want to use source that is
disputable, so make sure to verify your
findings with multiple sources.

29. 5. Location of Sources
Where was the source published? Was it
published digitally or in print?
Is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable
news source as www.nytimes.com or
www.economist.com?
Does it provide complete publication
information such as author/s, editor/s, title, date
of publication and publisher?

30. 5. Location of Sources
What is the URL of the website?
Avoid using blogs or personal homepage and
wiki sites (Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
If the URL includes the top-level domain .edu,
then that means that it has been published by an
academic institution such as university

31. 5. Location of Sources
Common URLs include .gov (government),
.org (organizations), .com (commercial sites)
and .net (network infrastructures).
In academic writing, reputable sites are
those with .edu, .gov, .net and .org in URL.

32. Pieces of evidence to strengthen the
author’s claims:
Evidence from surveys, library research and
experiments.
Evidence from informant interviews (those
who have direct experience related to the
problem/issue.
Evidence from expert interviews

33. Guidelines in presentation of reasonable arguments
and factual evidences to defend a stand:
C - contains a clear proposition or statement that
must be defended.
A - assesses conflicting opinions or opposing
views on the issue.
T - takes a firm stand on the issue.
L - lists arguments in an organized manner to
defend the stand.
C -consider your audience/reader.