Decisions.ppt
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This document discusses capital expenditure (CAPEX) decisions and the capital budgeting process. It outlines that CAPEX decisions relate to long-term investments whose benefits will be realized in the future. The capital budgeting process involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and evaluating projects using methods like net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. Key factors in CAPEX decisions are the large expenditures, long-term consequences, irreversible nature, risk, and strategic significance.
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Capital budgeting refers to the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and selecting those that will provide the best return. It involves forecasting cash flows, determining the required rate of return, and using decision criteria like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index to analyze whether projects should be accepted. The capital budgeting process is important for firms as it influences long-term growth and risk.
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Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Casting-Defect-inSlab continuous casting.pdf
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
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reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
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geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Decisions.ppt
- 1. CAPEX
- 2. Financial decisions taken by a firm Investment decisions •Long term investment decisions •Short term investment decisions Financing decisions Profit allocation decisions
- 3. CAPEX decision CAPEX relates to selection of an asset or investment proposal or course of action whose benefits are likely to be available in future over the lifetime of the project. Capital Budgeting is the Total process of generating, evaluating, selecting and following up on capital expenditures.
- 4. Why CAPEX decisions? Expansion Diversification Replacement Modernization
- 5. Significance of CAPEX decisions Huge Expenditure Long term decision and consequence Irreversible Very risky Strategic
- 6. BASIC STEPS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING 1. Estimate the cash flows 2. Assess the risk of the cash flows 3. Determine the appropriate discount rate. 4. Find the PV of the expected cash flows. 5. Apply proper evaluation criteria
- 7. Estimate the cash flows Initial Cash flow / Net investment Annual cash flow / Net cash flows Terminal cash flow
- 8. Net investment Net Investment = Cost of New Project + Installation Costs _ Proceeds From Sale or Disposal of Assets ± Taxes on Sale of Assets
- 9. Annual cash flows / Net cash flow Net cash flow = Earnings before depreciation and taxes (EBIT) - Depreciation - Taxes = Earnings after taxes (EAT) + Depreciation = NCF
- 10. Project evaluation criteria Payback period Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) Net present value (NPV) Internal rate of return (IRR) Profitability index
- 11. Payback period The payback period is defined as the time it takes the cash inflows from a capital investment project to equal the cash outflows, usually expressed in years. When deciding between two or more competing projects, the usual decision is to accept the one with the shortest payback.
- 12. Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) The ARR method (also called the return on capital employed (ROCE) or the return on investment (ROI) method) of appraising a capital project is to estimate the accounting rate of return that the project should yield. If it exceeds a target rate of return, the project will be undertaken.
- 13. Net present value (NPV) NPV = Total present value of all cash flows - Initial investment Decision rule: If NPV is positive (+): accept the project If NPV is negative(-): reject the project
- 14. Internal rate of return (IRR) The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV for a project equals zero. This rate means that the present value of the cash inflows for the project would equal the present value of its outflows. The IRR is the break-even discount rate. The IRR is found by trial and error.
- 15. Relationship between NPV and IRR
- 16. Profitability Index (PI) The profitability index, or PI, method compares the present value of future cash inflows with the initial investment on a relative basis. Therefore, the PI is the ratio of the present value of cash flows (PVCF) to the initial investment of the project. investment Initial PVCF PI
- 17. MAKING GO/NO-GO PROJECT DECISION Focus on cash flow not profit Consider incremental cash flow Account for time Consider risk