The document summarizes key information about the Deccan Traps volcanic formation in India. It describes the Deccan Traps as the largest volcanic formation in the Indian subcontinent, located between latitudes 17-24 degrees and longitudes 73-74 degrees. The document further classifies the Deccan Traps into upper, middle, and lower divisions based on their thickness and characteristics. It notes that the Deccan Traps cover an area of 500,000 square kilometers and have an estimated volume of 512,000 cubic kilometers.
The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for rock formations. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp , trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.
The plateau: also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A plateau is an elevated land. It is a flat-topped table standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes.
LIP – Large Igneous provinces. (Province = Area / Region)
DVP - The Deccan Volcanic Province is one of the Earth’s giant continental flood basalts and has a total exposed area of about half a million square kilometers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and some part of Andhra Pradesh. Deccan trap has maximum thickness 3400m in western ghat and its thickness goes decrease toward east side. At Amrakantat on east its thickness is just 160m. Geographical distribution is between latitudes 16° - 24° N and longitudes 70° - 77° E.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for rock formations. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp , trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.
The plateau: also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A plateau is an elevated land. It is a flat-topped table standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes.
LIP – Large Igneous provinces. (Province = Area / Region)
DVP - The Deccan Volcanic Province is one of the Earth’s giant continental flood basalts and has a total exposed area of about half a million square kilometers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and some part of Andhra Pradesh. Deccan trap has maximum thickness 3400m in western ghat and its thickness goes decrease toward east side. At Amrakantat on east its thickness is just 160m. Geographical distribution is between latitudes 16° - 24° N and longitudes 70° - 77° E.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
The Malwa constituting the Deccan Trap volcanic province (Upper Cretaceous –Eocene). The Malwa region occupies a plateau in Western M.P and South-Eastern Rajasthan (between 21010’ N and 73045 E ) with Gujarat in the West . The region include the M.P district of Agar, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain parts of Guna and Sehore and the Rajasthan district of Jhalawar and parts of Banswara and Pratapgarh. It is covered an area of 81,767 sq. km. and elevation of 500m.Ujjain region constituting the Malwa region. Ujjain District is situated in Madhya Pradesh and lies between longitude 750 45’ to 750 50’ and latitude 230 15’ to 230 5’ and area lies the toposheet No. 45M/16 and 46M/12.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. INTRODUCTION
Deccan traps have been defined as the greatest volcano
formation of indian subcontinent.
They located between (17-24,73-74E) and on of the volcanic
feature on the earth.
Their thickness decreases towards east and in shahdol
district at amarkantak they are only about 160m thick.
Deccan traps are largely made up of lavaflows of basic
composition.
4. Age:-
o The age of lava flow ranges from upper cretaceous to lower
Eocene.
o Deccan traps have been regarded as of paleocene age on
the basis of the following evidences.
• The Deccan trap overlies the bagh and lameta beds which
are of middle cretaceous age.
• In the saurashtra area of Gujarat,the “Nummulitic beds”of
lower Eocene age
5. Structure:-
• The Deccan traps flows are generally horizontal in attitude.
• But gentle dips of order of 10(degree)have also been
observed at some places.
• Lavas are believed to have intrupted subarially through
fissures in the earth crust.
Example:-
• In Narmada valley they run in the ENE-WSW direction.
• In Kokan their strike is N-S direction.
• In a cutch area of Gujarat these dyes trend in the NNE-SSW
direction.
6. Classification:-
Division Distribution Characters
Upper traps
(500m)
NW Peninsula Lava flows with ash
beds and
intertrappeans.
Middle traps
(1300m)
Central India and
Malwa region.
Lavaflows with ash
beds. Intertrappeans
are rare.
Lower traps
(160m)
M.P and eastern region. Lavaflows with many
intertrappeans.Ash
beds are rare.
7. Occurrences
• It cover an area of 500
thousand square km.
• It has volume of 512000 km
cube.
• They occupy major parts of
Gujarat,Maharashtra and some
parts of Andhra Pradesh.
• In Maharashtra they found
near the Matheran and Pune.
8. Rocks:-
The majority of Deccan trap flows are Basalt with uniform chemical
composition.
Other Rock
Other Rock:-
1. Rhyolite
2. Granophyre
3.Nepheline synite etc.
Have also found in cutch area of Gujarat.
Rhyolite Granophyre Nepheline synite
10. Economic important:-
1)Road Metal:-
The Deccan tarp basalt use in road metal because
they have high crushing strength and good binding.
2)Building Stones:
The light colored Basalts are used as building
stones in many part of India.
3)Black Soil:-
The most fertile black soil of Malwa and Maharashtra,
have been derived from Deccan trap.
11. 4)Aquifers:-
The vesicular and highly jointed lavaflows form good
aquifers which the ground water is obtained.
5)Bauxite Deposits:-
Bauxite deposits are formed due to prolonged
weathering of the Deccan traps.
