Deadlock Backgroud.pptx
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This document discusses deadlocks in computer systems. It defines a deadlock as when a set of blocked processes each hold a resource and wait to acquire a resource held by another process, creating a circular wait. The document outlines methods to prevent, avoid, detect, and recover from deadlocks. These include deadlock prevention through proper resource allocation and deadlock recovery by undoing processes or preempting resources to break cycles in the resource allocation graph.
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The document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by providing examples of deadlock situations and defining the four conditions required for deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. It then describes methods for handling deadlocks, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. For prevention and avoidance, it discusses specific algorithms like the banking algorithm and using a resource allocation graph to model processes and resources. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate deadlock states and these algorithms.
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The document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by providing examples of deadlock situations and defining the four conditions required for deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. It then describes methods for handling deadlocks, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. For prevention and avoidance, it discusses specific algorithms like the banking algorithm and resource allocation graphs. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate deadlock states and algorithms.
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A deadlock is a state in a computer system where two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource. This impasse leads to a standstill in the execution of programs, resulting in a halt of system operations. Deadlocks typically occur in multitasking or multi-process environments, where processes compete for shared resources such as memory, files, or hardware devices.
The deadlock scenario involves a cyclic waiting condition, where each process holds a resource and waits for another resource held by a different process. This circular dependency prevents any of the involved processes from making progress, causing the entire system to become unresponsive.
Key conditions for a deadlock to occur include mutual exclusion, where resources cannot be simultaneously shared; hold and wait, where a process holds resources while waiting for additional ones; no preemption, where resources cannot be forcibly taken away from a process; and circular wait, where a cycle of processes forms, each waiting for the next to release a resource.
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Frame detection.pdf
This lab aims to implement a frequency offset correction algorithm called Moose and a frame detection method using correlation. Students will study the performance of these algorithms by incorporating them in a receiver synchronization block. The lab covers the Moose algorithm, sliding correlation algorithm and procedures to test them over a real wireless link between a USRP transmitter and receiver. Students are asked questions about the impact of frequency offsets, properties of training sequences, and challenges faced in implementing the systems.
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This document announces a 5G and Beyond Hackathon in India to develop products and solutions relevant to 5G and beyond technologies. The hackathon is open to student teams and startups owned by Indian citizens. Applications are due by July 31, 2023 and should include details on the technical domain, product description, proof of concept materials, and how the solution qualifies as a 5G use case. The goal is to take innovations from the proof of concept stage to develop India-specific applications of 5G and beyond technologies.
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The document describes the design process for a low noise amplifier (LNA) using the Microwave Office linear simulation software. It involves creating schematics of the LNA circuit, importing device models, setting design goals, running simulations, and tuning circuit elements. Key steps include adding a Fujitsu HEMT device, setting measurements and graphs to analyze S-parameters, gain, noise figure, and stability. Inductors are tuned to match the input for optimal gain and noise figure. An output matching circuit is then added and tuned to maximize overall gain across the target frequency band from 0.1-20GHz.
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This document discusses symmetric multiprocessors (SMP) and multicore computers. An SMP has two or more similar processors that share main memory and I/O devices, controlled by an integrated operating system. This allows parallel processing for improved performance and availability even if a processor fails. Additional processors can incrementally improve performance and scale the system. A multicore computer combines two or more processors called cores on a single chip, with each core having its own L1 and L2 caches, and sometimes sharing an L3 cache.
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This document discusses operating system concepts from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It covers topics such as system calls, types of system calls, system programs, operating system structures, debugging, and system boot. The key points are that system calls provide an interface for programs to request services from the operating system, there are different types of system calls for processes, files, devices etc., and system programs provide user interfaces and utilities for tasks like file management and programming support.
Lec 6 OS structure and Operations.ppt
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts from the 9th edition of the textbook "Operating System Concepts" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. It describes the structure and operations of operating systems, including how they control and coordinate the use of computer hardware among applications and users. The key components of an operating system are the kernel, system programs, applications, and users. Operating systems allocate resources, control program execution, and protect the system through dual-mode operation and interrupts.
cs-intro-os.ppt
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
1. An operating system acts as a virtual machine that hides complex hardware details and provides services through system calls. It manages resources like time and memory allocation.
2. Core OS functions include process management, I/O device control, resource access control, error handling, and accounting. The kernel contains frequently used functions and privileges.
3. Early systems used serial processing but evolved to batch processing, multiprocessing, time-sharing, and today's graphical user interfaces across networks.
Lecture-2 Signal-Spectra-Modulation.pptx
This document discusses different types of signals and their spectra. It describes analog signals as continuous over time, digital signals as discrete over both time and amplitude, and discrete signals as discrete over time but not amplitude. It defines a signal's spectrum as its frequency spectrum, which represents the signal in the frequency domain and can be generated via a Fourier transform, showing amplitude versus frequency.
Noise in AM systems.ppt
This chapter discusses the effect of noise on analog communication systems. It begins by introducing angle modulation systems and frequency modulation (FM), which can provide greater noise immunity than amplitude modulation (AM) systems, though they require more bandwidth. The chapter then examines the effects of noise on various AM systems, including double-sideband suppressed-carrier AM (DSB-SC AM), single-sideband AM (SSB AM), and conventional AM. It finds that DSB-SC AM and SSB AM do not provide any signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement over a baseband system. The chapter also analyzes carrier phase estimation using a phase-locked loop and the effects of transmission loss and noise on analog communication systems
Lecture 22 Threshold effects in FM.pptx
The document discusses the threshold effect in FM receivers. As the carrier-to-noise ratio decreases at the discriminator input, the FM receiver will break down. First, individual clicks will be heard in the output. As the ratio decreases further, the clicks will rapidly merge into a crackling or sputtering sound. The threshold effect is defined as the minimum carrier-to-noise ratio that provides an output signal-to-noise ratio not less than predicted by the usual formula, assuming small noise power. Techniques like FM feedback, phase-locked loops, and frequency-locked loops can delay the onset of threshold effects.
Lecture-5 AM Signal Generation – Type 1.pptx
This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) signal generation using a square law diode modulator (DSBFC). It provides the following key points:
- A square law modulator requires a means of summing the carrier and modulating waves, a nonlinear element (such as a diode or transistor), and a band pass filter to extract the desired modulation products.
- Using the square law approximation of a diode's power law characteristic, an AM signal can be generated by mixing the modulating signal with the carrier signal and filtering the output.
- Suppressing the carrier wave can save power in AM transmission - suppressing just the carrier saves 66.6% power, while suppressing the carrier and one sideband
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Deadlock Backgroud.pptx
- 1. Deadlocks
- 2. 7.2 Deadlocks ● The Deadlock Problem ● System Model ● Deadlock Characterization ● Methods for Handling Deadlocks ● Deadlock Prevention ● Deadlock Avoidance ● Deadlock Detection ● Recovery from Deadlock
- 3. 7.3 Chapter Objectives ● To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks ● To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
- 4. 7.4 The Deadlock Problem ● A set of blocked processes each holding a resource and waiting to acquire a resource held by another process in the set ● Example ● System has 2 disk drives ● P1 and P2 each holds one disk drive and each needs another one ● Example ● semaphores A and B, initialized to 1 P0 P1 wait (A); wait(B) wait (B); wait(A)
- 5. 7.5 Bridge Crossing Example ● Traffic only in one direction ● Each section of a bridge can be viewed as a resource ● If a deadlock occurs, it can be resolved if one car backs up (preempt resources and rollback) ● Several cars may have to be backed up if a deadlock occurs ● Starvation is possible ● Note – Most OSes do not prevent or deal with deadlocks
- 6. 7.6 System Model ● Resource types R1, R2, . . ., Rm CPU cycles, memory space, I/O devices ● Each resource type Ri has Wi instances. ● Each process utilizes a resource as follows: ● request ● use ● release
- 7. 7.7 Deadlock Characterization ● Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource ● Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes ● No preemption: a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it, after that process has completed its task ● Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, …, Pn} of waiting processes such that P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P1, P1 is waiting for a resource that is held by P2, …, Pn–1 is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and Pn is waiting for a resource that is held by P0. Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously.
- 8. 7.8 Resource-Allocation Graph ● V is partitioned into two types: ● P = {P1, P2, …, Pn}, the set consisting of all the processes in the system ● R = {R1, R2, …, Rm}, the set consisting of all resource types in the system ● request edge – directed edge P1 → Rj ● assignment edge – directed edge Rj → Pi A set of vertices V and a set of edges E.
- 9. 7.9 Resource-Allocation Graph (Cont.) ● Process ● Resource Type with 4 instances ● Pi requests instance of Rj ● Pi is holding an instance of Rj P i P i Rj Rj
- 10. 7.10 Example of a Resource Allocation Graph
- 11. 7.11 Resource Allocation Graph With A Deadlock
- 12. 7.12 Graph With A Cycle But No Deadlock
- 13. 7.13 Basic Facts ● If graph contains no cycles ⇒ no deadlock ● If graph contains a cycle ⇒ ● if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock ● if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock
- 14. 7.14 Methods for Handling Deadlocks ● Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state ● Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover ● Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX