Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases
Chapter 1 – The History and Evolution of Foreign Policy Analysis by Valerie M. Hudson
Key Points * Foreign Policy: The strategy or approach chosen by the national government to
achieve its goals in its relations with external entities; includes decisions to do nothing * Foreign
Policy Analysis: seeks to explain foreign policy, or FP behavior, with reference to the theoretical
ground of human decision makers, acting singly and in groups. * Classical FPA scholarship (1954–
1993): Two generations of FPA * 1st generation (1954–1973) – work produced that created FPA *
2nd generation (1974–1993) – work produced that built on foundations created during 1st gen; self–
reflection and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Decision–making as 'organizational behavior' – basic determinants: iv. Spheres of ability of the
actors involved in making a decision v. Communication and information flow vi. Motivations of the
various players
5. What did James Rosenau contribute to FPA's foundations? n. Development of actor–specific
theory that would lead to the development of generalizable propositions at the level of middle–range
theory vii. Middle–range theory: theory that mediates between grand principles and the complexity
of reality viii. Belief that FPA needed testable theory; his suggestion was to copy Mendel in
discerning genotype from phenotype with observation and comparison (Do genotypes of states
exist? Would knowing about them give us explanatory and predictive power in making models of
foreign policy interaction?)
6. What did Harold and Margaret Sprout contribute to FPA's foundations? o. Sprouts suggested FP
can only be explained with reference to the psycho–milieu (the
psychological/situational/political/social contexts) of the individuals involved in the decision
making p. Believed that it's misguided to look at FP outputs (analysis of power capabilities within an
interstate system) without looking at FP undertakings (strategies/decisions/intentions of decision
makers) q. Undertakings
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Foreign Policy Iraq Essay
The U.S.A. Foreign policy was assessed in the determination of UoF in Iraq. The U.S.A. Foreign
policy represents the American publics' wishes or desires that relate directly to foreign affairs. These
desires depict the nation's feelings in foreign trade, aid, and military action (Knecht, & Weatherford,
2006). The central aspects of the policy must be continually addressed to ensure proper alignment
with current objectives and confrontations. The overall decision for the use of foreign policy is in
the hands of both Congress and the President of the U.S.A. (Knecht, & Weatherford, 2006).
However intriguing, this was not the only policy gauged.
Other policies were reviewed besides the U.S.A. One of the first global policies reviewed was ...
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With these goals analyzed and globally possible alternatives that produced an increase of oil prices
presented, to include UoF pricing alternatives, a more practical decision may have been in the
process. These alternatives should have also included the possible adverse actions if Iraq were to
have held Kuwait, advanced through Iran or Saudi Arabia, or even tainted the oil production in
Kuwait for years and then withdrew from the country. With today's enemies being anything other
than historically normal, the U.S.A. and other global players must consider the even the most
atrocious atrocities may become a response to a UoF action of the globe (Gray, 2006). This thought
may be included in the Transformational Leader and their decisions in the

National Security in Foreign Policy
Foreign policy definition: a set of political goals that aims to outline how a particular state will
interact with others
Beach (2012): Foreign policy actions can be undertaken using a variety of different instruments,
ranging from adopting declarations, making speeches, negotiating treaties, giving other states
economic aid, engaging in diplomatic activity such as summits, and the use of military force
No matter which instruments are used, the primary objective of states in outlining their foreign
policies is to maximise their national security.
States can go about maximising national security through different means such as by military force,
economic prosperity and/or the general welfare of its people.
Difficult to analyse to what extent national security is a primary objective of states – theories of IR
will help explain states' motives and how they go about maximising state security, if it is their prime
objective at all.
This essay will analyse the concept of national security through realism (focused on military power),
liberalism (focused on cooperation through liberal internationalism) and constructivism (focused on
wider definitions of security, such as health and the environment).
A. Realism
1. Core principles of realist view of national security
For realists, the concept of national security is an effective balancing of external threats.
The realist tradition of IR theory is said to have stemmed from the work of Thomas Hobbes, where
he

Development of Foreign Policy Essay
Prior to the establishment of the United States, which was formed with the end of the American
Revolution, there was no foreign policy for the American new found state. However, this changed
with the formation of the same. The policy then consisted mainly on its regional interests and had no
regards of the international scene. This however came to pass with the advent of the Spanish–
American war. What however ought to be noted is that the regional policy had in its ideals an aim of
creating an 'Empire of Liberty'.
The US had its first taste of having a foreign affairs office through the First Congress in 1789 upon
the creation of the cabinet level Department of Foreign Affairs. This was soon thereafter renamed to
Department of States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The address also highlighted foreign policy's role at ensuring that the country steers clear from
association with any portion of the foreign world that had a notion of permanence as well as an
advocacy for trade with all nations.
The State found itself entangled with European Powers severally, most notable once being the War
of 1812 and the 1898 Spanish–American War that earlier had been noted. These entanglements
nevertheless did not deter the growth of the US foreign policy as even with them, its foreign trade
continued to flourish under the helm of the policy. This also ensured that despite the wars in the
European world with which it was in constant contact with, the state did not partake of them. In
furtherance to this, the US made a lot of progress in the same duration. It grew in geographical
coverage and might by great leaps all thanks to the spirit of the foreign affairs.
With the entrant of the 20th Century, the US saw with it its participation in two World Wars, and its
subsequent success not in one but both. This increased its might, reputation and significance in the
shaping and development of the world's politics. This was topped by the Wilsonianism program
which had to its end, the spread of democracy and end of militarism amongst nations (Manela,
2009). The Wilson's initiative saw to its end the formation of the League of Nations upon the end of
the WWI, though the US declined to join.
Between the years 1932 to

American Foreign Policy
American Foreign Policy refers to the interests of the United States among the world of Nations.
American Foreign Policy also refers to the United States effort to achieve its national objectives,
sometimes at the expense of other nations.
The American foreign policy goal as stated in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State,
are "to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world for the benefit of the
American people and the international community." [1] The mission statement alone holds the
interests of the US at the top of the agenda. The US also has goals to benefit the entire world
community.
The basic goal of American foreign policy is to protect America and Americans. Many threats exist
all over the world ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
diplomats and other government officials, whether they work at home or abroad, are the people that
make diplomacy work. A basic foreign policy goal is to see that the people who work to benefit the
United States are given the continued support and protection they need. Diplomats stationed in
places where there are conflicts, such as the Middle East, Africa and South America depend on
foreign policy to help them do their job and improve relations and terms with the countries in which
they are stationed.
Another basic goal of American Foreign Policy is implementing democratic governments. The US
aids democratic nations and helps others create democratic political systems. With US help, many
formerly Communist nations in Europe began to form democratic political systems in the 1990's.
Many critics have stated that America's foreign policy does not change despite a change in the
country's leadership. However, the foreign policies adopted by different presidents have differed in
various respects. Certain variations can also be seen between the foreign policies of the Obama and
Bush Administrations. Both the Bush administration and the Obama administration have committed
to a foreign policy that ensures the safety of Americans.
Obama gave his first major foreign policy speech of his campaign on April 23, 2007 to the Chicago
Council on Global Affairs, in which he outlined his foreign policy objectives, stressing five key

The Implications Of A Theory Of Foreign Policy
Daniel Rattray
Robin Datta
POLS 321: American Foreign Policy
4/11/2016
Response Paper 1 – Prompt 1
The Implications of Clinging to Theory in Foreign Policy
Analyzing foreign policies under the lens of a particular conceptual theory can be useful because it
allows us to pinpoint problems and focus on particular solutions in an otherwise complex
international environment. Using general theories as predictive models of foreign policy outcomes
allows us, as a nation, to unify our beliefs in an otherwise contentious arena, and make decisions for
our future that can be weighed and tested. The problems with adhering to a single theory, however,
are that we can often entrench ourselves within a certain perspective, oversimplify a situation, and ...
I will argue that the best approach to foreign policy theory is to use all three theories and adapt them
to the current political atmosphere because it allows us to more easily unify as a people and make
more correct predictions about how to create peace for the world. There are three main realms of
political theory: realism, liberalism, and constructivism (Snyder 53). Realism is essentially the
shifting of power between nation–states as they gain or lose military might in the international
arena. It assumes that peace comes from a balance between states as they seek what is in their self–
interest, and that less powerful states will coalesce against the more powerful hegemony (Snyder
55). Realism falls short in that it fails to be able to adapt to changing international norms in what
qualifies as a nation–state, such as explaining why the U.S. would go to war with a group like Al
Qaeda. Additionally, it tends to ignore the strong ideological focus in the U.S. on creating
democracies, or to explain why other nation–states have not joined together to combat the U.S.'s
hegemony (Snyder 59). However, it does tend to explain the nation's strong military response to
terrorist attacks and shows of military strength such as Pearl

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies
The U.S. foreign policy has always been linked to the domestic policy since the U.S. never feared of
expanding its national interests over the national boarders. Isolation for the U.S. usually implied
slow economic growth and the large number of destructive conflicts within, while impudent foreign
policy always guaranteed an abrupt economic growth for the U.S. economy. After the U.S.
intervened in the WWI and the WWII, the U.S. economy witnessed a tremendous economic growth,
nearly elimination of the unemployment, rapid urbanization and overall growth of the standards of
living across the country. Decisive foreign policy has always been providing the U.S. economy with
the sustainable and rapid economic growth, unlike the policy aimed at isolation of the U.S.
According to Kaufman and Joyce (2010), preoccupation with the domestic issues never resulted in
the long–term economic growth for the U.S. Isolationist policies impeded the U.S. territorial
expansion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Kaufman & Joyce 71). While some presidents
indeed preferred isolationism like FDR during his first tenures as the U.S. President, he then
abolished isolationist policies after the 1941 Pearl Harbor disaster. The U.S. witnessed that
isolationist policies for the U.S. turned out to be extremely unproductive and even dangerous.
Militarist Japan brutally attacked the U.S. fleet on Hawaii during the WWII, totally ignoring the
U.S. neutral isolationist status in 1941. FDR had to confess

The Simulation Exercise On Foreign Policy Essay
The simulation exercise learns the students how to make decisions in the U.S foreign policy. The
members of the cabinet are instructed by the president to use one model in their decision making
process. The secretaries follow a Bureaucratic Politics model, each Cabinet member instructed to
make a particular decision based on his/her organizational agendas. The President is free to follow
whatever process he find it appropriate. Several situation updates during the exercise according to
the crisis atmosphere of the decision making. In the end, students find out that to make decision in
the foreign policy is much harder than they thought. Shortage of information, time, and different
personal backgrounds and organizational information all get in the way of reaching a dicission. Prior
to the exercise in class, I play the president of the United States leading the NSC meeting, and
looking from my position on stopping the flow of the refugees, the Turkish government should have
held responsible for the Syrian refugee, and for terrorists (ISIL) operating cross the boarders, then
what the Security Council should do in response to ISIL. During the Security Council meeting in
class, my Cabinets work together to find a resolution in response to the bombing of the boarder's
Turkish cities, and the theatre with the stadium attacking in Franc calamities. Concludes that my
advisors and I gain a greater understanding of how The National Security Council works. I also
demonstrated a

Overview
An Overview of Malaysia 's Foreign Policy As an extension of domestic policy, foreign policy is
designed with the purpose in mind of defending and promoting the country 's national security,
economic and other vital interests. Despite the diversity of views regarding the perception and
explanation of foreign policy, no foreign policy can be formulated in a vacuum. It must serve to
function in a dynamic environment. Malaysia 's foreign policy is no exception. Various
geographical, historical, social and political determinants contribute to shaping the nature of
Malaysia 's foreign policy and the conduct of the country 's international relations. Added to this is
the external environment, or what may be termed as the systemic determinant, ... Show more content
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Malaysia in turn becomes the target for being "too vocal". But this is something that we need to take
in our own stride if Malaysia is to be proactive at the global level. As a small developing–country
player in the international arena, Malaysia needs to firmly uphold the principles of the UN charter as
a defence of last resort. Certain fundamental principles governing interstate relations would continue
to guide Malaysia 's relations with other countries. These refer to sovereign equality and mutual
respect for territorial
2
integrity, mutual non–aggression, non–interference in each other 's internal affairs, peaceful
settlement of disputes as well as mutual benefit in relations and peaceful coexistence. These
principles have stood the test of time. Indeed, our steadfast adherence to these principles, supported
by a consistent foreign policy, has established for Malaysia certain credibility in the eyes of the
international community. Malaysia has repeatedly stressed the importance of adhering to the
especially important principle of non–interference in internal affairs, particularly in the context of
regional relations. The so–called "constructive intervention" policy advocated by some, involving
loud criticism, adversarial posturing and grand standing would only bring more harm than good to
the promotion of neighbourly relations. We do make exceptions to the policy of non–interference in
certain

Foreign Policy Donnelly
Synopsis
Donnelly is deliberate in his mission to elaborate on how foreign policy is often adopted for various
reasons, and he begins with the identity issues that pushed the United States to embrace policies to
guard against violation of these rights. The question about the policy mainly lies in the issues that
should be encompassed in the policy as well as how to pursue the policy and the extent to which it
covers. The readings reveal that for an extensive period many nations failed to formulate foreign
policies as they did not see any need but with time each nation came up with a policy for specific
benefits. Political agendas were also a justification for some nations to embrace the making of these
human rights–based policies, however, for some nations, it was a matter of self–image, for instance,
South Africa (Donnelly P.200). Sanctions and diplomacy are listed as the means by which many
nations embrace to enforce their foreign policies. Donnelly mentions that there exist restraints to the
enforcement of the policies when they are local to a nation.
Concerning interventions, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, both authors agree that intervention is highly founded on humanitarian protection as well as
the right to protect as opposed to the use of coercive force to impose peace (Weiss, p.9). However,
there arise differences in the insights of Weiss and Donnelly when Weiss makes the implications that
the right to protect encompasses the maintenance of individual duties, dispensing international aid as
well as providing help for weak nations (P.10). Donnelly, on the other hand, is keen on suggesting
the existence of a heightened level of selfishness in the formulation and enactment of foreign policy
aid especially by superior and well–developed states like the U.S (p.

Foreign Policy : A Type Of Strategy Implemented By A Country
Sarah Golose
Pols& 202
12/3/2015
Robin Datta
Final Exam Foreign Policy
According to BussinessDictionary.com, foreign policy is a type of strategy implemented by a
country which relates to their diplomatic issues and decisions with other countries. Foreign policy is
not merely invented in the United States, if there was only one country that has this policy then how
would a country has an affair or a relation to one another? Thus, foreign policy is supposed to be
useful for one country and the others. Furthermore, the United States values foreign policy because
this policy helps the country to protect itself, its citizens, enhance its economic, human rights and to
obtain recognition from other countries about what the United States truly values and to assist the
country's representations such as diplomats (U.S Department of State).
The United States is known for creating rights and laws that other countries do not even informally
or formally discuss due to controversies that spark around the topics. Not just rights and laws,
foreign policies that the United States decides to create will affect immensely towards a lot of
countries in the world. For example, in 1962, John Fitzgerald Kennedy or known as JFK was the
most controversial president that America ever had due to his assassination and also how he handled
a very emergency situation called "Cuban Missile Crisis". The predicament of this crisis was that
whether the United States should attack and invade

United States Foreign Policy In The 1920's
The United States foreign policy has always been a very controversial subject. For it was one of
Founding Fathers (George Washington) most prominent ideas. He felt that no good came from
interfering in other nations affairs, and for the US to gain ultimate success, it would have to keep its
nose clean. However, as the 20th century came around global war was on the rise, and this idea of
neutrality began to fade.
After taking office, Wilson quickly changed an ambitious foreign policy. Although he drew upon
several classic traditions in U.S. foreign relations, most notably a faith in the importance of
democracy, Wilson's foreign policy was unique in its own right. Other points, "Wilsonianism"
advocated the spreading of democracy, the opening of global markets, the creation of an
international organization dedicated to keeping peace, and an active global role for the United
States. It was through entry into World War I that Wilsonianism reached its climax. "The world must
be made safe for democracy," stated the President. It seems his main aspirations were to create and
lead the globe in a peaceful manner, which seem to foreshadow actions to come (League of Nations)
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cooperating with international agencies throughout the 1920's regarding matters such as drug
trafficking and trade. Also participating in diplomatic talks regarding war debts and reparations,
while still trying to bring world peace. The US was still very much involved in the affairs of Western
countries, especially those in Central America. America was a lot of things after WW1, but an
isolationist was not one of

Isolationist Foreign Policy
Foreign policies are a government's approach on dealing with other countries, they are established as
a systematic way to deal with issues that may arise . The United States today strive for National
Security, free and open trade, world peace, and Democratic governments when intervening with the
rest of the world creating many foreign policies. However, many citizens in the United States debate
about U.S foreign policy, many believe that involvement with other countries only lead to conflicts
while others say that it builds the countries power. One group who greatly despise foreign policy are
the Isolationists. They believe that the country should not be involved in the affairs of other
countries, "especially aloof from armed conflict elsewhere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Constitution also gives Congress the power to check the Presidents foreign policy powers in
important ways. The President can order U.S. military into action to respond to threats to the
security of the nation however, only Congress has the authority to official declare war. In treaty
making the president must also work together with Congress. While the President is free to negotiate
treaties between the United States and other nations, treaties must be advised and consented to by a
two–thirds vote in the

International Relations And American Foreign Policy
International Relations and American Foreign Policy are both strong qualities that help define
America as a nation. Not only that, but a strong nation that has the reputation to not be trifled with.
The concept of International Relations is so much broader than most will ever know and be aware
of. It is such a vast field that almost anything can fall under it. However, there are four main
qualities of our foreign policy and international relations that define the process, and that is
statesmanship, military and war, international economic policy, and cultural exchange. These four
are the core parts of International Relations and America's Foreign Policy.
Statesmanship is basically the ability, qualifications, and practice of managing public affairs. The
three most important qualities of statesmanship are a vision, a moral compass, and the wisdom to
execute. Aristotle believed that statesmanship was for the betterment of the community. As the city–
state comes first, there obviously needs to be a vision for the community, a moral compass to follow
and the wisdom of determining and making the execution of that plan. Statesmanship helps lead a
country to greatness. The Bible also has its own spin of statesmanship. For example, Proverbs 21:3
says, 'To do righteousness and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice.' This verse alone
shows that the essence of politics is not separated from morality. That is one reason why a moral
compass is one of the most important

United States Foreign Policy Analysis
The United States must have a solid international relations and an effective domestic policy in order
for the country to be well off and protected from any sorts of extortions.
International relations and United States foreign policy are different from domestic polices and
policymaking. Foreign policy is a way for the government to deliberate interactions with other
nations, but they usually work in a way to fulfill their own objective. Domestic focuses more with
policies that affects our country, such as taxes and healthcare. With domestic policies, government
officials decide on its activities. On the other hand, foreign deals with policies that allocates with
how our nation interacts with the rest of the world, such as war on terror, ... Show more content on
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The scale of American military authority, as well as our country's ability to deploy and use these
resources, is way beyond degree of any present or potential enemy (Greenberg & Page, 2014). Due
to our high budget spending in defense, the United States have exceeded other countries such as
China, France, Germany, Italy, and others in warfare. It is important because the military is our
security against our rivals. The more money that is involved with the military will only help
strengthen our nation and protection for the citizens of the United States. The military is what
protects us from hostile actions from any type of guerilla or terrorists threats. The United States
should use its positions as the major world power to influence international relations so it could be
idolized on the security of their nation, since we do exceed our budget on

Canadian Foreign Policy Essay
Canadian Foreign Policy
Introduction
As the 20th century comes to an end, Canada is a transcontinental nation whose interests and
representatives span the face of the globe and extend into every sphere of human behaviour.
However this was not always the case. When the four colonies of British North America united to
create Canada on July 1, 1867, the new country's future was by no means secure. Canada was a
small country, with unsettled borders, vast empty spaces, and a large powerful neighbour, the United
States. Confronting these challenges was difficult for the young country. Though Canada was
independent in domestic matters, Britain retained control over its foreign policy. Over the next fifty
or so years, Canada's leaders and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless the government soon found that even such a prosaic agenda required the beginnings of
a system of Canadian representation abroad, most notably in the mother country. All correspondence
between Ottawa and London passed through the Governor General who was described as "the
human link in the imperial chain."5
It was in the weary war years of Mackenzie King in the 1930's when the development of Canadian
foreign policy started to take shape. Before that period Canada did not have an independent foreign
policy with no international presence whatsoever and Canadian people saw themselves as part of the
British dynasty. The first period in the formulation of Canadian foreign policy was in fact the
'absence' of policy and it was World War 1 which gave birth to foreign policy. Sixty thousand
Canadians were lost which left Canadians wary of international development especially when there
were very few military objectives. Canada had minimal control over her own troops and
negotiations with the British were a challenge. Our troops were under control of the British and
negotiating with the British was challenging. Looking back, there was almost a sense of absurdity
about WW1. Therefore, Canadians came out of WW1 with a stronger than ever desire for
independence. The Statute of Westminster, 1931, was the last of the Imperial Acts of the Parliament
of Great Britain applicable to all dominions. It granted Canada,

Unilateralist Foreign Policy Analysis
Firstly, it's vital to be familiar with that U.S. pursues a unilateralist foreign policy since post WWII.
The U.S. has an interest of "maintaining geopolitical stability is predicated on its being a
superpower with global economic interests. The U.S. aims to act unilaterally by maintaining a force
structure that can conduct simultaneous expeditionary military operations in widely separated
theaters around the world against multiple adversaries who may not even be natural allies" (Liu).
The core of the foreign policy as Dobriansky describes it as the "pursuit of our goals, our first
imperative is to clarify what we stand for: the United States must defend liberty and justice because
these principles are right and true for all people everywhere"

Foreign Policy Doctrine Of Preemption Essay
A majority of Presidents of the United States throughout history have created foreign policy
doctrines to handle all sorts of matters with other foreign nations. During the George W. Bush
administration a foreign policy doctrine of preemptions was created through concepts of prior
presidencies such as the Clinton administration or even the H.W. Bush administration. The Bush
administration first announced the idea of foreign policy doctrine of preemption during the speech at
West Point in June 2002, which demonstrated that through this doctrine the United States will take
"all necessary action", including using military action if needed against adversaries that are seen as
threats to U.S. national security, as well as taking action against adversaries from using but also
from acquiring the any form of technology associated with weapons of mass destruction
(Steinbruner 2003). Within this foreign policy doctrine of preemption the nation was able to see the
history and development on the events leading to 9/11, as well as seeing a comparison and contrast
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to 9/11, the Bush administration visualized preemption outside of the already established
international law standards and norms. Although, according to Steinbruner, "the prohibition on
territorial aggression and the right to defend against it are the most solidly established international
legal standards" (Steinbruner 2003). Regardless of the fact, precedent is seen in the concept of
preemption. During the past century, countries from the former Soviet Union to India to the United
States have used preemptive forces. For instance, a perfect example of the failure of preemption is
the preemptive strike from Israel in 1982 onto Iraq's Osirak reactor, in order to prevent Iraq from
developing any nuclear weapons to use against

Rwandan Foreign Policy By Exploring And Discussing How...
This thesis illustrated a new way to better examine Rwandan foreign policy by exploring and
discussing how Rwandan leaders view the international community. The traditional standard
narrative on Rwandan foreign relations focused heavily on how Rwanda acted with other states,
institutions and actors. What was continually missing within the existing literature was a deep
understanding of why Rwandan leaders interacted in a certain way with the international
community. The genocide guilt card is most notable in this fault as it heavily focused on the
explaining the mechanism of guilting to which the Rwandan government used to gain state interests.
While the guilt card is perhaps the most known narrative of Rwandan foreign policy, it is not the
only one. And such as with the guilting, these other literature sources on foreign aid, shifting
diplomatic alliances and development, do not discuss the mentality of the Rwandan government
with the world. Literature on Rwanda's military, the Rwanda Defence Force, is the closest to
uncovering how the country views the world. However, the analysis is rather limited as the focus is
not on international relations, but on military–related subjects. The research presented here states
that Rwandan foreign policy contains complexities of three major themes and groups. These were
identified through interviews and data collected during three main periods of fieldwork within
Rwanda, Washington D.C. and New York by the Rwandan officials responsible

Ww1 Foreign Policy
Foreign policy it's something that is almost always under scrutiny and question by the american
people. Well it does have a purpose it tells the american people how the government is going to deal
with foreign nations and our allies. The effects of foreign policy that varies from administration to
administration. Now the point of contingency happens when they are implemented and what they
say they will do. These policies not only affect the U.S. but our allies as well and our enemies. With
this in mind it comes under some serious scrutiny and no one can be pleased in the end. Some of the
most early foreign policies were all toward the idea of isolationism. The Monroe Doctrine "the
doctrine warned European nations that the United States would ... Show more content on
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This was a "war" because no actual fighting actually took place and was about two things the latest
weapon that we had created the atomic bomb and the war between communism and capitalism and
in retrospect can be some up as a child's argument at which one is better. Now this mainly concerned
America (capitalism) and Russia (communism). Several things happened in this period of time and
several foreign policies were created during this time. The first one was Containments "strategic
foreign policy pursued by the United States in the late 1940s and the early 1950s in order to check
the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union"(Britannica). It was as if an iron curtain fell across
europe the methods varied from sending soldiers and armed forces to cutting ties to them entirely
showing hatred for the "Red Menace" or any one allied with them and we became fearful of them
even having a figurative witch hunt for them in our own nation. We had Deterrence for communism
but they aren't as effective as the Berlin Blockade. The Berlin Blockade separated berlin into two
different parts east Berlin and west Berlin it was a literal wall separating the two halves of the city.
This was the point of the cold war where things started to get really bad families were separated
from each other and many died trying cross the makeshift border but it was not the height of the war.
The whole time

America's Foreign Policy In The Middle East Summary
The United States of America's foreign policy has been related to the Middle East since the end of
World War II. The conflict has primarily been to stop the spread of communism not only in the
Middle East, but also in the world as a whole. Communism has been the core dispute in American
history and is still prominent in today's society. Some would argue that the specific conflicts in
history directly relate to the acting president's philosophy. Based on this, historians can determine
what shaped America's foreign policy. Some discovered changes in the philosophy when each
conflict arose, yet it seems to shift every time a new president comes along. While historians focus
on how each event has prompted a specific response from the president; ... Show more content on
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During the chapter about Truman, he uses both logic and evidence to invalidate a source. In the
beginning of the chapter, he emphasizes that Truman himself thought that the Middle Eastern
problem was an important issue for America. However, on page 19, it states, "[Truman] has been
quoted as explaining to a group of diplomats in 1945, 'I'm sorry, gentlemen, but I have to answer to
hundreds of thousands who are anxious for the success of Zionism; I do not have hundreds of
thousands of Arab among my constituents', but his comment, if indeed was made, was unusual.6
The president repeatedly told the State department not to consider 'political factors' in decided the
Palestine policy" (Spiegel, 19). Spiegel uses the word "if" to indicate that the evidence he just stated
might not be valid. This hints to the reader that Spiegel is about to prove why this source should not
be as credible in a counter argument. He also explains that the statement is "unusual" based on
Truman's personality and his previous speeches on similar topics. This brings the reader to question
whether or not the source of evidence is credible. This is exactly what Speigel wanted because this
quote proves that he didn't care about the Arabs and Middle Eastern policy. If this was true, it would
start to hinder at Spiegel's argument in this specific chapter. He then goes into depth by explaining

"The most frustrating and complex foreign policy issues in the world," was a statement that was
once used by past President Bill Clinton to describe foreign policy matters with the Balkans. This
era of history is a classic example of America's continuous battle between isolationism and
internationalism. Given the circumstances that were occurring throughout the Balkans Region the
United States really had no other option but to intervene. With America's leadership and their power
to influence the foreign policy that came to be established has made great changes in the Balkans,
yet it brought burdens to the U.S as well. The Balkans has moved from the likes of war to
reconciliation, from fragmentation to operative growth and from having a lack ... Show more
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Under the Bill Clinton Administration reformation and foreign policy was beginning to be
established with the proper delegations, resources and policies. According to The History Place
President Clinton called for action, "an ultimatum through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) demanding that the Serbs withdraw their artillery from Sarajevo. The Serbs quickly
complied and a NATO–imposed cease–fire in Sarajevo was declared." (Kershaw.) This was just the
beginning of foreign development solution for the Balkan region. The Clinton administration pushed
diplomatic regulations that were designed to unify the Serbs and the Croats. However, the Serbs did
not take to the policies very well and still continued to attack towns in the Croatian areas and kill
them as well. The Serbs began to disregard all Safe Haven zones that were established thus force for
the UN to call air strikes into the Serbs territory. It was until 1995 that America finally sent active
military troop to assist in the war overseas. With the success of the United States military the Serbs
were quickly losing ground and well as soldiers. This forced the Serbs to surrender as The History
Place states, "On November 1, 1995, leaders of the warring factions including Milosevic and
Tudjman traveled to the U.S. for peace talks at Wright–Patterson Air Force base in Ohio."
(Kershaw.) As a result foreign policies were declared. One was that the two nations be seceded from
one another as independent states. Two was that democratic methods be used and followed through
on in all government activities. Third all criminals from the war were to be turned in a prosecuted
with proper punishment. Also as a result the Dayton Peace Agreement was created as a peace
agreement that was established in Dayton, Ohio

Texas Foreign Policy Essay
There has been many arguments on whether Texas should have a foreign policy. First of all, in the
constitution it says that only congress has the power to ratify foreign policies. For example , the
constitution is the only branch of government who has the ability to declare war on other countries.
The president is the one who negotiates ;therefore, he is the commander. Foreign policy has a lot of
influence on determine how the United States conducts their relationships with other countries in the
world. Foreign policy is important because it helps secure the country ,and keep citizens safe in
Texas.
In fact ,there are many pros of establishing a relationship with other countries. Texas is one of the
biggest state in the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the U.S. Constitution it states, (Article I, Section 10), "No state shall, without the consent of
Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually
invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay" this means that Texas has not the
autorotation to form a foreign policy without the consent of the constitution. Moreover ,the Logan
Act of 1799 was created to form a penalty ($5,000 fined) if a U.S citizen forms a agreement with a
foreign government. The act states , "Any citizen of the United States, wherever he may be, who,
without authority of the United States, directly or indirectly commences or carries on any
correspondence or intercourse with any foreign government or any officer or agent thereof, with
intent to influence the measures or conduct of any foreign government or of any officer or agent
thereof, in relation to any disputes or controversies with the United States, or to defeat the measures
of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both".
This law created a lot of controversy ;therefore, people think that the state of Texas should refrain
itself from creating foreign policies.Furthermore, people believe that the rivalry will increase and
form more obstacles. However, this will help Texas by having more

American Foreign Policy Weaknesses
The Founding Fathers of the United States hardly could have imagined a world in which American
drones regularly fly over foreign countries, gathering intelligence and killing suspected terrorists.
Yet the Constitution remains–two–hundred and forty years after its creation–as the guiding force
behind the crafting of America's foreign policy. Scholars have long studied and debated the ways in
which America's democratic political system influences its foreign policy, reaching a wide range of
conclusions on the systems effectiveness and validity. Despite the differences in opinion, one
observation is nigh–universal: American foreign policy needs improvement.
One may argue that the strengths of the American political system outweigh the weaknesses, ...
Allowing Congress to play a major role in foreign policy acts as a check on the President, who is the
original and ultimate authority in various foreign policy issues. Congressional involvement in
foreign policy can lead to an investigation into a President's suspicious acts and includes the power
to respond to overreaching Executives. However, although Congress has the ability to play a
beneficial role in a democratic system of foreign policymaking, it often lacks the will to get
involved. As the former Senator William Fulbright said in 1974, "Whatever useful reforms are made
in the organization and procedures of Congress, all the streamlining in the world will be no
substitute for the character and backbone of its members" (Fulbright 59). Even though the
Constitution grants Congress the power to initiate war and the Senate the power to consent or
withhold consent from significant foreign commitments, the United States seems to be joining the
global majority when it comes to foreign policy in that it has become, largely, a presidential

1960's Foreign Policy Essay
The second video I watched and that I'm writing my second report on is U.S Foreign Policy during
the 1960's. Foreign Policy is defined as "Programs and policy that determine America's relation with
other nations and foreign entities." Trade agreements like NAFTA, National Security, and embassies
all relate to U.S Foreign Policies. Policies that makes or breaks an alliance is Material/Strategic
relations, in other words if two countries have a lot of the same thing like soldiers or bombs those
two countries might want to become allies.
Domestic Policies show how policies strike home for example when the US joined the Vietnam War
it was not only fought over seas but it was also fought here in America between citizens and
government.
Another big part was International Status this shows the international ranking of why would you
want to be another countries friend. In the 1960's the top two biggest and baddest countries was the
United States and the Soviet Union, this being said you'd think that they would be allies, but in fact
they hated each other. This is because the USSR was communist and the US was capitalist this ...
The USSR is evidence of this because in 1966 they joined the North Vietnamese because they were
communist as well and they both hated America. A major role in 1960's Foreign Policies was
propaganda. Propaganda was used most used in the 60's than any other decade, mainly because in
order to do anything you need the support of the citizens. In order to get support from the citizens
was to lie a little bit, United States made propaganda about the Soviet union as did the Soviet Union
used propaganda about the United States. Governments used propaganda to plant a seed of hate in
the citizens, because if the citizens can hate the same country that the government does then the
government can do whatever they may

US Foreign Policy Essay
US Foreign policy is what the United States of America does in foreign
countries. This may include setting new rules or even controlling the countries' governments.
What the US does in other countries usually ends up creating a conflict or an uprising in the
region. US foreign policy makes the world very unstable and it causes disagreements between
countries. The Israel Lobby has a great deal of negative influence on US foreign policy. The
US is also very keen to destroy Wahabbist ideas and to exploit countries' resources.
The Israel Lobby causes a lot of instability and unbalanced power
between countries in the Middle East. The Israel Lobby is the term used to describe the group ...
AIPAC pressured congresswomen Betty
McCollum when she decided not to agree on a law passed to support Israel. They used press
and the media to make her accept this law so they could get what they wanted for Israel. Israel
is stopping nationalism in the Middle East so it can get control of the oil reserves. The US
supports this fully since they're going to take their share of the oil. This is another example of
how the Israel Lobby influences what the US does in other countries. The Israel Lobby has a
a lot influence on the US and the US foreign policy in the Middle East is based on Israel's
interest. These interests are achieved by violence and wars and this is how the US foreign
policy creates conflict in the Middle East.
The US has the goal to eliminate Wahhabist ideas which cause the

Wahhabists to fight even more for their religion and ideas, causing conflict in the area.
Wahhabism is a conservative form of Islam which is practiced in Saudi Arabia. Wahhabists
believe in the unity of God and they follow the Sharia law. The Wahhabist ideology was
spread to Afghanistan and Pakistan where this group of people called the Talibans started to
follow the Wahhabist ideas. The US considered the Talibans to be terrorists and they wanted
to destroy them. US tried many things to stop the

Immigration Policy And Foreign Policy
Immigration policy and foreign policy are in many ways interlinked, as they are often used to meet
goals in one another's policy areas. Together, they are used to enhance the safety of our citizens,
making this topic particularly important. Immigration is specifically linked to our foreign policy
efforts with underdeveloped countries (Keely 1978). To fully understand one policy area, you must
understand aspects of the other. Thus, one should consider these relationships when analyzing and
evaluating Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump's policies on immigration reform.
Immigration policy can often be used as a tool for foreign policy goals. This usually occurs when
national safety is threatened, and it is sparked by merely the perception that immigration and
terrorism are linked. Many believe that terrorists can enter our country by manipulating Immigration
laws such as refugee asylums, which leads to stricter immigration policy to better secure our
national safety (Franzblau 1997, 4–11). Even now, the Republican Nominee for President of the
United States, Donald Trump, makes statements like, "our immigration system is being used to
attack us" (Hensch 2015). Regardless of the truth value behind his statement, it is relevant to note
that the notion itself by such an important political figure could create a push for stricter
immigration policy. The change in policy may be surrounding the issue of immigration, but the
actual goal is the foreign policy goal of enhanced national

Essay On Vietnam War Foreign Policy
Foreign policy is one of the deadliest forces the United States has ever seen. It is what sends away
thousands of Americans to fight for our Nation. During the Vietnam era, a staggering number of
men were drafted to go fight overseas in a war against Communism. It was not them signing their
draft cards, it was foreign policy signing it for them. The mere fact we no longer have the draft is
due to what we learned during this extended war. The United States decided to take the Vietnam War
and turn it into a learning experience. These experiences have a direct impact on the lives of
American citizens even today, because of how foreign policy was changed after the war. Foreign
policy is not only important to our Nation as a whole, it also impacts each and every citizen. A
highly contested topic of the recent Presidential election was foreign policy. It loomed over the
political candidates as one of the most important deciding factors in the election. In a speech at
Westminster College, Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders ... Show more content on
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Another major factor did not have a specific name, but still proved to be behind many of the
decisions during the era. When our leaders began to assess what other factors should be changed in
the new era, it was decided a new show of confidence should be displayed. For the most part, it was
agreed upon that America had gotten over confident coming off the second World War. This excess
of confidence set us up for the major issues that resulted from the Vietnam War. When reflecting on
how confidence would be used moving forward, it was decided that confidence was still key, just in
new ways. If we were going to try and maintain our position globally, we had to act like a nation on
the top. The Vietnam War gave us the right amount of confidence to continue our internationalist
approach and eventually come out of the Cold War a world leader (Schmitz,

Foreign Policies are influenced and created by two branches, executive and legislative. The U.S.
Constitution put this delegation of power into place. Foreign Policy determines how the U.S. will
network with other countries and has been a large factor in our history since implemented. The
process of the policy is not always the simplest; it has caused tensions and angst between Congress
and the President through the years. A discrepancy between the two branches was and is not
uncommon, yet the relationship between the two is indefinite. Each division has responsibilities and
its own appointed power over the making of policies and bills. There are checks and balances to the
process, where the President can veto a proposal by legislation ... Show more content on
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He has the power to make treaties and executive agreements with other countries. And recognizes
other countries legitimacy through the ambassador receiving process, which is an important part of
policy making. This act is bestowed upon ambassadors by the president and senate to be a symbol of
the US overseas. The importance of the receiving process is to verify foreign credentials, and decide
if their form of government will be accepted as genuine. The United States democracy differs from
other countries in that we elect one person to inherit the title of state and government, this type of
democracy is at the benefit of our president. In his role as head of state he is a symbol of what the
United States represents and what we stand for as citizens and as a country. The role has many tasks
that can be non–political, such for example hosting White House holiday traditions, offering
condolences after a tragedy such as the Oklahoma bombing, attending funerals for foreign
dignitaries, welcoming foreign visitors/diplomats into this country, swearing in, coronations, and
communicating to congress the state of the union (Welch, Gruhl, Rigdon and Thomas 334). The
president as head of state also has pardoning power restoring the right to any citizen. His duties as
head of government include leading the political party and being chief

An Examination of the Factors of Algerian Foreign Policy
It is commonly held that a compelling explanation of the foreign policy orientation of any country
cannot be well understood without an examination of its determinants and guiding principles. A
state's foreign policy is also conditional on both domestic and external factors, which may change
from time to time, thus forcing it to review its foreign policy to ensure that it operates in the best
possible conditions to achieve its objectives. An examination of any country's foreign policy must, if
only by way of background, take into consideration the past, for history itself often determines the
boundaries within which current politics evolve. In the case of Algeria, colonial history gave rise to
many determinants which still exercise pertinent influences on Algerian foreign policy: factors
whose origins lie in the past but which continue to impact contemporary policy.
The roots of independent Algeria's revolutionary foreign policy are commonly attributed to the
impact of the extremely revolutionary national ideology acquired as a result of the sufferings
endured by the Algerians in their resistance to and struggle against the French occupation and to the
experience acquired by the Algerian diplomacy during wartime, as well as to the indifference of
Western powers, particularly the United States, towards Algeria's revolutionary war against the
French (Stone 228 – 229).
Algeria's foreign policy constants include the right to decolonization, non–intervention in domestic
affairs

Explain The Four Primary Goals Of US Foreign Policy
The four primary goals of U.S. foreign policy are the following:
1) Protection of the U.S. from invasion and attack.
2) Promoting and protecting international trade.
3) Protecting U.S. citizens overseas.
4) Promoting the American ideals of liberty and freedom.
The U.S. does a great job or protecting our country from attack. The U.S. has had many minor
attacks on U.S. soil, but only two major attacks. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the Twin Towers
attack in New York City.
The United States has many goods that other countries want and need, but we do not have
everything which means we need to trade with other countries. Some of the goods that the U.S. trade
for are industrial supplies and equipment. Chemicals, fuel, oil, and

The United State 's Foreign Policy
J. Lee Utter
11/19/14
Essay
What will be the biggest future challenge for American foreign policy and what should be done to
address it?
Hypothesis: The United State's foreign policy will make a shift in the coming years to focus more
intently on suppressing individual groups that use terrorism as a political strategy, rather than
focusing on specific and identifiable States as in the past. The organizations mentioned before will
be using the Internet to coordinate attacks, as well as attempt to hack US Government systems to
their advantage. As a result, cyber security and antiterrorism stand to be the biggest future
challenges for American foreign policy. In order to understand the future of foreign policy for ...
After World War II the United States was busy containing the spread of Communism and the Soviet
Union. In recent history foreign policy has not been specifically defined with one mission like
before. The duties of the agencies that oversee foreign policy are changing constantly to best suit the
nation's needs (USHistory). In the past hundred years human society has discovered flight, put a
man on the moon, created nuclear bombs, and developed a way for anyone to access all of human
discovery using a device that fits in their pocket. Life is changing at a absurd rate. There is no telling
what the next hundred years has in store. Foreign policy needs to keep up with the changing world
and the new ideas that come with change. What will become the next big challenge for foreign
policy makers? In the past 25 years the nation has experienced numerous terrorist attacks. These
attacks are designed to put fear in the average American's hearts and minds. Citizen's safety has been
placed in the spotlight so much more now than before September 11th 2001. Although these attacks
are on domestic soil, they often begin with planning and recruiting in places all around the world.
Terrorism has just recently become an issue for America. Foreign policy needs to be tailored to this
new type of combat. Another new trend changing the world is the Internet. The Internet has
revolutionized everyone's daily lives. From a foreign policy

American Foreign Policy Foreign policy is defined as a policy of a nation that is used to persuade its
dealing with other nations, that has a main goal of achieving national objectives. Foreign policy has
an origin time of about 1905–1910. During the early years of foreign policy American thought it
should practice political isolation from Europe during times of peace in other words they wanted to
be more iso–global. This idea was derived by America's diplomats during these early years. This
foreign policy helped to keep America out of foreign relations for a short amount of time, so it didn't
need to waste it resource on actions that didn't really affect them. Foreign policy was created to help
achieve the country's goals and interests for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Germany U Boat sank an American submarine that was neutral during the time America
decided to enter into the war on the side of the Allied Powers (1917) by declaring war on Germany.
Thousands of soldiers (doughboys) were drafted and sent to intense training and would later be sent
to Europe to fight side by side the Allied Powers. In order to gain more power germany made a truce
with Russia, so that they would fight side Germany the armistice was signed and Russia also entered
the war. American troops first arrived in France to help give allied forced more power to win the
war. President at the time Woodrow Wilson gave his 14 point to to make peace and en the war
January of 1918. Russia signs Brest–Litovsk Treaty with Germany that allowed Russia to withdraw
from the war. American troop participate in their first major battle sending 4,000 troops to the Battle
of Cantigny, which the allied power would later win bringing them closer to the end and victory of
WW1. The Battle of Amiens allowed the allied

Foreign Policies Affect US Foreign Policy
Foreign policies are created in the interests of achieving safeguards and regulations that best suit the
wellbeing of a country or region. The reason for such policies is to maintain order and peace while
also protecting certain aspects of daily life from people who might want to do harm. During the past
few years many policies have been changed due to the changing world and ideologies of the people
these policies protect. Certain policies affect people more than others while some are made to
impact corporations, governments, regions or jobs. For instance global warming issues have arised
due to carbon dioxide levels rising, putting pressure on corporations to put better practices on
manufacturing goods, decreasing water supply and use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a big issue since most parents want their kids to have some job experience while in college
or some have to help with their families. I currently hold a job in Disneyland that many hispanic,
asian and african american people have, in many different age ranges who either help support their
family or work insane hours to just put food on the table. A lot of my friends work two jobs since
disney doesn't give out full time to everyone but lets people work 40+ hours a week with no benefits
and no raises. The companies don't want to spend money on wages or wage increases, so they cut
back on workers or hire workers who will settle for a lower wage, these being illegal immigrants
without documentation or outsourcing these jobs to people overseas in which their country dont
have the same regulations or rules as we

Foreign Policy And The Current Syrian Conflict
In the study of International Relations there exists a number of different theories, each in which try
to explain the role of America in foreign policy and world politics. This essay will work to explain
the purpose of theories in foreign policy and the limits they have when they are applied to particular
policies. President Barack Obama, for example, has come under sustained criticism regarding his
foreign policy. Many have wondered whether Obama is a "realist" or "idealist" with his policy
decisions. His foreign policy fails to strictly reflect either theoretical concept of international affairs.
This is illustrated later in the current Syrian conflict and how Obama's foreign policy is difficult to
analyze from either perspective. International relations theories have been oversimplified, and the
most effective foreign policy implemented in America today is not limited to one single perspective.
Author Jack Snyder in One World, Rival Theories argues that, "Theories of international relations
claim to explain the way international politics works, but each of the currently prevailing theories
falls well short of that goal" (Snyder, pg #). Rather, these theories aim to provide a conceptual
framework for where foreign policy decisions and interactions can be analyzed. More specifically,
policymakers use theory as, "A systematic way of explaining some phenomena and as a guide to
action" (Datta, 4). In other words, IR theory is not a search to find truth but it is a tool to

Obama's Foreign Policy on China Essay
President Barack Obama and his administration's foreign policy toward China can be summed up in
one word: conciliatory. Conciliatory is not in the form of any weakness or appeasement, but rather
the realization that in the 21st century global market, China is a main player on the world stage.
Obama's foreign policies are a departure from the previous administration. George Bush's unilateral
foreign policies were deemed domineering, even belligerent. From an international standpoint, Anti–
American sentiments were at an all–time high during Iraqi War driven years. In America, the
domestic stance after 9/11 saw this as an extension of patriotism and commitment. Nowadays, both
domestically and internationally, many pundits would argue that ... Show more content on
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This is a double–edge sword that does not have an easy solution so I understand both sides and that
no country is living in a vacuum. There are a quite a bit of complexities and consequences to
consider and I believe there will be a mutual success in this issue. Concerning Human Capital, the
Obama Administration has also pressed hard to improve the human rights issues in China in terms of
economic policies to benefit workers and their family situations. Historically, having the highest
population at a staggering figure of over $1.3 billion people, the human labor supply is more than
available at any given moment. Thus, United States especially has outsourced countless
manufacturing companies and jobs to China. This reality the President clearly stated will not change
anytime in the future so this must be an accepted reality. (Ivaneishvili 2012) So, the Obama
administration has sharply criticized China for their lack of enforcement and laws to deal with such
violations. But, this criticism as the State Department states applies to the United States as well, but
the United States has laws to deal with this issues so the criticism is being put in a way not to
outfight offend Chinese policies but to encourage an increase in the priority of the Chinese
government to follow up actions to remedy the situation (Berg 2012). The State Department also
applauded China for the actions that China already has taken to ensure better working

George W Bush Foreign Policy
The quality of a leader is reflected in the standards they set for themselves (Kroc). The United States
president role in foreign policy is very important. Foreign policy has always been a job part of all
presidencies that deserves the president's full attention as well as part of American History. Many
believe George W. Bush made America look horrible with his term of being our leader; however one
reason was how he dealt with foreign policy. Our recent president Barrack Obama did two terms and
people thought he was not a good leader, but his foreign policy benefited the country in some ways.
Each has main characteristics that separate them from each other which I will be bringing about. By
comparing the two presidents' foreign policy will

The Theory Of Foreign Policy Changes
In Painful Choices, David Welch is entirely focused on developing a theory of when and why
foreign policy changes. Welch is also interested in a way to forecast these changes. His assembled
theory, which I will evaluate in greater depth, is termed the Loss–Aversion Theory of Foreign Policy
Change . This Theory entails three hypotheses on the conditions under which we can expect – and,
more importantly, predict – changes in foreign policy. Although Welch remains humble regarding
his Theory's drawbacks and predictive capabilities, there are some potentially problematic
assumptions at the foundation of Loss–Aversion Theory. I will discuss why Welch's Theory is
primarily useful solely at the Individual Level. Finally, I intend to discuss why the Theory is not a
comprehensive theory of foreign policy and why the assumptions required for the Theory to hold
limit the cases that can be explained by it. After finding numerous theoretical and practical
difficulties in the attempts thus far to draft of a theory of state behavior, Welch proposes that "[a]
possible way out of [these difficulties] is to seek to base predictions not on explanations of why
states behave the way they do in general... but on explanations of why they deviate from their prior
behavior." Looking only at the changes in state behavior is a radical approach; it is a perspective
from which "what [states] do in general is irrelevant."2 Temporarily ignoring state goals, Welch
turns his attention to how states

New Zealand Foreign Policy
Within two days, Prime Minister Peter Fraser responded with a cable that transformed the trajectory
of New Zealand's foreign policy. The cable is not published in full, however, the published extracts
reveal that Fraser emphasised the deterioration in the Pacific theatre and the fact that "His Majesty's
Government... do not perhaps fully understand the point of view that is being forced by
circumstances upon the Government and peoples of New Zealand". Further, the cable speaks of an
intention to establish the closest possible relations with the US, while always having regard to New
Zealand's "primary connection with the British Commonwealth." In making his position clear,
Fraser proposed that the New Zealand government "send to Washington a Minister of the Crown on
special mission". The importance of this cable as a whole, particularly the final proposal, cannot be
understated and is exemplified by the regard afforded to it by historians. Wood refers to this cable as
the "most important single document in the formation of New Zealand foreign policy". McIntyre
speaks of this moment as when "the phase of dual dependency began". Lissington looks at this
proposal as a "new phase in New Zealand's foreign policy". The reason for its remarkable
significance is that it was the first time New Zealand looked beyond Britain for a formal security
alliance. It must be recognised that New Zealand had not yet formally severed its ties with Britain,
had no overseas missions outside

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