Dataanddatacollection
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This document discusses data collection procedures and determining what constitutes data. It explains that data can come from any behavior involved in a second language acquisition event. The researcher must decide how to collect the data, such as through interviews, observations, tests or verbal reports. The degree of structure in data collection procedures can range from general and unstructured to highly explicit and structured. The document also covers ensuring the reliability and validity of data collection as well as using, adapting or developing new procedures.
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Data collection methods RSS6 2014
This document discusses different methods for collecting data for research studies. It describes the types of qualitative and quantitative data and some common sources of primary and secondary data like clinical observations, questionnaires, and administrative databases. Some specific data collection methods are explained like personal interviews, self-administered questionnaires, use of medical records, observation, and physical or chemical measures. Criteria for selecting a data collection method include appropriateness, feasibility, cost, validity, reliability, and responsiveness. The document also covers creating a data collection sheet and entering data in an analyzable format with consideration of variable type and unit of analysis.
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Data collection methods RSS6 2014
This document discusses different methods for collecting data for research studies. It describes the types of qualitative and quantitative data and some common sources of primary and secondary data like clinical observations, questionnaires, and administrative databases. Some specific data collection methods are explained like personal interviews, self-administered questionnaires, use of medical records, observation, and physical or chemical measures. Criteria for selecting a data collection method include appropriateness, feasibility, cost, validity, reliability, and responsiveness. The document also covers creating a data collection sheet and entering data in an analyzable format with consideration of variable type and unit of analysis.
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Data and data collection procedures
This document discusses data collection procedures and determining what constitutes data in a study. It covers several key points:
1) The variables of study and their operational definitions determine what data is collected. Data collection methods depend on whether the research is qualitative or quantitative.
2) Qualitative research may use interviews, observations, and open questionnaires to collect in-depth data in a natural context. Quantitative research uses more structured observations and very structured interviews to collect brief, uniform data.
3) Common data collection methods include observations, interviews, questionnaires, tests, and elicitation techniques like judgments, translations, and recalls. The appropriate method depends on the research questions and goals.
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1. Population specification error:
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3. Selection error:
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Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/36i7iYo
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
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This document outlines the process for selecting eligible studies for a systematic literature review. It describes the main stages as screening the search output, assessing studies for eligibility by examining full texts, and extracting relevant data from included studies. Key steps involve removing duplicates, having two reviewers independently screen studies and resolve discrepancies, retrieving full texts of potentially eligible studies, and making final inclusion decisions based on pre-specified criteria. Maintaining clear documentation of decisions is important for transparency and reproducibility.
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Data and data collection procedures
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Data Collection I Available Data and Observation OVERVIE.docx
Data Collection I
Available Data and Observation
OVERVIEW
The choice of a data collection approach should logically flow from the prior decisions
about the research questions and measurement choices. Basically, the data collection
decision depends on three factors. The first factor centers on what the researchers
want to know. For example, do they want to know what people think or what they
do'' If learning what people think is the goal, the researchers would choose a data
collection approach that asks them. If the researchers want to know what people do,
the approach to choose would be observation.
The second factor is where the data reside. Perhaps other researchers have already
collected the needed data. If so, then the task is to obtain those studies, reports, and/
or databases. Alternatively, if the data are in files stored in a basement, then the tasks
are to access those files and gather the needed information systematically. If the data
are in the physical or built environment. the researchers will need to get out of the
office and observe. If people have the desired information, then the researchers will
need to decide whether to use interviews, surveys, or focus groups.
The third factor is the amount of resources available to collect the data. If suffi-
cient money, staff, and time were available. then it would be possible, for example.
to conduct face-to-face interviews with a large number of the people who have the
desired information. If there is very little money, staff, or time, then interviewing ju~t
a few people or conducting three focus groups might have to do.
There are trade-offs in collecting data that ultimately affect the conclusions th:1t
can be drawn. However, regardless of what data collection approach is selectee.
researchers need to develop very clear, specific guidelines to ensure that data i' :<-
curate. reliable, and unbiased. The data collection methods should be described : ..
the final report, along with any problems encountered and any limitatiom that m:~·· ·
affect the conclusions.
This phase of the research process requires attention to detaiL and ever: dcta1: ;.. >
to be nailed down. The decision about the best data collection approach i ~ i nten'- ~ '- ::-
\'. 'th the measurement strategy and sampling approach. It take~ timet,, n:::"e 'L:~:.
97
98 CHAPTER 7
the pieces align and requires flexibility because the initial plan may not work if the
situation proves to have unexpected barriers. The next three chapters provide a toolkit
for the most commonly used methods of data collection. This chapter discusses the
larger issues of structured and semistructured data collection-that is, quantitative
and qualitative data collection methods. It then turns to several commonly used data
collection methods: using available data, collecting data from records and files, and
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the stre.
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3) Accurate data collection is important for research integrity, reducing errors, supporting decisions, saving time and costs, and proving needs for changes with evidence. A variety of tools can be used including surveys, interviews, and observations.
Data and data collection by Seliger and Shohamy - Erika Lara
Collecting data by procedures of a low degree of explicitness is often done by means of open and informal procedures like field notes, records, diaries, observations, and open, informal interviews or conversations with subjects. Collecting data by procedures of a high degree of explicitness involves the use of formal or structured types of data collection procedures like structured questionnaires, discrete point tests, and formal interviews which determine the specific focus of data sought in advance. The procedures used in qualitative research are not very explicit and are used simultaneously, including open, informal interviews; record reviews; and open observations where the researcher observes behaviors taking place simultaneously without determining aspects to observe in advance.
Data Collection Procedures in Practical Research 2
The document discusses data collection procedures and techniques for collecting quantitative data. It explains that researchers must decide what data to collect, where to get it, and what instruments to use. The steps are clustered into three phases: before, during, and after data collection. Before collecting, researchers develop instruments, get permissions, select samples, and train personnel. During, they provide instructions and administer instruments. After, they encode, archive, and analyze the data using statistical tools. The researchers in this study asked permission and administered questionnaires in person to collect data, which they later analyzed.
Data_Collection.pptx.pptx
The document discusses data, its collection, and analysis. It defines data as information gathered for research purposes and describes various tools for data collection, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, schedules, and participatory rural appraisal. It outlines the importance of data integrity and quality assurance/control in collection. Data analysis involves making data meaningful through statistical tools to transform raw data into useful information. Proper interpretation of analyzed data is key to gaining useful insights and guidance for research.
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.Explain why .pdf
Outline the four steps in the data collection process.
Explain why it is so important to be systematic in collecting data.
Solution
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for collecting dataordata collection goals
what problem are you trying to solve by collecting this data?
Step 2:Develop operational definitions and procedures.
Here we need to be very clear as to what we are measuring, how it is to be measured, and who is
to measure it. Often times we will employ sampling in which case we need to define a sampling
plan.
. Who will the data be collected about?
. Who will the group of interest be compared to?
. What locations or geographical areas will the data be gathered from?
. What categories will be used to identify the group of interest and comparator group?
Step 3 : How should data be collected and What sources of data should be used to collect
information?
There are several methods of collecting data: online-surveys, phone interviews, focus groups and
yes, even dreaded handwritten surveys. Each type possesses its own advantages and
disadvantages. Whichever method you use, there are bound to be obstacles to overcome along
the way.
What sources of data should be used to collect information?
Pre-existing or official data
Survey data
Interviews and focus groups
Observed data
. Two types of data are used in any field of research: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative data:
Typically, data is called “qualitative” if it is in the form of words, but may also include any
information that is not numerical in form, such as photographs, videos and sound recordings.
Qualitative methods are aimed at describing a specific context, event, people or relationship in a
broad contextual way, by trying to understand the underlying reasons for behaviour, thoughts
and feelings.
Common qualitative research methods include observation, one-on-one interviews, focus groups
and intensive case studies
Quantitative data:
Typically, data is called “quantitative” if it is in the form of numbers.
A quantitative approach can be used to count events or the number of people who represent a
particular background.
Common quantitative tools include surveys, questionnaires and statistical data (such as Statistics
Canada census information).
It is important to note that all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. In other words,
numbers cannot be interpreted by themselves, without understanding the assumptions that
underlie them.
A good research effort involves the use of both types. Both approaches, while distinct, can
overlap and rely on the other to produce meaningful data, analysis and results.
Step 4 : Analyze and interpret data and Act on results
Explaining the technical steps involved in analyzing and interpreting data is beyond the scope of
this guide. An organization will have to determine whether it has the internal capacity and
expertise to analyze and interpret data itself, or whether it will need the help of an external
consultant.
. A summa.
Sampling Techniques, Data Collection and tabulation in the field of Social Sc...
This document discusses various sampling techniques, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures used in social science research. It describes common probability and non-probability sampling techniques including simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. Primary data collection methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules are explained. Steps for processing raw data through editing, coding, classification, and tabulation are outlined. Common statistical analyses like measures of central tendency, dispersion, relationship and hypothesis testing are briefly mentioned.
Data Presentation & Analysis.pptx
Data Presentation & Analysis Meaning, Stages of data analysis, Quantitative & Qualitative data analysis methods, Descriptive & inferential methods of data analysis
secondary and primary data.pptx
This document discusses primary and secondary data. Primary data is originally collected field research through surveys, interviews, or observations. It provides original information but can be expensive and time-consuming to collect. Secondary data is previously collected data that someone else has analyzed, such as data from public records or published sources. It is quicker and cheaper to obtain but may be less accurate or reliable than primary data. The type of data used depends on the research goals, budget, time constraints, and desired accuracy. Both primary and secondary data can be used for similar research purposes as long as limitations are considered.
Observation
This document discusses various methods for collecting data through observation studies. It describes different types of observation including behavioral, non-behavioral, active, passive, direct, indirect, and participant observation. It outlines advantages such as collecting original data in natural environments and limitations like being an expensive and slow process. Guidelines are provided for selecting observers and conducting observational studies, including determining who and what to observe, sampling techniques, and recording data.
THE Data Collection (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, both primary and secondary. It defines data as units of information that are measured, collected, analyzed and used for data visualizations. There are two main types of data collection methods discussed:
Primary methods involve directly collecting original data and include observation, surveys, interviews and questionnaires. Observation allows collecting large quantities of data in an inexpensive way but requires extensive training. Surveys can be conducted in-person or online and collect standardized information from a sample. Interviews are conducted one-on-one and allow collecting more in-depth information.
Secondary methods involve using existing data collected by others. Common secondary sources include publications, reports, and data available online. While cheaper and faster
Basics of research in research methodology
Thank you for the detailed presentation on research methodology. I hope this information was helpful for understanding the key aspects and process of conducting research. Please feel free to reach out if you need any clarification or have additional questions.
Methods of data collection sdr final
The document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes primary and secondary data collection. Some key methods covered include observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and surveys. For each method, it provides details on the process, types, advantages, and disadvantages. The goal of the document is to outline different approaches for gathering information needed to conduct research.
C H7A P T E R Collecting Qualitative Data Qualitative da.docx
C H7A P T E R Collecting
Qualitative Data
Qualitative data collection is more than simply deciding on whether you will observe or interview people. Five steps comprise the process of collecting qualitative data. You need to identify your participants and sites, gain access, determine the types of data to collect, develop data collection forms, and administer the process in an ethical manner.
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
· ◆ Identify the five process steps in collecting qualitative data.
· ◆ Identify different sampling approaches to selecting participants and sites.
· ◆ Describe the types of permissions required to gain access to participants and sites.
· ◆ Recognize the various types of qualitative data you can collect.
· ◆ Identify the procedures for recording qualitative data.
· ◆ Recognize the field issues and ethical considerations that need to be anticipated in administering the data collection. Maria is comfortable talking with students and teachers in her high school. She does not mind asking them open-ended research questions such as “What are your (student and teacher) experiences with students carrying weapons in our high school?” She also knows the challenges involved in obtaining their views. She needs to listen without injecting her own opinions, and she needs to take notes or tape-record what people have to say. This phase requires time, but Maria enjoys talking with people and listening to their ideas. Maria is a natural qualitative researcher.
204
CHAPTER 7 Collecting Qualitative Data 205 WHAT ARE THE FIVE PROCESS STEPS
IN QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION?
There are five interrelated steps in the process of qualitative data collection. These steps should not be seen as linear approaches, but often one step in the process does follow another. The five steps are first to identify participants and sites to be studied and to engage in a sampling strategy that will best help you understand your central phenome- non and the research question you are asking. Second, the next phase is to gain access to these individuals and sites by obtaining permissions. Third, once permissions are in place, you need to consider what types of information will best answer your research questions. Fourth, at the same time, you need to design protocols or instruments for collecting and recording the information. Finally and fifth, you need to administer the data collection with special attention to potential ethical issues that may arise.
Some basic differences between quantitative and qualitative data collection are helpful to know at this point. Based on the general characteristics of qualitative research, qualita- tive data collection consists of collecting data using forms with general, emerging questions to permit the participant to generate responses; gathering word (text) or image (picture) data; and collecting information from a small number of individuals or sites. Thinking more specifically now ...
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Method ale
This document describes an experimental research study that will examine the effects of developing speaking strategies for students with Asperger Syndrome in an English as a Second Language classroom. The study will follow the methodology of a previous thesis on teaching foreign languages to students with Asperger Syndrome. It will involve four 11-14 year old students from Chetumal, Quintana Roo over four weeks. Pre and post-tests will assess vocabulary and speaking skills before and after treatment involving role-plays, speeches, and vocabulary acquisition activities focused on personal interests. The goal is to analyze performance changes and determine if the methods had a positive impact.
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The document discusses various techniques for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data in research. It describes different types of statistical analysis that can be used for organizing, summarizing, and drawing conclusions from data, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multivariate techniques like multi regression analysis, discriminant analysis, and factor analysis. It also addresses analyzing data from experimental research using statistical tests like the T-test to compare experimental and control groups.
Questionnaires
This document discusses methods for constructing and administering questionnaires and interviews for research purposes. It describes different types of questions researchers can ask, such as direct vs indirect questions, specific vs nonspecific questions, and questions of facts vs opinions. It also covers response modes like unstructured responses, scales, checklists and categories. Additionally, it outlines the process of developing a questionnaire or interview, including specifying variables, question format, response mode, pilot testing and procedures for administration and conducting interviews.
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The document discusses various techniques for analyzing qualitative and quantitative data in research. It describes different types of statistical analysis that can be used for organizing, summarizing, and drawing conclusions from data, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multivariate analysis techniques like multi regression analysis, discriminant analysis and factor analysis. It also discusses using t-tests to analyze experimental research data by comparing experimental and control groups.
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The document discusses teaching English as a second language to teenage students with Asperger Syndrome. It argues that teens with Asperger's are intelligent enough to learn English but teachers face challenges due to their social issues. The author bases their perspective on research about the characteristics of Asperger's and suggests experimental studies can provide strategies to help these students learn more comfortably.
Qualitative2
This qualitative research examines how program managers at the University of Calgary market English as a Second Language programs through interviews with managers. The author aims to understand how the managers define, understand, and undertake marketing for the language programs. The research focuses on improving understanding of how to market these revenue-generating programs and their importance for language acquisition.
Quantitative2
This thesis used a quantitative method to study the perceptions of 64 female ESL students regarding academic writing through questionnaires. The author investigated students' perceptions of an academic writing course and writing in general, as well as how previous research has examined different perceptions of writing. The results showed that students were aware of their needs in ESL writing and the author concluded with recommendations for future research.
Experimental2
This thesis studied the impact of subtitles on English language acquisition in 49 Norwegian high school students. The students were split into two groups - those learning English and those who had already learned it. The study found that using subtitled audiovisual materials had a positive effect, with both groups improving their vocabulary and comprehension. The students learning English performed better on word definition and lexical tasks, while those who already knew English saw greater gains in comprehension.
Experimental
This study examined the effectiveness of direct and traditional teaching methods of English. Isntiaq Hussain conducted an experiment to compare how students learn English vocabulary through direct instruction versus more traditional techniques. The results aimed to determine which approach was more effective at building English language skills.
Quantitative
Subtitles can aid second language acquisition by exposing learners to written text while hearing spoken language. A study found that Norwegian students who watched English TV shows with Norwegian subtitles improved their English vocabulary more than those without subtitles. Subtitles allow learners to connect the spoken and written forms of a new language simultaneously.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Dataanddatacollection
- 1. Data and Data collecting procedures. By Seliger and Shohamy.
- 2. Data and Data collecting Pricedures. This reading was based when the researcher has selected a specific design ans the procedure of collecting data.
- 3. Determining what constitute data. Data constituted from any behavior involved in a Second Acquisition event.
- 4. Procedures. After the researcher has decided what kind of data collect, the researcher needs to decide how to collect them.
- 5. Data collection parameter. The main function of the parameter is the degree of the data collection procedure. General procedures can be considerated of a low degree of explicitness.
- 6. The structured procedures. The structured procedures can be considerates of a high degree of explicitness.
- 7. Description of the data collection procedures. This, describes the variety of procedures. Also, which kind of procedures could be described according the framework of the data collection parameter.
- 8. Procedures or collecting data in Qualitative Research. In the qualitative types, where a phenomenon is investigated with a natural context has certain procedures used at the same time. Interviews Open observations Recorded interviews Diaries
- 9. Instruments to collect data. Observations Interviews Verbal Reporting Tests
- 10. Assuring the quality of the data and the data collection procedures RELIABITY: Provides information on the data collection procedure if its consist and accurate. VALIDATY: Refers to the extent, which the data collection procedure measures and what intends to measure.
- 11. Using, adapting and developing data collection procedures. Use a Ready-made procedure. Adapt and revise existing procedures. Develop new data collection procedures.