This document summarizes different data types including numeric, enumeration, Boolean, character, character strings, pointers, files, and input-output. It provides details on integer, floating-point real numbers, fixed-point real numbers, character strings, and pointers and programmer-constructed data objects. Integer data types can represent a finite set of mathematical integers and have different sizes and may or may not contain negative values. Floating-point numbers use a mantissa-exponent representation similar to scientific notation. Fixed-point numbers have a predefined number of decimal places. Character strings can have fixed or variable lengths and support operations like concatenation and substring selection. Pointers reference data in memory and programmer-constructed objects can be complex data
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define Keywords / Reserve Words in C programming language.
Define Identifiers, Variable, Data Types, Constants and statements in C Programming language.
Justify the internal process with respect to the variable declaration and initialization.
Apply Variable Declaration and Variable initialization statement.
Assigning values to variables.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
CS4443 - Modern Programming Language - I Lecture (2)Dilawar Khan
Topic Covered:
================================================
Basic Data Types and their Mapping to CTS
Variables, Constants, and Operators
Working with Flow Control and Conditional Statements
Type Conversion, String Manipulation and Complex Variable Types
Arrays in C#
foreach loop
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define Keywords / Reserve Words in C programming language.
Define Identifiers, Variable, Data Types, Constants and statements in C Programming language.
Justify the internal process with respect to the variable declaration and initialization.
Apply Variable Declaration and Variable initialization statement.
Assigning values to variables.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
CS4443 - Modern Programming Language - I Lecture (2)Dilawar Khan
Topic Covered:
================================================
Basic Data Types and their Mapping to CTS
Variables, Constants, and Operators
Working with Flow Control and Conditional Statements
Type Conversion, String Manipulation and Complex Variable Types
Arrays in C#
foreach loop
Asit Bangalore is providing best Programming course "C LANGUAGE" and helped them to take internship program which is helped to get real time exposure and placements in global world. For more details Please visit our website.
Asit Bangalore is providing best Programming course "C LANGUAGE" and helped them to take internship program which is helped to get real time exposure and placements in global world. For more details Please visit our website.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
2. A data type is a class of data objects with a set of
operations for creating
and manipulating them. Examples of elementary data
types: integer, real, character, Boolean, enumeration,
pointer.
3. Numeric Data Types
Enumerations
Boolean
Characters
Character Strings
Pointers & Programmer-
Constructed Data Objects
Files & Input-Output
4. NUMERIC DATA TYPES
• A numeric <data type> is defined by a descriptor that contains four pieces
of information:
• The <data type>'s name:
either INTEGER, SMALLINT, NUMERIC, DECIMAL, FLOAT, REAL or DOUBL
E PRECISION.
• The <data type>'s precision.
• The <data type>'s scale (for exact numeric types).
Whether the <data type>'s precision and scale are expressed in decimal or
binary terms.
6. INTEGERS
In computer science, an integer is a datum
of integral data type, a data type that
represents some finite subset of the
mathematical integers.
Integral data types may be of different sizes
and may or may not contain negative values.
Cont.
7. Maximal and minimal
values. The maximum
integer value is
sometimes represented
as a defined constant (eg-
in Pascal, it is the
constant maxint.)
• Arithmetic Operations
• Relational Operations
• Assignment Operations
• Bit Operations
Hardware defined.
8. SUBRANGES
A subrange type defines a subset of the
values of a particular type. By using
subrange types, you can easily detect errors
occuring due to unreasonable values of a
variable which shouldn't take values outside
a given boundary. Subrange types can be
defined of type character, integer, in no case
real!
Cont.
9. Subtype of integer
A sequence of integer
values within some
restricted range
Pascal declaration A: 1..10
means that the variable
A may be assigned integer
Values from 1 through 10.
Smaller storage requirement, better type checking
10. FLOATING-POINT REAL NUMBERS
The encoding scheme for floating point
numbers is more complicated than for
fixed point. The basic idea is the same as
used in scientific notation, where a mantissa
is multiplied by ten raised to some
exponent. For instance, 5.4321 × 106,
where 5.4321 is the mantissa and 6 is the
exponent.
Cont.
11. Minimum and maximal
value
Round-off issues – the
check for equality may fail
due to round-off.
• Arithmetic Operations
• Relational Operations
• Assignment Operations
• Bit Operations
Mantissa – exponent model.
Example: 10.5 = 0.105 x 10,
Mantissa: 105, Exponent:2
12. FIXED-POINT REAL NUMBERS
In computing, a fixed-point
number representation is a real data type
for a number that has a fixed number of
digits after (and sometimes also before) the
radix point(after the decimal point '.' in
English decimal notation).
Cont.
13. Real numbers with
predefined decimal
places
• Arithmetic Operations
• Relational Operations
• Assignment Operations
• Bit Operations
Directly supported by hardware or simulated by software
14. Involves a complex data structure organization by the
compiler.
Character
Strings
Pointers &
Programmer
Constructed
Data Objects
Files and
Input-Output
TYPES
15. In computer programming, a string is
traditionally a sequence of characters, either
as a literal constant or as some kind of
variable. The latter may allow its elements
to be mutated and the length changed, or it
may be fixed (after creation).
Cont.
16. Cont.
• Fixed declared length: storage allocation at
translation time. Strings longer than the
declared length are truncated.
• Variable length to a declared bound: storage
allocation at translation time. An upper bound
for length is set and any string over that length
is truncated.
• Unbound length: storage allocation at run
time. String can be of any length with in the
range.
17. Cont.
• Concatenation – appending two strings
• Relational – equal(=), less than(<), greater
than(>)
• Substring selection – using positioning
subscripts
• Substring selection – using pattern matching
• Input/output formatting
• Dynamic strings – the string is evaluated at
run time.
18. • Fixed declared length: A packed vector of
characters
• Variable length to a declared bound: a
descriptor that contains the maximum length
and the current length
• Unbound length: Either a linked storage of
fixed-length data objects or a contiguous array
of characters with dynamic run-time storage
allocation.