In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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In computer programming, a data structure may be selected or designed to store data for the purpose of working on it with various algorithms. Each data structure contains information about the data values, relationships between the data and functions that can be applied to the data.
This is a demo presentation prepared for the recruitment of Lecturer in CSE at Green University. In this presentation, an introduction to Data Structures is demonstrated in an intuitive way.
In this you will learn about
1. Definitions
2. Introduction to Data Structures
3. Classification of Data structures
a. Primitive Data structures
i. int
ii. Float
iii. char
iv. Double
b. Non- Primitive Data structures
i. Linear Data structures
1. Arrays
2. Linked Lists
3. Stack
4. Queue
ii. Non Linear Data structures
1. Trees
2. Graphs
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization, management, and storage format that enables efficient access and modification. More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data. https://apkleet.com
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In computer programming, a data structure may be selected or designed to store data for the purpose of working on it with various algorithms. Each data structure contains information about the data values, relationships between the data and functions that can be applied to the data.
This is a demo presentation prepared for the recruitment of Lecturer in CSE at Green University. In this presentation, an introduction to Data Structures is demonstrated in an intuitive way.
In this you will learn about
1. Definitions
2. Introduction to Data Structures
3. Classification of Data structures
a. Primitive Data structures
i. int
ii. Float
iii. char
iv. Double
b. Non- Primitive Data structures
i. Linear Data structures
1. Arrays
2. Linked Lists
3. Stack
4. Queue
ii. Non Linear Data structures
1. Trees
2. Graphs
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. INTRODUCTION DATASTRUCTURE
What is Data Structure?
•Data Structure: Data structure is a way to storing and organizing data in a computer
so that it can be used efficiently.
•Data structure is used in almost all program and software system.
•Data structure usually consist of two things:
1. The type of structure that we are going to use stores the data.
2. How efficiently we perform operations onto that data stored in structure so we
can reduce execution time and amount of memory space.
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3. Data and Information.
•Data: - Data is a collection of raw facts(or information) and it may or may not be
meaningful.
•Information: - meaningful data is known as Information.
•Example:
Program- set of instruction.
67.8- Weight of person.
13/3/1999- Date of birth of a person.
Define following terms:
(a) Cell:
•The smallest fundamental structural unit which represents a data entity.
•Cell is a memory location which stores elements of data items.
(b) Field: Field is used to store particular kind of data.
(c) Record: a record is a collection of related data items.
For example: Employee details
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5. Primitive Data Structure:
•The Data structures that are directly processed by machine using its instructions are
known as primitive data structure.
•Following are the primitive data structure:
Integer:
•Integer represents numerical values which are whole quantities.
•The number of objects are countable can be represented by an integer.
•The set of integer is:{…..-(n+1), -n , ….. , -2, -1,0,1,2,………n,n+1}
•The sign and magnitude method is used to represent integer numbers. In this
method place a sign symbol in front of the number.
•Ex: 1000
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6. Real:
(a)The number having fractional part i.e decimal point is called real number.
(b)Common way of representing real number is normalized floating point
representation.
(c)In this method the real number is expressed as a combination of mantissa and
exponent.
(d)Ex: 123.45
Character:
•Character data structure is used to store nonnumeric information.
•It can be letters [A-Z], [a-z], operators and special symbols.
•A character is represented in memory as a sequence bits.
•Two most commonly known character set supported by computer are ASCII and EBCDIC.
Logical:
•A logical data item is a primitive data structure that can assume the values of either “true” or
“false”.
•Most commonly used logical operators Are AND, OR and NOT.
Pointer:
•Pointer is a variable which points to the memory address. This memory address is the
location of other variable in memory.
•It provides homogeneous method of referencing any data structure, regardless of the
structure’s type or complexity.
•Another characteristic is that it provides faster insertion and deletion of elements.
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7. Non Primitive Data Structure:
•The data structures that are not directly processed by machine using its
instructions are known as non primitive data structure.
•Following are the non primitive data structure:
Array:
•Array is an ordered set which consist of a fixed number of object.
•Insertion and deletion operation can be performed on array.
•We can only change the value of the element in array.
List:
•List is an ordered set which consist of variable number of elements or object.
•Insertion and deletion can be performed on list.
File:
•A file is a large list that is stored in the external memory of computer.
•A file may be used as a repository for list items commonly called records.
lavparmar.blogspot
8. •Non Primitive Data Structure is classified into two categories:
Non linear Data structureLinear Data structure
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9. Linear and Non Linear data structure.
Linear Data Structure:
• In the linear data structure processing of data items is possible in
linear fashion.
• Data are processed one by one sequentially.
• Examples of the linear data structure are:
(A) Array (B) Stack (C) Queue (D) Linked List
(A) Array: Array is an ordered set which consist of a fixed number
of object.
(B) Stack: A stack is a linier list in which insertion and
deletion operations are performed at only one
end of the list.
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10. (C) Queue: A queue is a linier list in which insertion is performed at one end called rear
and deletion is performed at another end of the list called front.
(D) Linked list: A linked list is a collection of nodes.
Each node has two fields:
(1) Information
(2) Address, which contains the address of the next node.
lavparmar.blogspot
11. Non Linear data structure:
In the Non linier data structure processing of data items is not possible in linier
fashion.
Examples of the non linier data structure are:
(A)Tree (B) Graph
(A) Tree: In tree data contains hierarchical relationship
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(B) Graph: this data structure contains relationship between pairs of elements.
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12. 1.Operations on Data Structure:
•Traversing: Access each element of the data structure and doing some processing over
the data.
•Inserting: Insertion of new elements into the data structure.
•Deleting: Deletion of specific elements.
•Searching: Searching for a specific element.
•Sorting: Sorting the data in ascending or descending ordered.
•Merging: Combination of two data structure.
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13. 1.Algorithms:
•Algorithm is a stepwise solution to a problem.
•Algorithm is a finite set of instructions that is followed to accomplish a particular task.
•In mathematics and computing, an algorithm is a procedure for accomplishing some task
which will terminate in a defined end-state.
•The computational complexity and efficient implementation of the algorithm are
important in computing, and this depends on suitable data structure.
lavparmar.blogspot
14. •Example:
Write Algorithm to compute the average of n elements.
Steps:
ALGORITHM: FIND AVERAGE OF N NUMBER
Assume that array contains n integer values.
•[INITIALIZE] sum ←0.
•[PERFORM SUM OPERATION]
Repeat steps from i=0 to n-1
sum←sum+a[i]
•[CALCULATE AVERAGE]
avg←sum/n
•Write avg
•[FINISHED]
Exit
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15. •Properties required for algorithm.
•Finiteness: “An algorithm must always terminate after a finite number of steps”.
•Definiteness: “Each steps of algorithm must be precisely defined”.
•Input: “quantities which are given to it initially before the algorithm begins”.
•Output: “quantities which have a specified relation to the input”.
•Effectiveness: “all the operations to be performed in the algorithm must be
sufficient”.
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16. lavparmar.blogspot
List Array
(1) No. of elements in a list are not fixed
(variable).(Dynamic Data structure)
(1) No. of elements in an array is fixed.
(Static Data structure)
(2)It uses pointer variable which occupies an
extra memory space.
(2) It does not use pointer variable so it does
not occupies extra memory space.
(3) Insertion and deletion operation are very
easy to perform.
(3) Insertion and deletion operation are very
difficult to perform.
(4) There are two types of List:
1. Linear List
2. Non Linear List
(4) There are two types of array:
1. One dimensional array
2. Two dimensional array
(5) Searching is slower in case of List. (5) Searching is faster in case of array.
Difference between List and Array
17. Static Memory Allocation Dynamic Memory Allocation
(1) Static Memory Allocation is Performed at
Compile Time.
(1) Dynamic Memory Allocation is
Performed at Runtime.
(2) In Static Memory Allocation Memory may
be wasted.
(2) In Dynamic Memory Allocation memory
is allocated when it is needed. So there is no
wastage of memory.
(3) Array is an example of static memory
allocation.
(3) Linked List is an example of dynamic
memory allocation. We can use malloc ()
function to allocate memory at runtime.
(4) In static memory allocation memory is
allocated sequentially.
(4) In dynamic memory allocation memory is
not allocated sequentially.
Difference between Static Memory allocation and Dynamic Memory allocation.
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