This document provides an overview of green roofs, including their history and benefits. It discusses the different types of green roofs - extensive, intensive, and semi-intensive - and the key components of a green roof system, including a drainage layer, water retention product, root barrier, and growing medium. The document also summarizes a case study of a green roof installed at the National Research Council of Canada that demonstrated benefits like reducing urban heat and stormwater runoff.
Greensulate and Poplar Network present "Introduction to Green Roofs".
Learn how green roofs work and why they are beneficial to both the indoor and outdoor environment, green buildings and the newest version of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system, LEED v4.
This presentation will also provide you with the information necessary to understand how to differentiate types of green roofs and their respective benefits, and learn how green roofs have been successful in real life case studies.
Finally, you'll get unbiased tips on what to look for in a green roof installer.
Green roofs & green walls-A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane.
It includes additional drainage and irrigation systems.
roof covered with vegetation either completely or partially. Three types of green roof: extensive (shallow), semi intensive (moderate) and intensive (deep) green roofs. History traces back to the Hanging gardens of Babylon. Germany is the birthplace of modern day green roofs. a green roof has seven different layers: waterproofing membrane, root barrier mambrane, protection layer,drainage layer,filter layer, media and the vegetation/plant layer. advantages include reduce energy consumption and urban heat island effect, air pollution, storm water mitigation, noise reduction and aesthetic beauty.
In the last five years, the term green roof has taken on ecological and social significance beyond its seemingly simplistic description, this term has become an epithet for the reduction of pollution and improving urban environment, for large scale mitigation of storm water runoff, and for maximum utilization of urban land.
Erbil the capital city of Kurdistan region is facing a lot of environmental problems such as waste water treatment, water supply, land preservation, air and noise pollution due to the increasing number of cars, in addition, interestingly recent statistics suggested that the percentage of green areas in Erbil is approximately 6.5%, while according to international standards 30% of urban areas should be green.
Green roofs infrastructure on the other hand promises to become an increasingly important solution for building owners and community planners which provides a significant numbers of social, environmental and economic benefits that are both public and private nature.
Research problem is the ambiguity of green roofs implementation techniques in the region and the goal is initiated to determine the obstacle and challenges of green roofs implementations in Erbil city as case field by analyzing international experiences and concluding Erbil’s green roofs criteria.
In this time of rising temperatures, abundant rain and socioeconomic imbalance, this seminar will suggest that green roofs are a powerful green building Best Management Practices (BMPs).
This presentation will outline the application, feasibility, benefits and challenges of green roofs in commercial application and put several widely debated questions into perspective: modular trays v. contiguous installations, upfront cost v. long-term investment, green roof v. other options, public access v. limited access, etc. Using local, national and international examples, she will explore green roof issues re: longevity, energy savings, stormwater management, maintenance, incentives and LEED points.
The three learning objectives are a) to understand green roof ROI for commercial buildings, b) to compare stormwater strategies of green roofs v underground cisterns and porous pavers and c) to compare green roofs to a solar roof or a white reflective roof.
Green roofs are a means to lowering the overall ambient temperature, reducing longterm costs on our buildings, sequestering CO2 and producing O2, improving the quality of life in our cities and boosting our green economy. Come learn more about green roofs at this seminar on May 7th.
The latest advent of innovative ideas and thoughts popping up as green roofing in the minds of Engineers and professionals. The ever changing trends of roof makeover in eco-friendly zones made it a sturdy and diverse option for many homes and buildings.
St. Paul Fire Station Green Roof Intrpretive Center and Garden ClassroomLoren Abraham
This presentation provides details of the design and construction of the St. Paul Fire Station Green Roof Interpretive Center and Garden Classroom completed in 2010. This green roof was part of a 58,000 sf firestation and fire department headquarters building for the city of St. Paul, Minnesota. The green roof was designed by Abraham + Associates Architecture and Planning, who was also the sustainable design and LEED consultant on the Fire Station Project. The building itself was designed by CDG, Inc. A Minneapolis Architectural Firm. The Construction Manager for the project was CPMI, Inc. and the project was certified LEED Silver, as requested by the City of St. Paul. The Project Manager for the city was David Nelson.
Although green wall is not a new concept and date back to hanging gardens of Babylonia in 600 BC, but flourished in current decades. In the age of sustainable development planners and architects look for solutions to green the buildings envelops and restore environmental conditions. A variety of different terminology in this area indicates the importance of issue: Hanging or vertical gardens, balcony gardens, vertical farms, containers or planter boxes greening, green roofs or rooftop gardens, green or eco buildings, green walls, wall planters, green envelops and green facades. They can be applied to increase bio diversity and ecological value, out door and indoor value, air quality and finally enhance social and physical well being of city dwellers. This presentation discusses the green facades as one of the vertical greening systems.
Greensulate and Poplar Network present "Introduction to Green Roofs".
Learn how green roofs work and why they are beneficial to both the indoor and outdoor environment, green buildings and the newest version of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system, LEED v4.
This presentation will also provide you with the information necessary to understand how to differentiate types of green roofs and their respective benefits, and learn how green roofs have been successful in real life case studies.
Finally, you'll get unbiased tips on what to look for in a green roof installer.
Green roofs & green walls-A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane.
It includes additional drainage and irrigation systems.
roof covered with vegetation either completely or partially. Three types of green roof: extensive (shallow), semi intensive (moderate) and intensive (deep) green roofs. History traces back to the Hanging gardens of Babylon. Germany is the birthplace of modern day green roofs. a green roof has seven different layers: waterproofing membrane, root barrier mambrane, protection layer,drainage layer,filter layer, media and the vegetation/plant layer. advantages include reduce energy consumption and urban heat island effect, air pollution, storm water mitigation, noise reduction and aesthetic beauty.
In the last five years, the term green roof has taken on ecological and social significance beyond its seemingly simplistic description, this term has become an epithet for the reduction of pollution and improving urban environment, for large scale mitigation of storm water runoff, and for maximum utilization of urban land.
Erbil the capital city of Kurdistan region is facing a lot of environmental problems such as waste water treatment, water supply, land preservation, air and noise pollution due to the increasing number of cars, in addition, interestingly recent statistics suggested that the percentage of green areas in Erbil is approximately 6.5%, while according to international standards 30% of urban areas should be green.
Green roofs infrastructure on the other hand promises to become an increasingly important solution for building owners and community planners which provides a significant numbers of social, environmental and economic benefits that are both public and private nature.
Research problem is the ambiguity of green roofs implementation techniques in the region and the goal is initiated to determine the obstacle and challenges of green roofs implementations in Erbil city as case field by analyzing international experiences and concluding Erbil’s green roofs criteria.
In this time of rising temperatures, abundant rain and socioeconomic imbalance, this seminar will suggest that green roofs are a powerful green building Best Management Practices (BMPs).
This presentation will outline the application, feasibility, benefits and challenges of green roofs in commercial application and put several widely debated questions into perspective: modular trays v. contiguous installations, upfront cost v. long-term investment, green roof v. other options, public access v. limited access, etc. Using local, national and international examples, she will explore green roof issues re: longevity, energy savings, stormwater management, maintenance, incentives and LEED points.
The three learning objectives are a) to understand green roof ROI for commercial buildings, b) to compare stormwater strategies of green roofs v underground cisterns and porous pavers and c) to compare green roofs to a solar roof or a white reflective roof.
Green roofs are a means to lowering the overall ambient temperature, reducing longterm costs on our buildings, sequestering CO2 and producing O2, improving the quality of life in our cities and boosting our green economy. Come learn more about green roofs at this seminar on May 7th.
The latest advent of innovative ideas and thoughts popping up as green roofing in the minds of Engineers and professionals. The ever changing trends of roof makeover in eco-friendly zones made it a sturdy and diverse option for many homes and buildings.
St. Paul Fire Station Green Roof Intrpretive Center and Garden ClassroomLoren Abraham
This presentation provides details of the design and construction of the St. Paul Fire Station Green Roof Interpretive Center and Garden Classroom completed in 2010. This green roof was part of a 58,000 sf firestation and fire department headquarters building for the city of St. Paul, Minnesota. The green roof was designed by Abraham + Associates Architecture and Planning, who was also the sustainable design and LEED consultant on the Fire Station Project. The building itself was designed by CDG, Inc. A Minneapolis Architectural Firm. The Construction Manager for the project was CPMI, Inc. and the project was certified LEED Silver, as requested by the City of St. Paul. The Project Manager for the city was David Nelson.
Although green wall is not a new concept and date back to hanging gardens of Babylonia in 600 BC, but flourished in current decades. In the age of sustainable development planners and architects look for solutions to green the buildings envelops and restore environmental conditions. A variety of different terminology in this area indicates the importance of issue: Hanging or vertical gardens, balcony gardens, vertical farms, containers or planter boxes greening, green roofs or rooftop gardens, green or eco buildings, green walls, wall planters, green envelops and green facades. They can be applied to increase bio diversity and ecological value, out door and indoor value, air quality and finally enhance social and physical well being of city dwellers. This presentation discusses the green facades as one of the vertical greening systems.
Analysis of Upgradation of a Convectional Building into Green BuildingIJSRD
The phenomenon of global warming or climate change has led to many environmental issues including higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, and increased Greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increased indoor discomfort condition. Researchers worldwide collectively agreed that one way of reducing the impact of global warming is by implementing Green Roof Technology which integrates vegetation, growing medium and water proofing membrane on top of the roof surface. This study emphasized to first analysis a convectional Building than upgrade it to a Green Building by the use of some Eco- Friendly materials. In addition to this by the use of some smart electrification work we can also conserve an ample amount of energy in a Convectional Building. Than by the use of different agencies which would provide checklist for Green Building we can rate a Convectional Building which is been upgraded into a Green Building..The objectives of this research were is Reduction in the indoor temperature of the room contributes reduction in energy consumption in the building. By the use of smart electrification an ample amount of energy can also be conserved. By the use of eco- friendly materials and waste products an ample amount of money can also be saved. Although by the up gradation of convectional building the initial cost will be high because of the use of some special material such as solar panel, rain water harvesting system but their application will return 10 times of what we invested
This document is to give an insight on green roofing system, comparing it to the traditional and modern roofing system and also enumerating some key advantages of the new or green system to the environment.
Felton Properties Green Roof Report 400 SW 6th Ave Portland,.docxlmelaine
Felton Properties Green Roof Report
400 SW 6th Ave Portland, OR
400 Building
Introduction:
The ecoRoof will combine innovation with practicality. The building is
currently seeking LEED Gold certification, and ecoREAL will work in an
integrated fashion with roofing experts specializing in weatherproofing,
structural engineers and green roof companies specialized in the bio-
regions native plant species to come up with the best design and function
for meeting the building overall green building goals. Water drainage,
low-impact design and aesthetic will be looked at simultaneously. At
each layer of the green roof sustainable design attributes will be assessed
for regional material (especially vegetation) and recycled content (such
as the HDPE geo-cells) in the drainage system along with triple bottom line
life-cycle assessments on how the project affects the context (such as
HVAC systems, and surrounding buildings). Since the building is on a zero-
lot, the green roof grant is critical for pursuing LEED certification relating to
both Sustainable Sites and Water Efficiency credits. The green roof would
augment Felton Properties commitment to retrofitting their existing
building stock to be more sustainable.
Left: Looking South over green roof installation
Right: Looking Northeast over green roof installation
Project Type Commercial retrofit
Technologies
Malarkey roofing tray system 2000 sqft
Tuff Stuff - Sedum Tile
Major Benefits
Stormwater management - limit disruption and pollution of
natural water flows by managing stormwater runoff.
Heat Island Reduction - reduce heat islands to minimize impact
on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat.
Cost $70,192.00
Constructed
.O. Box 17217, Portland, OR 97217-0217
Telephone: (503) 283-1 www.MalarkeyRoofing.com
.O. Box 17217, Portland, OR 97217-0217
Telephone: (503) 283-1 www.MalarkeyRoofing.com
System Components: AVRS Tray System
System Components: Tuff Stuff – Sedum Tile
Technical Data
Vegetation – 95% coverage
Fiber/Soil Base – Approx. 1” thick
Measurements – 15”w x 20”l x 2”-3”h
Area = 2.08 sqft per tile
Max weight – 4.5 #/sqft fully saturated
Irrigation:
No irrigation was used on this project. The tray system chosen was
designed and planted to not utilize any irrigation system.
Budget:
Existing Roof make minor tune up repairs
At window washer davits and supports, clean and reseal all with SBS
modified mastic and with granules
Make misc. minor repairs and reseal all pipe penetrations
At west parapet reseal parapet cap metal flashing joints
Total: $9,900.00
Green roof option 10% of total roof area 2000sqft
Install 1/8 inch protection board underneath green roof trays, 2000sqft
Install Malakey roofing tray system with fully mature ...
Felton Properties Green Roof Report 400 SW 6th Ave Portland,.docxmglenn3
Felton Properties Green Roof Report
400 SW 6th Ave Portland, OR
400 Building
Introduction:
The ecoRoof will combine innovation with practicality. The building is
currently seeking LEED Gold certification, and ecoREAL will work in an
integrated fashion with roofing experts specializing in weatherproofing,
structural engineers and green roof companies specialized in the bio-
regions native plant species to come up with the best design and function
for meeting the building overall green building goals. Water drainage,
low-impact design and aesthetic will be looked at simultaneously. At
each layer of the green roof sustainable design attributes will be assessed
for regional material (especially vegetation) and recycled content (such
as the HDPE geo-cells) in the drainage system along with triple bottom line
life-cycle assessments on how the project affects the context (such as
HVAC systems, and surrounding buildings). Since the building is on a zero-
lot, the green roof grant is critical for pursuing LEED certification relating to
both Sustainable Sites and Water Efficiency credits. The green roof would
augment Felton Properties commitment to retrofitting their existing
building stock to be more sustainable.
Left: Looking South over green roof installation
Right: Looking Northeast over green roof installation
Project Type Commercial retrofit
Technologies
Malarkey roofing tray system 2000 sqft
Tuff Stuff - Sedum Tile
Major Benefits
Stormwater management - limit disruption and pollution of
natural water flows by managing stormwater runoff.
Heat Island Reduction - reduce heat islands to minimize impact
on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat.
Cost $70,192.00
Constructed
.O. Box 17217, Portland, OR 97217-0217
Telephone: (503) 283-1 www.MalarkeyRoofing.com
.O. Box 17217, Portland, OR 97217-0217
Telephone: (503) 283-1 www.MalarkeyRoofing.com
System Components: AVRS Tray System
System Components: Tuff Stuff – Sedum Tile
Technical Data
Vegetation – 95% coverage
Fiber/Soil Base – Approx. 1” thick
Measurements – 15”w x 20”l x 2”-3”h
Area = 2.08 sqft per tile
Max weight – 4.5 #/sqft fully saturated
Irrigation:
No irrigation was used on this project. The tray system chosen was
designed and planted to not utilize any irrigation system.
Budget:
Existing Roof make minor tune up repairs
At window washer davits and supports, clean and reseal all with SBS
modified mastic and with granules
Make misc. minor repairs and reseal all pipe penetrations
At west parapet reseal parapet cap metal flashing joints
Total: $9,900.00
Green roof option 10% of total roof area 2000sqft
Install 1/8 inch protection board underneath green roof trays, 2000sqft
Install Malakey roofing tray system with fully mature.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Construction of an Elevated Garden - The Basics of Growing Green Roofs
1. January 2008 Vol. 50 No. 1
Elevated
Gardening
The basics
of growing
green roofs
By Marie-Anne Boivin, M.Sc. agr.
G
reen roofs have a long history, dating back to the In the 1980s, the development of a lighter growing medium to
Hanging Gardens of Babylon built circa 600 BC. They have support plant growth in a thin layer of soil led to their increasing
become a staple in Europe, particularly in France, Germany, popularity in Europe. Today, millions of square feet of green roof area
and Switzerland, where state and municipal governments are installed annually. The major push behind this growth has been
encourage green roof implementation with legislative and water management and retentionrelieving stormwater pressure on
financial incentives. sewage systems and water treatment facilities.
Photos courtesy Soprema
279514.indd 1 5/29/09 12:25:45 PM
2. In North America, interest in green roofs has grown following the
introduction of European technology in the mid 1990s. As
governments recognize green roof benefits through incentives and
legislation to mandate their construction on commercial, industrial,
institutional, and residential properties, interest in the technology is
gaining momentum. For example, the City of Toronto offers $1 per
0.9 m2 (1 sf) for green roof installation. (See “Green Roof Incentives
from Coast to Coast”).
Corporations and individuals are also pursuing green roof
installations for environmental and economic benefits. The
Canada Green Building Council’s (CaGBC’s) Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED Canada) certification program
Pictured above, the extensive green roof at the Bedford
and international organizations such as the Toronto-based Green
Oceanography Institute in Dartmouth, N.S., was installed in 2002.
Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC) have also been instrumental in The assembly consists of a wide variety of grasses.
initiating installations.
a factory-laminated geotextile membrane directs unabsorbed
What is a green roof? rainwater to drains.
Roofing manufacturers have developed sophisticated technology,
designing green roof systems that can easily and cost-effectively be Water retention product
installed over the existing roof waterproofing membrane in a matter Different water retention products, such as containers with cups for
of days. While installation may be quick, the process must be well holding water or capillary mats, can store and retain extra stormwater
understood to create a green roof that meets owner expectations. to meet plant needs.
A green roof is a structure containing engineered soil and plants
placed over an existing roof. Most are constructed on low slope Root barrier
roofs (i.e. slope of about two per cent), but can be sustained on The root barrier may be a physical obstruction made of coated, woven,
slopes up to 40 per cent and greater when measures are taken to and micro-perforated fabric, or a filter impregnated with chemicals.
prevent soil erosion. It blocks plant roots from invading the underlying roof membrane or
A green roof structure consists of four major layersdrainage drainage board, depending on the system. The chemicals used in the
board, water retention product, root barrier, and growing medium. root barrier should be approved by Health Canada’s Pest Management
The layers are available as an integrated system for ease of installation. Regulatory Agency (PMRA) for use with green roofs.1
Green roof components made by different manufacturers offer some
compatibility, but a single source supplier provides a warranty Growing medium
covering the entire green roof structure. A specially formulated growing medium that is different from
common garden soil is spread over the surface to be greened to receive
Drainage board the selected plant material. These mediums contain a highly porous
The drainage board, made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with mineral aggregate content (i.e. between 55 and 70 per cent) of
Putting Green Roofs to the Test
I
n 2000, the National Research Council of Canada’s Institute for Heat flow through the roofing system was significantly moderated.
Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) constructed a field roofing During a two-month period, the green roof reduced 95 per cent of
facility at its Ottawa campus to evaluate roof temperature, peak heat gain and 26 per cent of heat loss in comparison to the reference
runoff volume, and total runoff volume.* roof, with an overall heat flow reduction of 47 per cent. The average
daily energy demand for space conditioning due to heat flow through
Urban heat island (UHI) reduction the roof was reduced by more than 75 per cent by shading,
A median divider separated the facility’s roof into two areasa evapotranspiration, and improved insulation values.
generic extensive green roof with 152 mm (6 in.) of growing
medium and grass, and a modified bituminous (mod-bit) reference Stormwater runoff
roof with instrumentation. This allowed the researchers the At NRC’s field roof facility, an overall runoff reduction of 54 per cent
opportunity for direct comparison. from the green roof was recorded from April to September. In
The green roof significantly reduced the temperature and daily addition to reducing the total volume of runoff, the green roof
temperature fluctuations experienced by the roof in spring and delayed runoff to an off-peak time and slowed runoff flow rate. ✍
summer. The membrane on the reference roof reached close to 70
C (158 F), while the membrane under the green roof stayed a cool * See Bas Baskaran and Karen Liu’s “Thermal Performance of
25 C (77 F). Green Roofs Through Field Evaluation,” NRC-IRC (June 2003).
279514.indd 2 5/29/09 12:25:50 PM
3. materials such as crushed brick, expanded shale, or volcanic rock to
prevent compaction while providing a high air-filled porosity for good
Green Roof Efforts
plant anchorage. Growing media also contain organic matter such as Intensify in Cambridge
compost and peat moss.
Irrigation is an option, depending on the type of plants selected for
the green roof and whether they are supplied as seeds, cuttings, plugs,
pre-grown mats, or plants in containers. Green roof manufacturers
can suggest plants best suited to the local environment and building
location. Selection depends on the type of green roof and whether an
irrigation system will be installed.
A significantly wider variety of plants can be used in intensive and
semi-intensive green roofs than in extensive ones (discussed later),
Photos courtesy Roof Greening Systems
when provision is made for irrigation and regular maintenance.
Many building owners and landscape architects favour native plant
species in rooftop gardens, because they are usually well adapted to
the local climate. As many native plants require a high moisture level,
selection of drought-resistant species is a key consideration.
For buildings lower than six storeys, the recent introduction of special
blowing equipment delivers the growing medium from ground level to
the roof, quickly and effectively. For higher buildings under construction,
green roof components and soil can be placed by a crane.
Shades of green Cambridge (Ont.) Civic Centre’s extensive green roof provides
The type of green roof selected is based on cost, esthetics, function, esthetic appeal, wildlife habitat, and stormwater management.
maintenance commitment level, and roof slope. However, the roof
A
load capacity is often the primary determining factor, particularly for n extensive green roof, designed and planned by the City
existing buildings (as discussed later in this article). Extensive, of Cambridge, Ont., and the Fleisher Rideout Partnership,
intensive, and semi-intensive green roofs are designed to match desired a Toronto-based landscape architecture firm, was installed
garden effect, maintenance level commitment, and budget. by Roof Greening Systems on the fourth floor of the new
Cambridge Civic Centre in July 2007. It can be enjoyed via a
Extensive walkout and viewing platform.
Extensive green roofs are characterized by low maintenance The city’s goal was to exemplify what the future holds for
requirements with plant material selected for self-sustaining urban centres.
capabilities, such as succulent grown covers, drought-resistant per- “Green roofs esthetically make our urban environment look
ennials, and grasses. Many sedum species are well adapted for extensive better, and provide wildlife habitat and stormwater management
green roofs in all Canadian regions, as are species of chive, some iris, among other benefits,” says Susan M. Reise, a landscape design
creeping thyme, and fescues. Extensive roofs are primarily chosen for architect with the municipality. “The green roof will also
their environmental and energy-savings benefits, and are usually contribute to the city’s effort to obtain a gold certification in the
inaccessible to building occupants. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
Although low-maintenance, extensive green roofs cannot be entirely program for the building.”
neglected. The plant materials need to be watered during the first Both the roof and the green roof system were selected from a
growing season until established and in long periods of drought. Four single manufacturer to obtain one warranty for the entire roof.
times a year, the roof should be inspected to evaluate plant health and It begins with a modified bitumen (mod-bit) base sheet and
remove invasive weeds or tree seedlings. cap-sheet membranes, which provide a watertight roofing
Nevertheless, the degree of maintenance required is significantly system over which the green roof components are installed. The
less than that of a backyard perennial garden. For case study examples first component layer is a high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
of extensive roof systems in Canada, see “Green Roof Efforts Intensify drainage panel with a geotextile felt backing to ensure excess
in Cambridge,” and “The Total Package: A Roof Garden with Form water flows freely to the roof drain. The next layer is a capillary
and Function.” mat for rainwater retention, which also contains a micro-
irrigation system. The green roof does not require regular
Intensive watering, as the chosen grasses, perennials, and succulents are
Intensive green roofs look more like traditional gardens with a wider hardy and drought-tolerant.
variety of plant materials (including shrubs and trees, depending on Over the capillary mat, lie a root barrier and growing medium.
the desired garden effect and budget). These gardens are designed to The base layer of growing medium has a highly porous mineral
be enjoyed by building tenants and may include walkways, benches, aggregate designed for use on irrigated roofs. In those areas with
lighting, and ponds. A structural engineer should calculate the roof perennials, the growing medium’s formulation is modified to
load capacity based on the components specified in the green roof supply higher moisture levels required by these plants. ✍
279514.indd 3 5/29/09 12:25:52 PM
4. landscape. The main objective is to present an attractive roof
garden as opposed to an ecological approach for biodiversity
enhancement.
The semi-intensive green roof is more appropriate for terraces,
patios, and rooftops used as amenity space. The landscaped portions
add value to condominiums, offices, or rooms with direct access to the
green roof or simply having a view overlooking the green canopy.
Factors in design
When designing a green roof, consideration should be given to a
range of aspects.
Roof size
A green roof can cover the entire roof deck or only part of the surface,
depending on the building owner’s objectives. Part of the roof can be
built immediately and expanded as budget allows because of the
integrated system approach to installation.
Roof load capacity
For an existing building, the roof load capacity must be evaluated by
a structural engineer; design for new construction should accom-
modate these capacity limitations. An extensive or semi-intensive
green roof with 152 mm (6 in.) of growing medium requires a dead
load capacity of 11 to 20 kg (25 to 45 lb) per 0.09 m2 (1 sf), whereas
an intensive roof with more than 0.3 to 0.9 m (1 to 3 ft) of growing
medium may need 90 kg (200 lb) per 0.09 m2 (1 sf). These calculations
Looks can be deceiving: The green roof at St-Mary’s Health Centre include the entire green roof structure, as well as the weight of water
in Montreal looks semi-intensive, but is actually extensive.
when the growing medium is fully saturated.
A herbaceous perennial can grow from 100 to 900 g (0.25 to 2 lb)
within a few years. New lightweight growing medium formulations
containing a highly porous mineral aggregate content can be
adapted to reduce saturated weight to as low as 8 kg (18 lb) per
0.09 m2 (1 sf), where a roof has limited load capacity. Availability of
this formulation increases the opportunity for installing green roofs
on existing buildings.
The load capacity must reflect standards in the National Building
Code of Canada (NBC), which includes the weight of human traffic,
as well as regional snow loads. For human traffic, the minimum load
capacity is 4.8 kPa (100 psf).
Images courtesy Soprema
Roof slope
A minimum slope of two per cent to a maximum of 40 per cent is
recommended. As the slope increases, horticultural products such as
mats and grids (typically used for erosion control in ground-level
gardens) may be used to prevent soil erosion toward the bottom of the
slope. Slopes greater than 40 per cent require mechanical fixation to
The rivers of rock at St-Mary’s Health Centre are esthetically stabilize the growing medium and plant materials.
pleasing as well as functionalthey keep the plants in place.
design. For safety, a 1.1-m (42-in.) railing or parapet is required Waterproofing membrane
around the green roof. The roof’s existing waterproofing membrane must be assessed for its
condition and anticipated life expectancy. Consideration should be given as
Semi-intensive to whether repairs, re-covering, or replacement will be necessary in the next
Semi-intensive green roofs are a lightweight alternative, designed few yearsif required, these steps should be completed before the green
primarily for visual appeal. These roofs can be accessible to build- roof is installed.
ing occupants or created to be seen from a distance. As esthetics
drive this design, plant choices usually require irrigation, fertilizers Budget
or amendments, and regular maintenance to preserve a manicured The type of green roof and plants chosen will dictate the depth of
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5. The Total Package: A Roof Garden
with Form and Function
T
he green roof at the Norman and Robert Hayes Pavilion at
St-Mary’s Health Centre (Montreal) looks semi-intensive
because of the landscape designesthetics are important,
because the garden is visible to people entering the hospital.
‘Islands’ of sedum and creeping thyme are surrounded by
‘rivers’ of small rocks with separation lines of grasses such as
Basic green roof components, installed over the roofing blue oats. Despite its esthetic consciousness, this green roof is
membrane, include a drainage layer, capillary mat, root barrier, actually extensive because it is inaccessible with low-
growing medium, and a selection of appropriate plants. maintenance plant materials.
This green roof system has a water retention capillary mat
over the drainage board, which is capable of holding about 12 L
(406 oz) of rainwater per 1 m2 (10.8 sf) to provide adequate
moisture for plants. The mat also contains an irrigation system
with drip tapes connected to a water line that automatically
opens in drought conditions. A time clock, humidity sensor
controller, and pressure regulator on the water line control a
slow drip into the capillary mat which acts as a reservoir. This
sub-irrigation has the following benefits:
• lants develop drought resistance as the roots grow down to the
p
underground reservoir instead of remaining close to the surface;
• ess water is lost through evapotranspiration than with a water
l
sprinkler; and
Recently introduced blowing equipment delivers soil from ground • eeds brought by the wind have a reduced potential to
s
level to the roof, making the promise of green roofs more accessible. germinate due to the growing medium’s dry surface. ✍
the growing medium, required level of maintenance, and necessity but are less effective in lowering heat loss in fall and winter. In colder
for an irrigation system. These components should be factored into months, roof gardens behave similar to typical ground level plants in
the budget. frozen garden soil. However, as rooftop plants are subjected to severe
The cost of a green roof system can be $12 to $15 per 0.09 m2 (1 sf) winter conditions—such as higher wind velocity and lack of snow
or more, depending on additional factors such as the location and type cover—they are selected based on hardiness.
of building. Elements such as surface area, building height, and types
of vegetation (i.e. whether seeds, cuttings, plugs, pre-grown mats, Extending roof life
annuals, bushes, or trees are used) affect the final installed price of the The green roof also protects the building’s waterproofing membrane.
green roof. Building height dictates the type and cost of the equipment Temperature fluctuations cause thermal expansion and contraction,
needed to hoist components to the roof. For example, a two-storey a leading contributor to premature waterproofing failure over time.
building may use a boom truck, whereas a high-rise requires a crane. Green roofs reduce the difference between day and night temp-
erature fluctuations, substantially adding to the membrane’s service
Environmental motivations life. They also protect the membrane from the damaging effects of
Environmental consciousness and energy savings play a significant ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
role in why building owners may choose green roofs.
Reducing stormwater runoff
Reducing urban heat island Green roofs are increasingly advocated as a component of stormwater
Urban heat island (UHI) refers to urban air and surface temperatures management strategy for urban areas. Part of the rainfall is stored in
higher than nearby rural areas. Air temperatures in some urban the growing medium, used by plants, and released into the atmosphere
areas can be up to 5.6 C (10 F) warmer than the surrounding through evapotranspiration. Green roofs also delay runoff into
natural land cover. sewage systems and reduce potential for combined sewage overflow
Studies on the impact of the UHI effect show if only five per cent of events that plague many cities with aging infrastructure. With enough
buildings in downtown Toronto had green roofs, the temperature garden roofs, stormwater runoff would substantially reduce and be
would be reduced by 0.5 C (1 F).2 This temperature reduction results delayed, creating significant savings in wastewater treatment. (See
from the daily dew and evaporation cyclein the process of “Putting Green Roofs to the Test.”)
evapotranspiration, plants use heat energy when evaporating water.
Approximately 1 m2 (10.8 sf) of foliage can evaporate more than 0.5 L ‘Cleaning’ the air
(17 oz) of water on a hot day. (See “Putting Green Roofs to the Test.” ) While the green roof absorbs heat, it decreases the tendency for
Green roofs significantly reduce heat gain in spring and summer, thermal air movement and filters the air moving across it1 m2
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6. (10.8 sf) of grass roof can remove 0.2 kg (0.4 lb) of airborne particles
every year.
ASTM and Green Roofs
Economical motivations
The addition of a green roof can enhance property value and building
A A
list of ASTM International standards for green roof
installation is provided below:
• STM E 2399-05, Standard Test Method for Maximum Media
marketability. At a condominium complex, the penthouse suites with Density for Dead Load Analysis of Green Roof Systems;
green roof terraces tend to sell more quickly and at a higher premium • STM E 2397-05, Standard Practice for Determination of Dead
A
than those with only patios. Commercial space between high-rise Loads and Live Loads Associated with Green Roof Systems;
buildings with a green roof terrace commands higher rents, but • STM E 2398-05, Standard Test Method for Water Capture and
A
attracts additional customers for restaurant and boutique tenants Media Retention of Geocomposite Drain Layers for Green Roof
because of the pleasant surroundings. Systems; and
Green roofs can also camouflage buildings, providing an esthetic • STM E 2396-05, Standard Test Method for Saturated Water
A
view for tenants of higher, adjacent facilities. A green roof and green Permeability of Granular Drainage Media [Falling-Head
walls can blend a box-type concrete block structure into surrounding Method] for Green Roof Systems. ✍
trees, making the building less noticeable.
No ordinary garden Green Roof Incentives
A green roof cannot be equated to a ground-level garden. Roof
gardens have a unique microclimate which requires plant material from Coast to Coast
P
that can survive and thrive at elevation. These spaces need to be ort Coquitlam, B.C., is the first Canadian municipality to
tolerant of heat and direct radiation, drought, wind, and frost never enact green roof legislation with the adoption of a zoning
experienced by regular garden plants. bylaw amendment that requires green roofs for all buildings
Plant selection is contingent on the regional climate zone, type and with an area greater than 5000 m2 (53,821 sf). Kim Fowler, director
depth of growing medium, roof height/slope, influence of of development services, says the amendment is an integral part
surrounding buildings, and availability of irrigation. Shallow root of the City of Port Coquitlam Sustainability Initiative.
growth and regenerative properties are preferable and succulents are “The primary purpose is to obtain environmental benefits
well suited to most rooftop environments. including intercepting and reducing stormwater runoff,
A landscape architect specializing in green roof design should be improving building thermal performance and energy
consulted. Green roof suppliers can be an additional source of consumption, and reducing the urban heat island effect,”
information, as many have specialists who can provide Fowler says. “The first high-density tower being built in the
recommendations on plant selection and maintenance. The downtown core will have an extensive green roof, and more
aforementioned Green Roofs for Healthy Cities is also an invaluable are planned.”
resourceit conducts conferences and seminars and enables Toronto was among the first cities in Canada to actively
contact with professionals who can assist with green roof design promote green roofs. A short-term inaugural program
and installation.3 ✍ in 2006the Green Roof Incentive Pilot Programwas
developed to support residential, commercial, and
Notes institutional construction of various green roof types. Sixteen
1
To verify if chemicals are approved, visit the Pest Management successful applicants were approved as part of the pilot
Regulatory Agency’s website at www.pmra-arla.gc.ca. program and, as a result, approximately 4000 m2 (43,057 sf)
2
Studies conducted in Toronto by Environment Canada. For details, visit of green roofs are being constructed. The program provides
www.cleanairpartnership.org/cooltoronto/pdf/finalpaper_bass.pdf. a grant of $10 per 1 m2 (10.8 sf) of eligible green roof area,
3
For more information, visit the GRHC website at www.greenroofs.org. up to a maximum of $20,000. ✍
Marie-Anne Boivin, M.Sc. agr., is an agronomist that has been actively landscape architects, and engineers with green roof and roof garden
promoting the creation of green spaces on top of new and existing conception and design. Boivin regularly makes presentations, publishes
buildings as an integrated design strategy for urban sustainable articles, and presents workshops and programs at colleges and
development for more than 10 years. She is co-ordinator of universities on green roof technology. She can be contacted via e-mail
Sopranature development at Soprema where she assists architects, at maboivin@soprema.ca.
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