The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
1) Dietary supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and herbal extracts are commonly used to treat osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms, but their efficacy is unclear due to a lack of conclusive evidence.
2) Nutrigenomics research aims to define how genes and nutrients interact to influence health and disease, with the goal of developing personalized nutrition plans.
3) Curcumin and resveratrol show potential for treating OA by reducing inflammation and suppressing cartilage degradation, but more research is still needed, including well-designed clinical trials.
Ambrotose AO capsules contain a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants, plant extracts, and fruit and vegetable powders. Three clinical studies found Ambrotose AO capsules increased serum ORAC levels, a measure of antioxidant activity in the blood, by up to 37.4% and serum TEAC by 19%. No adverse effects were reported. Ambrotose AO capsules were shown to have a greater effect on antioxidant levels than adding five servings of fruits and vegetables or high doses of other supplements. The ingredients in Ambrotose AO capsules are considered safe due to traditional use as foods, food nutrients, or dietary supplements.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Dr. Q's PainEx is a supplement formulated to support the body's normal response to inflammation and provide relief for joint discomfort. It contains standardized extracts of white willow bark, Boswellia serrata, and a proprietary berry blend. Willow bark contains salicin, which supports cytokine balance and relieves discomfort. Boswellia serrata extract contains boswellic acids that may inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme. The berry blend provides antioxidants to support tissues. A clinical study found the Boswellia extract significantly reduced knee discomfort and improved function.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
This document discusses the benefits of two milk thistle supplements, Hepatika V 5 and Hepatika V 8, for maintaining a healthy liver. Both supplements contain milk thistle extract and other ingredients to support liver function such as curcumin, artichoke, and boldo. Hepatika V 8 contains additional ingredients like taurine, N-acetyl cysteine, and zinc. Several studies presented show that milk thistle and its components can help protect the liver from toxins and support regeneration.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
1) Dietary supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and herbal extracts are commonly used to treat osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms, but their efficacy is unclear due to a lack of conclusive evidence.
2) Nutrigenomics research aims to define how genes and nutrients interact to influence health and disease, with the goal of developing personalized nutrition plans.
3) Curcumin and resveratrol show potential for treating OA by reducing inflammation and suppressing cartilage degradation, but more research is still needed, including well-designed clinical trials.
Ambrotose AO capsules contain a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants, plant extracts, and fruit and vegetable powders. Three clinical studies found Ambrotose AO capsules increased serum ORAC levels, a measure of antioxidant activity in the blood, by up to 37.4% and serum TEAC by 19%. No adverse effects were reported. Ambrotose AO capsules were shown to have a greater effect on antioxidant levels than adding five servings of fruits and vegetables or high doses of other supplements. The ingredients in Ambrotose AO capsules are considered safe due to traditional use as foods, food nutrients, or dietary supplements.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Dr. Q's PainEx is a supplement formulated to support the body's normal response to inflammation and provide relief for joint discomfort. It contains standardized extracts of white willow bark, Boswellia serrata, and a proprietary berry blend. Willow bark contains salicin, which supports cytokine balance and relieves discomfort. Boswellia serrata extract contains boswellic acids that may inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme. The berry blend provides antioxidants to support tissues. A clinical study found the Boswellia extract significantly reduced knee discomfort and improved function.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
This document discusses the benefits of two milk thistle supplements, Hepatika V 5 and Hepatika V 8, for maintaining a healthy liver. Both supplements contain milk thistle extract and other ingredients to support liver function such as curcumin, artichoke, and boldo. Hepatika V 8 contains additional ingredients like taurine, N-acetyl cysteine, and zinc. Several studies presented show that milk thistle and its components can help protect the liver from toxins and support regeneration.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the effects of reducing Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27) levels through antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Mice fed a high-fat diet or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with Fsp27 ASOs. Partial reduction of Fsp27 resulted in decreased visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control, and changes in genes related to lipid metabolism. The results suggest that reducing FSP27 activity through ASOs could be a potential therapeutic approach for insulin resistance and obesity in patients.
This study investigated protein breakdown in skeletal muscles of diabetic rats. The researchers found:
1) Muscle extracts from diabetic rats contained greater amounts of ubiquitinated proteins and had 40-50% higher rates of ubiquitin conjugation compared to controls.
2) The increased ubiquitination in diabetic muscles occurred mainly through the N-end rule pathway involving E2 14k and E3α enzymes.
3) mRNA levels of E2 14k and E3α were elevated 2-fold in diabetic muscles, although protein levels were not significantly changed.
4) The results suggest that small increases in both E2 14k and E3α enzymes in diabetic muscles accelerates ubiquitin conjugation and protein breakdown
The document discusses how to maintain joint function through various treatment options for arthritis including COX-2 inhibitors, nutritional supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and collagen, as well as a product called Arthroclem which combines these supplements and has received positive reviews and testimonials for relieving arthritis symptoms.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Review paper osteoarthritis and its possible treatmentsvalrivera
1. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects millions of people and dogs each year. There are some potential treatments but no single definitive treatment.
2. Studies have found that glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements provided benefits for dogs with osteoarthritis, including improved mobility and reduced pain. Long term use of supplements showed better results than traditional NSAID treatments.
3. Research is also exploring inhibitors of enzymes like MMPs that degrade cartilage. Early studies found that COL-3 inhibitor helped reduce breakdown of ligaments in arthritic dog knees.
Fructose and the link to the metabolic syndrome - di Piero Portincasa e Leoni...MedOliveOil
Fructose and the link to the metabolic syndrome - di Piero Portincasa e
Leonilde Bonfrate. 31 maggio 2012. Corso di formazione "valore nutrizionale e salutistico di prodotti agroalimentari” - Università degli studi di Bari.
ueda2011 incidence of diabetes mellitus in clinical trials of antihypertensiv...ueda2015
1) ARBs, ACE inhibitors, CCBs, and placebo are associated with significantly fewer new cases of diabetes than diuretics based on a network meta-analysis of 22 clinical trials on antihypertensive drugs.
2) The mechanism of protection against diabetes involves improved muscle blood flow, decreased sympathetic activity, ionic changes, enhanced insulin signaling, effects on free fatty acids and adipose tissue, and partial PPAR-gamma activity of some ARBs.
3) Limitations include variability in trial duration and populations, as well as incomplete reporting of new diabetes cases.
Scientific research of esulin in bi usm research and development esulix aifa ...Mohammad Suhaili Kasmat
1) Researchers at Universiti Sains Malaysia conducted a scientific study from January 2013 to April 2014 to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of Esulin®, a herbal alternative treatment for diabetes.
2) The study involved qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Esulin® as well as in vitro and in vivo toxicity, antidiabetic, and biochemical parameter testing.
3) The results showed that Esulin® exhibited significant antidiabetic effects including reducing blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and increasing insulin levels in diabetic rats, without toxicity. This suggests that Esulin® may be an effective alternative herbal treatment for diabetes.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
Do fructose-containing sugars lead to adverse health consequences? Results of...Corn Refiners Association
At Experimental Biology 2014, the Sponsored Satellite Program “Sugars and Health Controversies: What Does the Science Say?” held in conjunction with the American Society for Nutrition’s Scientific Sessions took place on Saturday, April 26, 2014.
Panelist John L Sievenpiper, MD, PhD, presented science about sugars and their associated health outcomes.
Protective effect of plants extracts mixture on sperm abnormalities, testicul...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) on sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue, and epididymal tissue in male rats, and evaluated whether a mixture of extracts from five medicinal plants could reduce harm caused by diabetes. Rats were divided into groups: normal controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic rats treated with the plant extracts mixture for 45, 60, or 75 days. Diabetes increased sperm abnormalities and caused degenerative changes in testes and epididymis. Treatment with the plant extracts mixture significantly decreased most sperm abnormalities in diabetic rats and reduced degenerative changes in testes and epididymis tissues, showing protective effects against diabetes-related male reproductive harm.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
1) Rates of ubiquitin conjugation (attachment of ubiquitin molecules) to proteins increase in muscles undergoing atrophy (wasting away), largely due to activation of the N-end rule pathway.
2) The N-end rule pathway is responsible for most changes in ubiquitin conjugation rates in atrophying muscles from tumor-bearing or septic rats. Inhibitors of this pathway suppressed the increased ubiquitin conjugation seen in these conditions.
3) Ubiquitin conjugation rates increase in atrophying conditions like cancer cachexia and sepsis but decrease in hypothyroid muscles, and this response is mediated by the N-end rule pathway.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
Phytosterols for cancer treatment powerpointJosh Nooner
Phytosterols show promise for cancer treatment based on several animal, in vitro, and human studies. Animal studies found that phytosterol supplementation delayed breast cancer tumor onset and reduced prostate cancer growth. In vitro studies demonstrated that phytosterols increased cancer cell apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and increased tumor suppressor genes. A human epidemiological study associated higher phytosterol intake with a 50% reduced risk of lung cancer. Overall, the research suggests phytosterols may exert anticancer effects through reducing oxidative damage and preventing tumor growth and progression.
The document discusses two herbal supplements, Hepatika V 5 and Hepatika V 8, which contain various ingredients aimed at maintaining a healthy liver. Both supplements contain milk thistle, curcumin, artichoke, and boldo. Hepatika V 8 also contains additional ingredients like taurine, N-acetyl cysteine, and zinc. The document provides details on the ingredients and reviews several scientific studies that have found milk thistle extract and its active component silibinin can help protect the liver from toxins and decrease inflammation and fibrosis.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentratio...ijtsrd
Aframomum Melegueta Grain of paradise is a perennial herbal plant that is cultivated for its valuable medicinal and pharmacological effects. The study aims to determine the effect of aqueous seeds extract of Aframomum Melegueta on insulin concentration in alloxan induced diabetes in male wistar rats. Twenty five 25 male wistar rats weighing 150g 170g were used in this study. The animals were acclimatized for a period of two 2 weeks, after which they were randomly divided into five 5 groups of five rats each. Group A served as negative control and received feed and water ad libitum, group B served as positive control and received alloxan monohydrate, group C received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 150mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta, Group D received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 300mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta and Group E received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 600mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta. The Administration of the extract last for a period of 21 days and The administration was between the period of 6 am to 8 am every day. Data for blood glucose and insulin concentration, antioxidant activity SOD and CAT were analysed using SPSS version 25 using ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD comparison. Values were considered significant at p 0.05. The result showed significant p 0.05 increase in the blood glucose level in groups B, C, D, E compared to group A at Day 0. At day 7, 14, 21 the result showed significant p 0.05 decrease in the treated groups compared to diabetic control group. Insulin level had a significant p 0.05 increase in treated groups compared to diabetic control group. There is significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase level in diabetic treated groups when compared to diabetic control group. The study concluded that the aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta can be of immense use in phytomedicine especially for the management of diabetes mellitus. Mmuogbo, J. C | Maduka, S. O. | Okonkwo, O. C. "Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentration in Alloxan-induced Diabetes in Male Wistar Rat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/55163/effect-of-aqueous-seed-extract-of-aframomum-melegueta-on-insulin-concentration-in-alloxaninduced-diabetes-in-male-wistar-rat/mmuogbo-j-c
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The development of a new dietary adjunct with a novel natural antioxidant impact on diabetes mellitus with prevention of its long term deleterious effect on the male fertility in general has been increasingly expressed in recent time. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on adult male Sprague Dawley rats’ testis using unbiased stereological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. The treated groups; 1 and 2 received 28.0 and 14 mg/kg bwt of aqueous extract of sesame leaves via oral garvage, respectively, while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline per day for 6 weeks. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and blood glucose were assayed. In addition five microns of uniformly random transverse sections of processed testicular tissues were equally analyzed using an un-biased stereological study. The result showed that the mean percentage volume fractions (Vf) of epithelial cells and lumen of the testis were 76% (P<0.05)><0.05),>0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner. Serum testosterone and FSH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the high dose sesame when compared to control. Sesame leaves intake improved glucose profile and testicular parameters in a dose related manner via possible improved insulin activity on the cells with a stimulatory impact on sperm production. This also confirmed its folkloric claims.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the effects of reducing Fsp27 (fat-specific protein 27) levels through antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance. Mice fed a high-fat diet or leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with Fsp27 ASOs. Partial reduction of Fsp27 resulted in decreased visceral fat, improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control, and changes in genes related to lipid metabolism. The results suggest that reducing FSP27 activity through ASOs could be a potential therapeutic approach for insulin resistance and obesity in patients.
This study investigated protein breakdown in skeletal muscles of diabetic rats. The researchers found:
1) Muscle extracts from diabetic rats contained greater amounts of ubiquitinated proteins and had 40-50% higher rates of ubiquitin conjugation compared to controls.
2) The increased ubiquitination in diabetic muscles occurred mainly through the N-end rule pathway involving E2 14k and E3α enzymes.
3) mRNA levels of E2 14k and E3α were elevated 2-fold in diabetic muscles, although protein levels were not significantly changed.
4) The results suggest that small increases in both E2 14k and E3α enzymes in diabetic muscles accelerates ubiquitin conjugation and protein breakdown
The document discusses how to maintain joint function through various treatment options for arthritis including COX-2 inhibitors, nutritional supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, MSM, and collagen, as well as a product called Arthroclem which combines these supplements and has received positive reviews and testimonials for relieving arthritis symptoms.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Review paper osteoarthritis and its possible treatmentsvalrivera
1. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and affects millions of people and dogs each year. There are some potential treatments but no single definitive treatment.
2. Studies have found that glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate supplements provided benefits for dogs with osteoarthritis, including improved mobility and reduced pain. Long term use of supplements showed better results than traditional NSAID treatments.
3. Research is also exploring inhibitors of enzymes like MMPs that degrade cartilage. Early studies found that COL-3 inhibitor helped reduce breakdown of ligaments in arthritic dog knees.
Fructose and the link to the metabolic syndrome - di Piero Portincasa e Leoni...MedOliveOil
Fructose and the link to the metabolic syndrome - di Piero Portincasa e
Leonilde Bonfrate. 31 maggio 2012. Corso di formazione "valore nutrizionale e salutistico di prodotti agroalimentari” - Università degli studi di Bari.
ueda2011 incidence of diabetes mellitus in clinical trials of antihypertensiv...ueda2015
1) ARBs, ACE inhibitors, CCBs, and placebo are associated with significantly fewer new cases of diabetes than diuretics based on a network meta-analysis of 22 clinical trials on antihypertensive drugs.
2) The mechanism of protection against diabetes involves improved muscle blood flow, decreased sympathetic activity, ionic changes, enhanced insulin signaling, effects on free fatty acids and adipose tissue, and partial PPAR-gamma activity of some ARBs.
3) Limitations include variability in trial duration and populations, as well as incomplete reporting of new diabetes cases.
Scientific research of esulin in bi usm research and development esulix aifa ...Mohammad Suhaili Kasmat
1) Researchers at Universiti Sains Malaysia conducted a scientific study from January 2013 to April 2014 to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of Esulin®, a herbal alternative treatment for diabetes.
2) The study involved qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Esulin® as well as in vitro and in vivo toxicity, antidiabetic, and biochemical parameter testing.
3) The results showed that Esulin® exhibited significant antidiabetic effects including reducing blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and increasing insulin levels in diabetic rats, without toxicity. This suggests that Esulin® may be an effective alternative herbal treatment for diabetes.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
Do fructose-containing sugars lead to adverse health consequences? Results of...Corn Refiners Association
At Experimental Biology 2014, the Sponsored Satellite Program “Sugars and Health Controversies: What Does the Science Say?” held in conjunction with the American Society for Nutrition’s Scientific Sessions took place on Saturday, April 26, 2014.
Panelist John L Sievenpiper, MD, PhD, presented science about sugars and their associated health outcomes.
Protective effect of plants extracts mixture on sperm abnormalities, testicul...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) on sperm abnormalities, testicular tissue, and epididymal tissue in male rats, and evaluated whether a mixture of extracts from five medicinal plants could reduce harm caused by diabetes. Rats were divided into groups: normal controls, diabetic controls, and diabetic rats treated with the plant extracts mixture for 45, 60, or 75 days. Diabetes increased sperm abnormalities and caused degenerative changes in testes and epididymis. Treatment with the plant extracts mixture significantly decreased most sperm abnormalities in diabetic rats and reduced degenerative changes in testes and epididymis tissues, showing protective effects against diabetes-related male reproductive harm.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
1) Rates of ubiquitin conjugation (attachment of ubiquitin molecules) to proteins increase in muscles undergoing atrophy (wasting away), largely due to activation of the N-end rule pathway.
2) The N-end rule pathway is responsible for most changes in ubiquitin conjugation rates in atrophying muscles from tumor-bearing or septic rats. Inhibitors of this pathway suppressed the increased ubiquitin conjugation seen in these conditions.
3) Ubiquitin conjugation rates increase in atrophying conditions like cancer cachexia and sepsis but decrease in hypothyroid muscles, and this response is mediated by the N-end rule pathway.
This study evaluated the effects of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, on blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in obese mice using alloxan monohydrate. Mice were treated with 20mg/kg or 75mg/kg of irbesartan or a vehicle daily for 14 days. Irbesartan significantly lowered blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but did not significantly affect blood glucose levels or glucose tolerance in non-diabetic mice based on oral glucose tolerance tests. The study suggests irbesartan has a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice without significantly improving glucose tolerance.
Phytosterols for cancer treatment powerpointJosh Nooner
Phytosterols show promise for cancer treatment based on several animal, in vitro, and human studies. Animal studies found that phytosterol supplementation delayed breast cancer tumor onset and reduced prostate cancer growth. In vitro studies demonstrated that phytosterols increased cancer cell apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and increased tumor suppressor genes. A human epidemiological study associated higher phytosterol intake with a 50% reduced risk of lung cancer. Overall, the research suggests phytosterols may exert anticancer effects through reducing oxidative damage and preventing tumor growth and progression.
The document discusses two herbal supplements, Hepatika V 5 and Hepatika V 8, which contain various ingredients aimed at maintaining a healthy liver. Both supplements contain milk thistle, curcumin, artichoke, and boldo. Hepatika V 8 also contains additional ingredients like taurine, N-acetyl cysteine, and zinc. The document provides details on the ingredients and reviews several scientific studies that have found milk thistle extract and its active component silibinin can help protect the liver from toxins and decrease inflammation and fibrosis.
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentratio...ijtsrd
Aframomum Melegueta Grain of paradise is a perennial herbal plant that is cultivated for its valuable medicinal and pharmacological effects. The study aims to determine the effect of aqueous seeds extract of Aframomum Melegueta on insulin concentration in alloxan induced diabetes in male wistar rats. Twenty five 25 male wistar rats weighing 150g 170g were used in this study. The animals were acclimatized for a period of two 2 weeks, after which they were randomly divided into five 5 groups of five rats each. Group A served as negative control and received feed and water ad libitum, group B served as positive control and received alloxan monohydrate, group C received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 150mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta, Group D received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 300mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta and Group E received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 600mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta. The Administration of the extract last for a period of 21 days and The administration was between the period of 6 am to 8 am every day. Data for blood glucose and insulin concentration, antioxidant activity SOD and CAT were analysed using SPSS version 25 using ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD comparison. Values were considered significant at p 0.05. The result showed significant p 0.05 increase in the blood glucose level in groups B, C, D, E compared to group A at Day 0. At day 7, 14, 21 the result showed significant p 0.05 decrease in the treated groups compared to diabetic control group. Insulin level had a significant p 0.05 increase in treated groups compared to diabetic control group. There is significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase level in diabetic treated groups when compared to diabetic control group. The study concluded that the aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta can be of immense use in phytomedicine especially for the management of diabetes mellitus. Mmuogbo, J. C | Maduka, S. O. | Okonkwo, O. C. "Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentration in Alloxan-induced Diabetes in Male Wistar Rat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/55163/effect-of-aqueous-seed-extract-of-aframomum-melegueta-on-insulin-concentration-in-alloxaninduced-diabetes-in-male-wistar-rat/mmuogbo-j-c
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The development of a new dietary adjunct with a novel natural antioxidant impact on diabetes mellitus with prevention of its long term deleterious effect on the male fertility in general has been increasingly expressed in recent time. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on adult male Sprague Dawley rats’ testis using unbiased stereological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. The treated groups; 1 and 2 received 28.0 and 14 mg/kg bwt of aqueous extract of sesame leaves via oral garvage, respectively, while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline per day for 6 weeks. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and blood glucose were assayed. In addition five microns of uniformly random transverse sections of processed testicular tissues were equally analyzed using an un-biased stereological study. The result showed that the mean percentage volume fractions (Vf) of epithelial cells and lumen of the testis were 76% (P<0.05)><0.05),>0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner. Serum testosterone and FSH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the high dose sesame when compared to control. Sesame leaves intake improved glucose profile and testicular parameters in a dose related manner via possible improved insulin activity on the cells with a stimulatory impact on sperm production. This also confirmed its folkloric claims.
There were significant decreases in the cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 in rats administered the combined oral contraceptive DUOFEM, but no significant change in erythropoietin levels. While further study is needed, current evidence suggests that DUOFEM use provides contraceptive benefits with minimal potential adverse effects in healthy users. The decreases in interleukin levels are consistent with previous research showing estrogen can decrease interleukin expression and production.
The document discusses phytonutrients and how they provide health benefits. It notes that modern farming practices have reduced the phytonutrient content of many fruits and vegetables. The document then describes a product called GYV that contains concentrated phytonutrients to compensate for these reductions. It discusses several phytonutrients in GYV, including quercetin, resveratrol, and coenzyme Q10, and summarizes relevant scientific research on their health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular effects.
Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in s...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Chromolaena odorata is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research was designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose of 70mg/kg body weight (b.w). Forty eight (48) rats were randomly distributed into six (6) groups of 8 rats each as follows: Group 1 were diabetic rats that were given 0.5ml normal saline, rats in group 2 were diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg glibenclamide, rats in group 3 were neither induced nor treated while rats in groups 4-6 were diabetic rats treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, respectively. Blood glucose level and hepatic markers were assayed using standard biochemical methods. The study lasted for 21 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected from the animals after anaesthesia via cardiac puncture. STZ injection led to increase in glucose and bilirubin levels as well as the activities of ALT, ALP, AST and GGT. Interestingly, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata recorded significant (p<0.05) decrease in the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin when compared with the positive control rats (group 1). Also, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when group 3 rats (normal rats) and group 2 (treated with glibenclamide) were compared with groups 4-6 rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract extracts group. In conclusion, the results from this research indicated that ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata lowered the activities of liver enzymes and level of bilirubin in STZ-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The findings in this study suggest that Chromolaena odorata ethanol root extract possess hepatoprotective potentials and hence can be used to ameliorate hepatic dysfunction-associated diseases. Further study is however advocated to unravel the mechanism of action of this plant.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, medicinal plants, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, hepatic markers.
STEREOLOGICAL EVIDENCES OF EPITHELIAL HYPOPLASIA OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES INDU...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
BACKGROUND: Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/ability, appearance, or muscle mass. In addition, these steroids are widely used in the treatment of male infertility and subfertility. However, increasing concern has been shown that these compounds may not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology and sperm quality. There is a dearth of knowledge on the structural and quantitative changes of the testis secondary to this group of compounds. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of mesterolone (proviron), an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on some of the histomorphometric and stereological parameters of the seminiferous tubules in Sprague-Dawley rat. Materials and Methods: Two groups of 10 adult male rats were used. The treated group was given 0.06 mg/kg body weight/day of mesterolone by gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. Five µm of uniformly random serial sections of the processed testicular tissues were analyzed using un-biased stereological and histomorphometric studies. Results: The results showed that the percentage mean volume density of both the tubular lumen and epithelial height increased by 35% (p< 0.05) and decreased by 50% (p<0.05), respectively compared to the control. mesterolone also caused a significant decline in sperm concentration. Conclusion: Mesterolone produces epithelial hypoplasia in the testis post continuous management.
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure. It increases bone fragility and risk of fractures. Primary types include postmenopausal osteoporosis in women over 50 and senile osteoporosis in those over 70. Treatment focuses on preventing bone loss and increasing bone mass. First line drugs are bisphosphonates like alendronate and risedronate. Second line includes selective estrogen receptor modulators like raloxifene. Non-pharmacological prevention focuses on calcium, vitamin D, and weight-bearing exercise.
This document summarizes a study on the antidiabetic effects of Asparagus racemosus leaves in rats. Diabetes was induced in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of A. racemosus leaves at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight were administered to diabetic rats for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance were measured and found to decrease significantly in the extract-treated groups compared to controls, indicating antidiabetic effects. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, and glycosides that may be responsible for the ant
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMA...Mohamed A. Galal
Mohamed A. Galal ; Mushira A. Dahaba, ; Basma M. Zaki
and Hanaa M. Elshenawy. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMALES HAVING CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. Cairo Dental Journal (30)Number (1), 1:10January, 2014.
Benefits and Effect of Fenugreek Seeds in the prevention and the management o...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the benefits of fenugreek seeds in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. It discusses how fenugreek contains fiber and other compounds that can reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Several studies reviewed showed fenugreek supplementation lowered fasting blood glucose, post-meal blood glucose, and HbA1c levels in people with diabetes or prediabetes. The document concludes that fenugreek may help control blood sugar through multiple mechanisms and represents a potentially inexpensive treatment option, especially in developing countries where diabetes is a growing problem.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antidiabetic potential of leaves from the plant Asparagus racemosus. Diabetes was induced in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The rats were then given aqueous or alcoholic extracts of A. racemosus leaves at doses of 20-30 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance were measured on various days after extract administration and compared to a standard drug (glibenclamide). The extracts significantly decreased blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance, showing antidiabetic effects comparable to the standard drug. Phytochemical analysis revealed the extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flav
Herbal Hills Wheat-O-Power contains organic wheatgrass and provides various health benefits. It contains chlorophyll, flavonoids, amino acids, enzymes, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and saponins. Chlorophyll in particular supports blood circulation, increases hemoglobin, and has antioxidant properties that can help prevent cancer and aid wound healing. Due to these various nutrients, wheatgrass has strong antioxidant effects and can benefit cardiovascular, immune, and nervous system health.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
This presentation discusses osteoporosis and bone remodeling. It defines osteoporosis and describes the categories. It then summarizes the six step process of bone remodeling, including the roles of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in resorbing and rebuilding bone. Estrogen's positive effects on this process are noted. The document also outlines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for osteoporosis.
Menopause role of isoflavones by dr alka mukherjee nagpur m.s.indiaalka mukherjee
Soy-based isoflavones are modestly effective in relieving menopausal symptoms; supplements providing higher proportions of genistein or increased in S(-)-equol may provide more benefits. Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of breast and endometrial cancer in observational studies. The efficacy of isoflavones on bone has not been proven, and the clinical picture of whether soy has cardiovascular benefits is still evolving. Preliminary findings on cognitive benefit from isoflavone therapy support a "critical window" hypothesis wherein younger postmenopausal women derive more than older women
Several areas for further research have been identified on soy and midlife women. More clinical studies are needed that compare outcomes among women whose intestinal bacteria have the ability to convert daidzein to equol (equol producers) with those that lack that ability (equol nonproducers) in order to determine if equol producers derive greater benefits from soy supplementation. Larger studies are needed in younger postmenopausal women, and more research is needed to understand the modes of use of soy isoflavone supplements in women. The interrelations of other dietary components on soy isoflavones consumed as a part of diet or by supplement on equol production also require further study, as do potential interactions with prescription and over-the-counter medications. And finally, greater standardization and documentation of clinical trial data of soy are needed.
Soy products can take several weeks or more to reach their maximal benefit. For example, a 2015 review found that soy isoflavones take more than 13 weeks to reach just half of their maximum effect. Traditional hormone therapy, on the other hand, takes about three weeks to show the same benefit.
It’s packed with nutrition
Soy is low in saturated fat and calories. It’s also high in these beneficial nutrients:
• fiber
• protein
• omega-3 fatty acids
• antioxidants
It may help to reduce your risk of heart disease
Eating tofu and other soy-based foods a few times a week can help you cut back on some animal-based protein sources, such as steak or hamburger, that are high in saturated fat and cholesterol.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Similar to Studies on the Osteoprotective and Antidiabetic Activities of Moringa Oleifera Plant Extract. (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
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sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
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assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
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and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
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Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
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system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
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vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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Studies on the Osteoprotective and Antidiabetic Activities of Moringa Oleifera Plant Extract.
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 5 (May 2015), PP. 19-22
19
Studies on the Osteoprotective and Antidiabetic Activities of
Moringa Oleifera Plant Extract.
Chirag Patel1
, Rangrez Mohammed Ayaz2
, Pragna Parikh1
*
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda,
Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus has been known to be associated with a high risk of osteoporosis. Moringa
oliefera , a traditional Asian herbal medicine, has various uses, such as antioxidants, antiaging and anti-
inflammatory treatment, among others. We have investigated the effect of different parts of Moringa oliefera
(Leaf, fruit and flower extract) on bone health markers in diabetic osteoporosis (STZ-OVX) rats. MO treatment
resulted into a reduction in glucose levels in STZ-OVX rats, of the three components fruit extract was found to
be highly significant in reducing the elevated glucose levels as well as osteoclastic bone marker TRAcP in STZ-
OVX rats. On the other hand it resulted into a increase in ostoblastic marker ALP in STZ-OVX rats. Of all the
three parts of MO exposed it was fruit which exhibited the maximum amelioration. The results obtained in the
present study provide evidence that MO fruit extracts contributes importantly to the prevention of bone loss in
STZ-OVX rats.
Key words: ALP, Diabetes, Glucose, Moringa olifera, Osteoporosis, TRAcP.
I. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with several complications, including impaired
healing. Bone, as important skeletal structure in the body, is affected by the diabetic condition, particularly
during fracture healing processes. Diabetes has also been associated with a net loss of bone. A number of studies
have reported that type 1 diabetes alters bone remodeling by reducing the formation of new bone, leading to
osteopenia. This has been shown by a decrease in bone mineral density in humans and alterations in the
formation of new bone in animal studies (1). It has previously been noted that there is reduced fracture healing
or osseous repair after marrow ablation in diabetics, compared with normal (2, 3). Diabetes may have a general
effect on increasing apoptosis of matrix-producing cells, which limits the repair of injured tissue (4). Effect of
hyperglycemia on ovariectomy induced bone loss has also been reported by (5). Traditional Medicines derived
from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world’s population. In the last few years there has been an
exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and
developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects.(6) in their studies have compiled and
listed herbals used in treatment of diabetes, this includes Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica
charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella
foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. Over and above number of scientists have explored the anti-diabetic
properties of Elephantopus scaber L. (7), Ligustrum lucidum (8); antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of
Annona squamosa leaves (9,10) have proven the anti-diabetic activities of triterpenoids isolated from bitter
melon.
Similarly, a large number of studies have proved the effectiveness of botanicals in improving bone health viz.,
Withania somnifera a rejuvenator that helps in relieving pain associated with osteodystrophic conditions (11) ;
Commiphora wightii increases the mineralization of bones (12,13); Litsea glutinosa, an ayurvedic herb, has been
reported for its effects on ovariectomy induced bone loss, calcium metabolism, and prevention of osteoclastic
bone resorption (14,15).
From the above literature survey one can see that there are plenty of herbals for diabetes and osteoporosis at
individual level, but very few are having positive effect both on diabetes and osteoporosis. Moringa oliefera
(MO), which has been nicknamed as a “wonder tree” because the benefits of MO are plentiful. Anti-diabetic
property of MO plant has been proved by (16,17,18). While, (19) have established pharmacological effect of
MO plant as an osteoprotective agent. MO is rich in variety of anti-oxidants, polyphenols and flavonoids which
have positive effect, both on bone and diabetes. Hence, the aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy
of MO plant components for their effect on the bone health markers in STZ- OVX rats.
2. Studies On The Osteoprotective…
20
II. Materials and Methods:
2.1 Preparation of Extract: Fruits, leaves and flowers of MO were obtained from the field and their herbarium
sheet was submitted in the Botany Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda for species
verification. Dried powder was prepared by drying MO in oven at 50º C. 100 gm dried powder of each
component was extracted with 500 ml methanol in Soxhlet’s apparatus for 48 hours . Methanolic extract was
dried on water bath at 55º C. The percentage yield of the plant was found to be 9.8%, 6.3% and 7.7% for fruits,
leaves and flowers respectively. The plant extract was freeze dried and stored at -70º C. Working solution was
prepared by dissolving the extract in saline.
2.2 Experimental model: Healthy adult female Wistar rats (80–90 days old) were maintained in a well
ventilated, temperature-controlled room on a 12 h light: 12 h dark schedule. The rats were fed with standard
balanced rat pellets (Baroda., India) and drinking water was made available ad libitum. The rats were divided
into the following groups: (i) Control (C) (ii) Streptozotocin induced diabetic (STZ) (iii) Ovariectomized (OVX)
(iv) Streptozotocin induced diabetic + Ovariectomized (STZ-OVX) (v) STZ-OVX + plant extract. Each group
consisted of 6 rats. The control group was given only the vehicle. Group V was further subdivided into three
groups, which were given the leaf, flower and fruit extract treatment at 200mg/kg bodyweight (LD50=400mg/kg
B.W).
2.3 Biochemical assays: After 30th day the animals were sacrificed, Blood glucose, ALP and TRAcP activity in
serum was estimated using a commercially available kit (Reckon Diagnostics, India).
2.4 Statistical Analysis: One Way ANOVA followed by multiple comparison of Data obtained were performed
by using Graph Pad prism 5 (p values < 0.05 was considered significant).
III. Results:
Effects of different components of MO are presented in Table 1 and Figure a, b, c. MO treatment
resulted into a reduction in glucose levels in STZ-OVX rats, however, of the three components fruit extract was
found to be highly significant in reducing the elevated glucose levels in STZ-OVX rats. In response to the
exposure of different component of MO, the AlP activity too showed a promising result, MO extract exposed
STZ-OVX rats showed a significant decrease, in which the fruit extract exhibited more significant decrease in
the serum AlP levels. Similarly, TRAcP levels, important markers of osteoclastic activity during osteoporosis
was seen to decreases more significantly only on exposure to the fruit extract than that of the leaf and flower
extract .
IV. Discussion:
Diabetes mellitus is a pandemic metabolic disease with substantial morbidity and mortality. Patients
with diabetes mellitus have various skeletal disorders, including osteopenia or osteoporosis, Charcot’s
arthropathy, and the diabetic foot syndrome (20). In principle, bone and mineral abnormalities in patients with
diabetes mellitus may be caused by direct effects of insulin deficiency or resistance and hyperglycemia on the
bone and bone marrow microenvironment, advanced glycosylation end products of bone matrix proteins,
abnormal cytokine and adipokine production and their detrimental effects on bone cells, and impaired
neuromuscular/skeletal interactions (21, 22). Recent research has now indicated that MO is a rich source of
phenolic phytochemicals and posses numerous therapeutic properties (23, 24, 25). Phenolic phyto chemicals are
now implicated to have potential for management of many chronic oxidation-linked diseases; one of them is
diabetes (26). MO leaves significantly decrease blood glucose concentration in Wistar rats (17). Another study
indicated that the extract from MO leaf is effective in lowering blood sugar levels within 3 h after ingestion
(27). MO leaves are potent source of polyphenols, including quercetin-3- glycoside, rutin, kaempferol
glycosides, and other polyphenols (17). All the above mentioned work has been done in diabetes alone, ours is
the first report to authenticate that the fruit, flower and the leaf of MO has the potential for reducing the glucose
titre in STZ-OVX rats. The AlP and the TRAcP are the specific markers for the bone formation and bone
resorption respectively. MO plant have been proved to possess the osteoprotective potency (5), hence, in an
attempt to show the osteoprotective as well as the hypoglycemic efficacy of the plant, serum glucose, serum AlP
and TRAcP levels were monitored. Compared to control and OVX there was a significant increase in the
diabetic (STZ induced) group due to insulin resistance or due to malfunctioning of Glut receptors. OVX
hyperglycemic rats also maintained the same physiological glucose load. Treatment with MO extracts resulted
into a reduction in the glucose load; however, due to the synergistic effects of osteoporosis as well as
hyperglycemia, it did not reduce to the normal level of that of control. This can be probably due to a negative
calcium balance as an outcome of both enhanced urinary calcium loss and depressed intestinal absorption, itself
perhaps a consequence of reduced renal synthesis of 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (5). Another reason for
decrease in glucose titer can be attributed to the role of the flavanoids and the polypenols, present in different
3. Studies On The Osteoprotective…
21
components of MO extracts (28, 29). AlP and TRAcP are the most useful markers of studying bone formation
and bone resorption, respectively (30, 31, 32). In the present studies the TRAcP levels were seen to be
decreasing compared to the STZ-OVX group suggesting the ameliorationg effect of the MO extract.
Furthermore, the decreased TRAcP indicates a fall in osteoclasts activity and decline in bone resorption.
Increased TRAcP level in OVX group is as expected, as OVX results into loss of estrogen which plays
important role in bone metabolism through secretion of osteoprotegrin (33,15). In absence of estrogen, there is
aggravated osteoclastogenesis, leading to more bone resorption. Parallel to the TRAcP levels, reverse was
observed in ALP levels. Compared to control STZ, OVX and STZ-OVX all showed a significant increase in the
ALP levels. Higher AlP level in the OVX rats have been correlated with the increased bone turnover rate
(15,16), which suggest that bone remodelling in rats is accelerated after ovariectomy. Furthermore, increased
ALP in OVX group has been correlated due to lack of inhibiting activity of estrogen on Osteoclasts causing the
increase in bone resorption (32). Simultaneously with intensification of resorption process, the bone formation
process was also increased by enhancement of osteoblast activity, which led to enhancement of ALP activity in
the OVX group (30,16,31), whereas in MO extract treated groups the ALP activity was less than STZ- OVX,
suggesting improved the activity of alkaline phosphatase, the messenger initiating calcification, it is possible
that the herb accelerated mineralization of the organic matrix, thus speeding up the bone
V. Conclusion
Our study provided the first insight into the probable effect of MO and its different components on
STZ- OVX rats and showed that consumption of this plant may have beneficial effect in ameliorating the
deleterious effect of these two diseases. The results obtained in the present study provide evidence that MO fruit
extracts contributes importantly to the prevention of bone loss in STZ-OVX rats. However, in order to develop
MO plant extract in the international scientific community as an alternative regime for the treatment of bone
diseases, more research will be needed to identify the active ingredients in MO plant extract as well as the
mechanism that mediates the action of MO plant extract in vivo.
.
Figure: a, b and c showing the Serum Glucose, ALP and TRAcP levels.
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4. Studies On The Osteoprotective…
22
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