This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antidiabetic potential of leaves from the plant Asparagus racemosus. Diabetes was induced in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The rats were then given aqueous or alcoholic extracts of A. racemosus leaves at doses of 20-30 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance were measured on various days after extract administration and compared to a standard drug (glibenclamide). The extracts significantly decreased blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance, showing antidiabetic effects comparable to the standard drug. Phytochemical analysis revealed the extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flav
Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in s...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Chromolaena odorata is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research was designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose of 70mg/kg body weight (b.w). Forty eight (48) rats were randomly distributed into six (6) groups of 8 rats each as follows: Group 1 were diabetic rats that were given 0.5ml normal saline, rats in group 2 were diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg glibenclamide, rats in group 3 were neither induced nor treated while rats in groups 4-6 were diabetic rats treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, respectively. Blood glucose level and hepatic markers were assayed using standard biochemical methods. The study lasted for 21 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected from the animals after anaesthesia via cardiac puncture. STZ injection led to increase in glucose and bilirubin levels as well as the activities of ALT, ALP, AST and GGT. Interestingly, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata recorded significant (p<0.05) decrease in the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin when compared with the positive control rats (group 1). Also, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when group 3 rats (normal rats) and group 2 (treated with glibenclamide) were compared with groups 4-6 rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract extracts group. In conclusion, the results from this research indicated that ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata lowered the activities of liver enzymes and level of bilirubin in STZ-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The findings in this study suggest that Chromolaena odorata ethanol root extract possess hepatoprotective potentials and hence can be used to ameliorate hepatic dysfunction-associated diseases. Further study is however advocated to unravel the mechanism of action of this plant.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, medicinal plants, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, hepatic markers.
Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentratio...ijtsrd
Aframomum Melegueta Grain of paradise is a perennial herbal plant that is cultivated for its valuable medicinal and pharmacological effects. The study aims to determine the effect of aqueous seeds extract of Aframomum Melegueta on insulin concentration in alloxan induced diabetes in male wistar rats. Twenty five 25 male wistar rats weighing 150g 170g were used in this study. The animals were acclimatized for a period of two 2 weeks, after which they were randomly divided into five 5 groups of five rats each. Group A served as negative control and received feed and water ad libitum, group B served as positive control and received alloxan monohydrate, group C received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 150mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta, Group D received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 300mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta and Group E received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 600mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta. The Administration of the extract last for a period of 21 days and The administration was between the period of 6 am to 8 am every day. Data for blood glucose and insulin concentration, antioxidant activity SOD and CAT were analysed using SPSS version 25 using ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD comparison. Values were considered significant at p 0.05. The result showed significant p 0.05 increase in the blood glucose level in groups B, C, D, E compared to group A at Day 0. At day 7, 14, 21 the result showed significant p 0.05 decrease in the treated groups compared to diabetic control group. Insulin level had a significant p 0.05 increase in treated groups compared to diabetic control group. There is significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase level in diabetic treated groups when compared to diabetic control group. The study concluded that the aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta can be of immense use in phytomedicine especially for the management of diabetes mellitus. Mmuogbo, J. C | Maduka, S. O. | Okonkwo, O. C. "Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentration in Alloxan-induced Diabetes in Male Wistar Rat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/55163/effect-of-aqueous-seed-extract-of-aframomum-melegueta-on-insulin-concentration-in-alloxaninduced-diabetes-in-male-wistar-rat/mmuogbo-j-c
Anti-Diabetic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants IIJSRJournal
Diabetes mellitus is generally a chronic disease which is a main reason for deaths in whole world. It is not easy to control the delayed complication of diabetes even with progress in the medical management of the syndrome. The disease is spreading day by day. The main trait element of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which reflects the drop in the use of glucose due to a poor reaction to insulin discharge. There are many plants are used to cure diabetes because of the antidiabetic action. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic actions have been saved with abundant plants, a lot of which are worn as an established herbal treatment of diabetes. A huge number of substances are obtained from plants that suggest antidiabetic potential, while others may affect hypoglycemia as a bad result due to their toxicity, mainly their hepatotoxicity. This review shows the importance of plants and the action of some plants to act against diabetes that is used as a natural medicine for this disease.
This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of the flower of Withania coagulans Dunal in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts found the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, and proteins. Diabetic rats were treated with high and low doses of the extracts for 28 days. Results showed significant decreases in blood glucose levels of treated rats compared to untreated diabetic controls, suggesting antidiabetic properties. The findings indicate that bioactive compounds in W. coagulans may be useful for treating diabetes.
MEDICINAL PLANTS AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUSJing Zang
Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditional plant treatments have been used throughout the world for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. History showed that folk medicinal plants uses have been used to treat diabetes; this is because such herbal plants have hypoglycemic properties and other beneficial properties. The article shows a listing of medicinal plants used in phytotherapy of diabetes and those experimentally studied as hypoglycemic. The effects of these plants may delay the development of diabetic complications.
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF Chrysophyllum albidum ETHANOL EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTO...momohmusibau
Chrysophyllum albidum Linn. (African star apple), a widly grown plant in the South-Western part of Nigeria belongs to the family of tree known as sapotaceae. It is an edible tropical plant known by various local names. It is called Agbalumo in Yoruba, Utieagbadara (urhobo), Udara (igbo), Ehya (Igala), Agwaluma (Hausa) and Azongogwe or Azonbobwe in Southern Benin. It is a plant with versatile folklore uses with repeated claims of efficacy. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic elevation of glucose in the blood, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action or both. In this study, an attempt was made in assessing the antidiabetic activity of the stem-bark of C. albidum ethanol extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, which can serve as an alternative source for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Twenty (20) male and female albino rats were divided into five groups, with each group comprising of four rats. Group 1 animals, the basal control, received no treatment; group 2 (the diabetic control), also received no treatment, group 3 was treated with metformin, the standard drug (10 mg/kg b.w), group 4 was treated with C. albidum ethanol extract (10 mg/kg b.w), while group 5 recieved C. albidum ethanol extract (30 mg/kg b.w). Treatment was administered orally for a period of 28 days, and blood glucose level was monitored every 5th day after twelve (12 h) hours fast using glucometer and test strips. The result of this study showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the group treated with metformin and 30 mg/kg body weight of C. albidum ethanol extract when compared with the diabetic control group from weeks 0 to 5. Also, a significant decrease was observed in the group treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of C. albidum ethanol extract from weeks 3 to 5. The result of the group treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of C. albidum gave dose dependent increase. It could be concluded from the result that the plant extract possessed an anti-diabetic activity as the reference drug metformin. However, it will be of interest to further investigate the active compounds present in the plant and its mechanism of actions.Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic elevation of glucose in the blood. It is a multifactorial disorder, whose development is contributed by environmental and genetic factors (Hsieh et al., 2008). Globally, diabetes is the 8th leading cause of death with a death rate of about 1.5 million affecting about 4 % of the global population (International Diabetes Federation, 2011). This disease requires treatment and changes in life style. It is projected to become one of the world's main disablers and killers within the next 25 years.
The management of diabetes is a global problem until now and successful treatment is not yet discovered.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in s...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Chromolaena odorata is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research was designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose of 70mg/kg body weight (b.w). Forty eight (48) rats were randomly distributed into six (6) groups of 8 rats each as follows: Group 1 were diabetic rats that were given 0.5ml normal saline, rats in group 2 were diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg glibenclamide, rats in group 3 were neither induced nor treated while rats in groups 4-6 were diabetic rats treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, respectively. Blood glucose level and hepatic markers were assayed using standard biochemical methods. The study lasted for 21 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected from the animals after anaesthesia via cardiac puncture. STZ injection led to increase in glucose and bilirubin levels as well as the activities of ALT, ALP, AST and GGT. Interestingly, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata recorded significant (p<0.05) decrease in the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin when compared with the positive control rats (group 1). Also, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when group 3 rats (normal rats) and group 2 (treated with glibenclamide) were compared with groups 4-6 rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract extracts group. In conclusion, the results from this research indicated that ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata lowered the activities of liver enzymes and level of bilirubin in STZ-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The findings in this study suggest that Chromolaena odorata ethanol root extract possess hepatoprotective potentials and hence can be used to ameliorate hepatic dysfunction-associated diseases. Further study is however advocated to unravel the mechanism of action of this plant.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, medicinal plants, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, hepatic markers.
Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentratio...ijtsrd
Aframomum Melegueta Grain of paradise is a perennial herbal plant that is cultivated for its valuable medicinal and pharmacological effects. The study aims to determine the effect of aqueous seeds extract of Aframomum Melegueta on insulin concentration in alloxan induced diabetes in male wistar rats. Twenty five 25 male wistar rats weighing 150g 170g were used in this study. The animals were acclimatized for a period of two 2 weeks, after which they were randomly divided into five 5 groups of five rats each. Group A served as negative control and received feed and water ad libitum, group B served as positive control and received alloxan monohydrate, group C received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 150mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta, Group D received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 300mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta and Group E received 120mg of alloxan monohydrate and was treated with 600mg of aqueous seed extract of Aframomum Melegueta. The Administration of the extract last for a period of 21 days and The administration was between the period of 6 am to 8 am every day. Data for blood glucose and insulin concentration, antioxidant activity SOD and CAT were analysed using SPSS version 25 using ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD comparison. Values were considered significant at p 0.05. The result showed significant p 0.05 increase in the blood glucose level in groups B, C, D, E compared to group A at Day 0. At day 7, 14, 21 the result showed significant p 0.05 decrease in the treated groups compared to diabetic control group. Insulin level had a significant p 0.05 increase in treated groups compared to diabetic control group. There is significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase level in diabetic treated groups when compared to diabetic control group. The study concluded that the aqueous seed extract of Aframomum melegueta can be of immense use in phytomedicine especially for the management of diabetes mellitus. Mmuogbo, J. C | Maduka, S. O. | Okonkwo, O. C. "Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Aframomum Melegueta on Insulin Concentration in Alloxan-induced Diabetes in Male Wistar Rat" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55163.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/55163/effect-of-aqueous-seed-extract-of-aframomum-melegueta-on-insulin-concentration-in-alloxaninduced-diabetes-in-male-wistar-rat/mmuogbo-j-c
Anti-Diabetic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants IIJSRJournal
Diabetes mellitus is generally a chronic disease which is a main reason for deaths in whole world. It is not easy to control the delayed complication of diabetes even with progress in the medical management of the syndrome. The disease is spreading day by day. The main trait element of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which reflects the drop in the use of glucose due to a poor reaction to insulin discharge. There are many plants are used to cure diabetes because of the antidiabetic action. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic actions have been saved with abundant plants, a lot of which are worn as an established herbal treatment of diabetes. A huge number of substances are obtained from plants that suggest antidiabetic potential, while others may affect hypoglycemia as a bad result due to their toxicity, mainly their hepatotoxicity. This review shows the importance of plants and the action of some plants to act against diabetes that is used as a natural medicine for this disease.
This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of the flower of Withania coagulans Dunal in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts found the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, and proteins. Diabetic rats were treated with high and low doses of the extracts for 28 days. Results showed significant decreases in blood glucose levels of treated rats compared to untreated diabetic controls, suggesting antidiabetic properties. The findings indicate that bioactive compounds in W. coagulans may be useful for treating diabetes.
MEDICINAL PLANTS AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUSJing Zang
Diabetes mellitus is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Traditional plant treatments have been used throughout the world for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. History showed that folk medicinal plants uses have been used to treat diabetes; this is because such herbal plants have hypoglycemic properties and other beneficial properties. The article shows a listing of medicinal plants used in phytotherapy of diabetes and those experimentally studied as hypoglycemic. The effects of these plants may delay the development of diabetic complications.
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF Chrysophyllum albidum ETHANOL EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTO...momohmusibau
Chrysophyllum albidum Linn. (African star apple), a widly grown plant in the South-Western part of Nigeria belongs to the family of tree known as sapotaceae. It is an edible tropical plant known by various local names. It is called Agbalumo in Yoruba, Utieagbadara (urhobo), Udara (igbo), Ehya (Igala), Agwaluma (Hausa) and Azongogwe or Azonbobwe in Southern Benin. It is a plant with versatile folklore uses with repeated claims of efficacy. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic elevation of glucose in the blood, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action or both. In this study, an attempt was made in assessing the antidiabetic activity of the stem-bark of C. albidum ethanol extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, which can serve as an alternative source for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Twenty (20) male and female albino rats were divided into five groups, with each group comprising of four rats. Group 1 animals, the basal control, received no treatment; group 2 (the diabetic control), also received no treatment, group 3 was treated with metformin, the standard drug (10 mg/kg b.w), group 4 was treated with C. albidum ethanol extract (10 mg/kg b.w), while group 5 recieved C. albidum ethanol extract (30 mg/kg b.w). Treatment was administered orally for a period of 28 days, and blood glucose level was monitored every 5th day after twelve (12 h) hours fast using glucometer and test strips. The result of this study showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the group treated with metformin and 30 mg/kg body weight of C. albidum ethanol extract when compared with the diabetic control group from weeks 0 to 5. Also, a significant decrease was observed in the group treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of C. albidum ethanol extract from weeks 3 to 5. The result of the group treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of C. albidum gave dose dependent increase. It could be concluded from the result that the plant extract possessed an anti-diabetic activity as the reference drug metformin. However, it will be of interest to further investigate the active compounds present in the plant and its mechanism of actions.Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic elevation of glucose in the blood. It is a multifactorial disorder, whose development is contributed by environmental and genetic factors (Hsieh et al., 2008). Globally, diabetes is the 8th leading cause of death with a death rate of about 1.5 million affecting about 4 % of the global population (International Diabetes Federation, 2011). This disease requires treatment and changes in life style. It is projected to become one of the world's main disablers and killers within the next 25 years.
The management of diabetes is a global problem until now and successful treatment is not yet discovered.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Benefits and Effect of Fenugreek Seeds in the prevention and the management o...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the benefits of fenugreek seeds in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. It discusses how fenugreek contains fiber and other compounds that can reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Several studies reviewed showed fenugreek supplementation lowered fasting blood glucose, post-meal blood glucose, and HbA1c levels in people with diabetes or prediabetes. The document concludes that fenugreek may help control blood sugar through multiple mechanisms and represents a potentially inexpensive treatment option, especially in developing countries where diabetes is a growing problem.
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
The document summarizes a study on the antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos leaves. The study involved inducing diabetes in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The rats were then divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic group, group receiving A. marmelos extract, and group receiving the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Various biochemical parameters were measured and statistically analyzed after 20 days of treatment. The results suggest that A. marmelos extract was effective in managing diabetes, lowering blood glucose and improving other biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
A paper written by Pilyson, Visitantuly G. A food science and technology student from Sokoine University of Agriculture. 2018
The relationship of refined processed grains with Diabetes
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
This document summarizes phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have shown antidiabetic potential. It discusses alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other compounds that have been isolated from plants and demonstrated antidiabetic effects. Some key points include:
- Berberine from Tinospora cordifolia promoted insulin secretion. Kinsenoside from Anoectochilus roxburghii showed lipid lowering effects.
- Chlorogenic acid from Cecropia obtusifolia increased glucose uptake. Anacardic acid enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells.
- Palbinone from Paeonia suffruticosa increased glucose uptake
The document discusses changing trends in diabetes mellitus, noting that it is increasingly affecting lower income groups and daily wage earners due to toxic non-nutrients in diets from fertilizers, chemicals, and processed foods. A study of over 1200 people in rural Bihar found that most had elevated blood sugar levels and liver enzymes. Treating hepatic dysfunction with hepatoprotective drugs in addition to antidiabetic medications resulted in better blood sugar regulation and control without circadian variation, suggesting hyperglycemia has hepatic and pancreatic causes. Dietary changes and limiting toxic non-nutrients in food are recommended to curb the rising diabetes epidemic in India.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
This document presents information on Indian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic potential. It discusses diabetes as a chronic disease characterized by metabolic and vascular abnormalities resulting from inadequate insulin production or utilization. It describes the two main types of diabetes and their symptoms. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes in India are described, including their botanical names, parts used and active chemical constituents. The mechanisms of action of these herbal antidiabetics are discussed. Commonly used herbal formulations for treating diabetes are listed. The document concludes with the need for further research on herbal treatments and potential interactions with conventional medications.
The document reviews the phytochemical and anti-hyperglycemic properties of extracts from different parts of the Anacardium occidentale plant, including leaves, seeds, and stem barks. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, and volatile oils in the extracts. In assays using mouse and rat cell models, the extracts stimulated glucose uptake at concentrations of 25-100 μg/ml, with seeds extract showing significant effects only at 100 μg/ml. Glucose uptake increased further when high-dose extracts were combined with insulin. Previous studies also found anti-hyper
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
This research article studied the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Piper longum root aqueous extract (PlrAqe) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In short term studies, PlrAqe at 200 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats over 6 hours. In long term studies over 30 days, PlrAqe treatment normalized fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles and protected liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats. The results suggest that PlrAqe is effective in managing hyperglycemia and diabetes complications, and may be a potential source for new oral anti-diabetic agents.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Diabetes, commonly referred as diabetes mellitus, in general describes a group of metabolic diseases that are caused by insulin deficiency. In which the person has high blood glucose level (blood sugar), either due to the insufficient production of insulin, or due to the body’s cells does not respond to insulin, or both. As long as the cells cannot take up the available glucose molecules from the blood of patients due to the lack of insulin hormone, it develops the sense of hunger (polyphagia). Kidneys act as a filter and normally reabsorb the blood glucose before it gets excreted in the urine, but when glucose level is high, kidnies cannot reabsorb all of the sugar, hence the excess sugar is dumped into the urine (polyurea). The increased urine production and consequential dehydration leads to the extreme thirst (polydipsia). India being the capital for diabetic world, visible increase of Type 2 diabetes is coupled with increasing age and that imposes a significant burden on the health care system. Hence, this work was therefore designed to assess the gender and age prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients attending Government Stanley Hospital, Chennai
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of consuming ProAlgaZyme (PAZ), a novel algae infusion, on markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects. In a 10-week randomized controlled trial of 52 subjects, those consuming 4 daily doses of PAZ experienced statistically significant reductions in weight, body fat, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and markers of inflammation compared to placebo. The PAZ infusion was well-tolerated with no reported side effects. The study suggests PAZ consumption may improve cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antidiabetic effects of different extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Rats were treated with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, successive or crude methanolic extracts of J. curcas leaves for 30 days. The extracts were found to improve glucose, liver enzymes, lipids, oxidative stress markers, and pancreatic and liver histopathology in diabetic rats. Three flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract and identified, which may contribute to the antidiabetic effects. The study demonstrates the antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties of J. curcas extracts, indicating their potential
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxanyesmin nureja
Guava leaves were found to have a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes and then treated with guava leaf extract at various doses for 10 days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily. Guava leaf extract at all doses prevented serum glucose elevation compared to the diabetic control group. The study suggests guava leaf extract has anti-hyperglycemic properties, likely due to its antioxidant flavonoids such as quercetin.
Benefits and Effect of Fenugreek Seeds in the prevention and the management o...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the benefits of fenugreek seeds in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. It discusses how fenugreek contains fiber and other compounds that can reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Several studies reviewed showed fenugreek supplementation lowered fasting blood glucose, post-meal blood glucose, and HbA1c levels in people with diabetes or prediabetes. The document concludes that fenugreek may help control blood sugar through multiple mechanisms and represents a potentially inexpensive treatment option, especially in developing countries where diabetes is a growing problem.
This study examined the effects of consuming probiotic yogurt on serum cholesterol levels in 46 individuals with hypercholesterolemia in Shiraz, Iran. The participants were divided into two groups, with one group consuming 300g per day of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria, and the other consuming regular yogurt, over two 6-week periods. Blood samples analyzed before and after each period found that consumption of probiotic yogurt significantly reduced LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels compared to regular yogurt. Additionally, probiotic yogurt reduced total cholesterol and increased HDL ("good") cholesterol, though not significantly. The results suggest that probiotic bacteria like L. acidophilus and Bifidobacteria can
The document summarizes a study on the antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos leaves. The study involved inducing diabetes in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The rats were then divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic group, group receiving A. marmelos extract, and group receiving the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Various biochemical parameters were measured and statistically analyzed after 20 days of treatment. The results suggest that A. marmelos extract was effective in managing diabetes, lowering blood glucose and improving other biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
A paper written by Pilyson, Visitantuly G. A food science and technology student from Sokoine University of Agriculture. 2018
The relationship of refined processed grains with Diabetes
1) The document reports on a pre-clinical study that investigated the effects of Aegle marmelos (bael) leaf extract on blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic mice.
2) 32 mice were divided into groups: normal mice given normal feed, normal mice given bael extract, diabetic mice given normal feed, and diabetic mice given bael extract. Diabetes was induced via alloxan injection.
3) Blood samples were taken from the mice at various intervals and blood glucose was measured. It was found that bael extract was effective in reducing and maintaining normal blood glucose levels in both normal and hyperglycemic mice.
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
This document summarizes phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have shown antidiabetic potential. It discusses alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, and other compounds that have been isolated from plants and demonstrated antidiabetic effects. Some key points include:
- Berberine from Tinospora cordifolia promoted insulin secretion. Kinsenoside from Anoectochilus roxburghii showed lipid lowering effects.
- Chlorogenic acid from Cecropia obtusifolia increased glucose uptake. Anacardic acid enhanced glucose uptake in muscle cells.
- Palbinone from Paeonia suffruticosa increased glucose uptake
The document discusses changing trends in diabetes mellitus, noting that it is increasingly affecting lower income groups and daily wage earners due to toxic non-nutrients in diets from fertilizers, chemicals, and processed foods. A study of over 1200 people in rural Bihar found that most had elevated blood sugar levels and liver enzymes. Treating hepatic dysfunction with hepatoprotective drugs in addition to antidiabetic medications resulted in better blood sugar regulation and control without circadian variation, suggesting hyperglycemia has hepatic and pancreatic causes. Dietary changes and limiting toxic non-nutrients in food are recommended to curb the rising diabetes epidemic in India.
saptarshi pangrahi (BCDA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY & TECHNOLOGY)saptarshi panigrahi
This document presents information on Indian medicinal plants with anti-diabetic potential. It discusses diabetes as a chronic disease characterized by metabolic and vascular abnormalities resulting from inadequate insulin production or utilization. It describes the two main types of diabetes and their symptoms. Several herbal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes in India are described, including their botanical names, parts used and active chemical constituents. The mechanisms of action of these herbal antidiabetics are discussed. Commonly used herbal formulations for treating diabetes are listed. The document concludes with the need for further research on herbal treatments and potential interactions with conventional medications.
The document reviews the phytochemical and anti-hyperglycemic properties of extracts from different parts of the Anacardium occidentale plant, including leaves, seeds, and stem barks. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, and volatile oils in the extracts. In assays using mouse and rat cell models, the extracts stimulated glucose uptake at concentrations of 25-100 μg/ml, with seeds extract showing significant effects only at 100 μg/ml. Glucose uptake increased further when high-dose extracts were combined with insulin. Previous studies also found anti-hyper
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
This research article studied the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Piper longum root aqueous extract (PlrAqe) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In short term studies, PlrAqe at 200 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats over 6 hours. In long term studies over 30 days, PlrAqe treatment normalized fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles and protected liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats. The results suggest that PlrAqe is effective in managing hyperglycemia and diabetes complications, and may be a potential source for new oral anti-diabetic agents.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Diabetes, commonly referred as diabetes mellitus, in general describes a group of metabolic diseases that are caused by insulin deficiency. In which the person has high blood glucose level (blood sugar), either due to the insufficient production of insulin, or due to the body’s cells does not respond to insulin, or both. As long as the cells cannot take up the available glucose molecules from the blood of patients due to the lack of insulin hormone, it develops the sense of hunger (polyphagia). Kidneys act as a filter and normally reabsorb the blood glucose before it gets excreted in the urine, but when glucose level is high, kidnies cannot reabsorb all of the sugar, hence the excess sugar is dumped into the urine (polyurea). The increased urine production and consequential dehydration leads to the extreme thirst (polydipsia). India being the capital for diabetic world, visible increase of Type 2 diabetes is coupled with increasing age and that imposes a significant burden on the health care system. Hence, this work was therefore designed to assess the gender and age prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients attending Government Stanley Hospital, Chennai
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of consuming ProAlgaZyme (PAZ), a novel algae infusion, on markers of cardiovascular health in overweight and obese subjects. In a 10-week randomized controlled trial of 52 subjects, those consuming 4 daily doses of PAZ experienced statistically significant reductions in weight, body fat, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and markers of inflammation compared to placebo. The PAZ infusion was well-tolerated with no reported side effects. The study suggests PAZ consumption may improve cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antidiabetic effects of different extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes. Rats were treated with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, successive or crude methanolic extracts of J. curcas leaves for 30 days. The extracts were found to improve glucose, liver enzymes, lipids, oxidative stress markers, and pancreatic and liver histopathology in diabetic rats. Three flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract and identified, which may contribute to the antidiabetic effects. The study demonstrates the antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties of J. curcas extracts, indicating their potential
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxanyesmin nureja
Guava leaves were found to have a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes and then treated with guava leaf extract at various doses for 10 days. Blood glucose levels were measured daily. Guava leaf extract at all doses prevented serum glucose elevation compared to the diabetic control group. The study suggests guava leaf extract has anti-hyperglycemic properties, likely due to its antioxidant flavonoids such as quercetin.
ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses the alpha logarithm transformed semi-logistic distribution and its maximum likelihood estimation method. It introduces the distribution, provides its probability density function and cumulative distribution function. It then describes generating random numbers from the distribution and outlines the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the distribution's unknown parameters. This involves deriving the likelihood function and taking its partial derivatives to obtain equations that are set to zero and solved to find maximum likelihood estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SPLIT AND NON-SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER OF TENEMENT GRAPHSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs. It defines tenement graphs and provides basic definitions of domination, split domination, and non-split domination. Formulas for the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs are presented based on the number of vertices. Theorems are presented stating that the mid vertex set of a tenement graph is always a split dominating set, but its size is not always equal to the split domination number.
This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
2) The Holder exponent of generalized Cantor sets is shown to be logn/s where n is the base and s is the number of subintervals.
3) Lower and upper densities are defined for the measure on generalized Cantor functions and their properties are
SYMMETRIC BILINEAR CRYPTOGRAPHY ON ELLIPTIC CURVE AND LIE ALGEBRABRNSS Publication Hub
1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
2) Key concepts covered include the Weil pairing as a symmetric bilinear pairing on elliptic curves, its properties of bilinearity and non-degeneracy, and efficient computation. Applications of elliptic curves in cryptography like ECDH and ECDSA are also summarized.
3) The security of protocols like ECDH and ECDSA relies on the assumed difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The document proves various mathematical aspects behind symmetric bilinear pairings and their use in elliptic curve cryptography.
SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
1) AI can help diagnose and treat mental health issues through virtual therapists and chatbots, improving access and reducing stigma.
2) Technologies like machine learning and big data allow personalized interventions and more accurate diagnoses.
3) The COVID-19 pandemic has increased need for mental health support, and AI may help address gaps by providing remote services.
A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
Assessment of Medication Adherence Pattern for Patients with Chronic Diseases...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
The document summarizes research on k-super contra harmonic mean labeling of graphs. It defines k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling of a graph as an injective vertex labeling such that the induced edge labels satisfy certain properties. It proves that several families of graphs admit k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling for any positive integer k, including triangular snakes, double triangular snakes, alternative triangular snakes, quadrilateral snakes, and alternative quadrilateral snakes. The document introduces the concept of k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling and investigates this property for these families of graphs.
The document summarizes research on using various iterative schemes to solve fixed-point problems and inequalities involving self-mappings and contractions in Banach spaces. It defines concepts like non-expansive mappings, mean non-expansive mappings, and rates of convergence. The paper presents two theorems: 1) an iterative scheme for a sequence involving a self-mapping T is shown to converge to a fixed point of T, and 2) an iterative process involving a self-contraction mapping T is defined and shown to converge. Limiting cases are considered to prove convergence as the number of iterations approaches infinity.
This document summarizes research on analyzing and simulating the accuracy and stability of closed-loop control systems. It discusses various techniques for evaluating accuracy and stability, including steady-state error analysis, stability analysis, and simulation. Factors that can affect accuracy and stability are also identified, such as sensor noise, model inaccuracies, and environmental disturbances. The paper provides an overview of closed-loop control systems and their uses in various engineering fields like manufacturing, chemical processes, vehicles, aircraft, and power systems.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. Begum, et al.: Pharmacological screening and phytochemical evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Asparagasus Racemosus
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 109
The term “diabetes” was first used around 250 B.C.
It is a Greek word meaning “to syphon,” reflecting
how diabetes seemed to rapidly drain fluid from the
affected individual. The Greek physician Aretaeus
noted that affected individuals passed increasing
amounts of urine as if there was “liquefaction of
flesh and bones into urine.” The complete term
“diabetes mellitus” was coined in 1674 by Thomas
Willis. Mellitus is Latin for honey, which is how
Willis described the urine of diabetics.[2]
Historical accounts reveal that as early as 700–
200 BC, diabetes mellitus was a well-recognized
disease in India and was even distinguished into
two types, a genetically based disorder and another
one resulting from dietary indiscretion. Ancient
Hindu writings document how black ants and flies
were attracted to the urine of diabetics. The Indian
physician Sushruta in 400 B.C. described the sweet
taste of urine from affected individuals, and for
many centuries to come, the sweet taste of urine
was a key to the diagnosis.[3]
Physicians have observed the effects of diabetes
for thousands of years. One of the effects of
diabetes is the presence of glucose in the urine
(glucosuria). For much of the time, little was
known about this fatal disease that caused
weight loss of body, extreme thirst, and frequent
urination. It was in 1922 that the first patient was
successfully treated with insulin. Till the mid-
1800s, the treatments offered for diabetes varied
tremendously. A
breakthrough in the puzzle
of diabetes came in 1889. German physicians
Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski
surgically removed the pancreas from dogs.
The dogs immediately developed diabetes.
Now that a link was established between the
pancreas and diabetes, research focused on
isolating the pancreatic extract that could treat
diabetes. Dr. Frederick Banting succeeded in his
experiments of isolating a pancreatic extract. The
diabetic dog was kept alive for 8 days by regular
injections until supplies of the extract, at that time
called “isletin,” were exhausted. Experiments
on dogs showed that extracts from the pancreas
caused a drop in blood sugar, caused glucose in
the urine to disappear, and produced a marked
improvement in clinical condition.
A young boy, Leonard Thompson, was the first
patient to receive insulin treatment in the year 1922
andlivedfor13 years.Overthenext70 years,insulin
was further refined and purified.A revolution came
with the production of recombinant human DNA
insulin in 1978. Instead of collecting insulin from
animals, new human insulin could be synthesized.
In 1923, Banting and Macleod were awarded the
Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin. In his
Nobel Lecture, Banting concluded the following
about their discovery: “Insulin is not a cure for
diabetes; it is a treatment.”
Present status projects that the incidence of
diabetes is on the rise. The present number of
diabetics worldwide is 150 million and according
to new estimates from researchers at the World
Health Organization; there will be an increase
of about 300 million or more by the year 2030
(Warner, 2004). Only in the year 2001, about
441,004 deaths were registered and 49,855 of
them were provoked by diabetes, representing
11.2% of the total population. In the United
States, diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death.
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly
increasing worldwide and India is estimated
to have 31 million diabetics from the total
population of the world. Diabetes is predicted
to become one of the most common diseases in
the world within a couple of decades, affecting at
least half a billion people.[4]
The driving force behind the high prevalence of
diabetes is the rise of obesity, sedentary lifestyle,
and consumption of energy-rich diet. The diabetes
epidemic is accelerating in the developing world,
with an increasing proportion of affected people in
younger age groups.[5]
The prevalence of Type
2 diabetes is now at
epidemic proportions. Type
2 diabetes has a
significant impact on the health, quality of life,
and life expectancy of patients, as well as on the
health care system. Type 2 diabetes accounts for
about 90-95 % of the population while Type 1
diabetes accounts for about 5–10% of the total
population. In the past, Type 2 was rarely seen
in the young, but recent reports describe Type 2
diabetes being diagnosed even in children and
adolescent.[6]
3. Begum, et al.: Pharmacological screening and phytochemical evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Asparagasus Racemosus
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 110
Plant Profile
Botanical Name : Asparagus racemosus
Kingdom : Planate
Order : Asparagales
Family : Asparagaceae
Genus : Asparagus
Species : Asparagus racemosus
Common Name : Shatavari, Shatuli, Vrishya, Kurilo.
It is a species of asparagus common throughout
Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, and the Himalayas. It
grows one to two meters tall and prefers to take root
in gravelly, rocky soils high up in piedmont plains,
at 1300–1400
m elevation). Asparagamine A
(apolycyclicalkaloid),Twonewsteroidalsaponins,
shatavaroside A and shatavaroside B together with
a known saponin, filiasparoside C, were isolated
from the roots of Asparagus racemosus.[7]
Five
steroidal saponins, shatavarins VI-X, together with
five known saponins, shatavarin I (or asparoside
B), shatavarin IV (or asparinin B), shatavarin V,
and immunoside and schidigerasaponin D5 (or
asparanin A), have been isolated from the roots
of A. racemosus also known as the isoflavone
8-methoxy-5, 6, 4’-trihydroxyisoflavone 7-O-beta-
D-glucopyranoside. A. racemosus (Shatavari) is
recommended inAyurvedic texts for the prevention
and treatment of gastric ulcers, dyspepsia, and
as a galactagogue. A. racemosus has also been
used by some Ayurvedic practitioners for nervous
disorders.[8]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The designing of the methodology involves a
series of steps taken systematically to achieve the
set goal(s) under the prescribed guidelines and
recommendations. It includes in it all the steps from
a field trip to the observation including selection
and collection of the medicinal plant, selection
of dose value, standardization of protocol, usage
of instruments, preparation of reagents, selection
of specific solvents for extraction, formation of
protocols, and final execution of the standardized
protocol. All this requires a good build of mind
and a good and soft technical hand to handle the
materials and procedure in a truly scientific manner.
Drugs and Chemicals
Drugs and Chemicals used in this study were
of analytical grade and highest purity procured
from standard commercial sources in India are
mentioned in Tables 1-3.
Experimental animals
Healthy adult Albino Wister rats weighing 200–
250
g of either sex were selected for the study.
Animals were housed in appropriate cages in
uniform hygienic conditions and fed with a standard
pellet diet (Amrut Laboratory Animal Diet) and
water ad libitum. They were fasted overnight before
the day of the experiment, after 72
h of fasting
from the day of alloxan introduction. Animals
were housed within the departmental animal
house, and the room temperature was maintained
at 27°C. Animal studies had the approval of the
Institutional Animal Ethic Committee with the
approval number VIPW/IAEC/1581/PO/Re/11/
CPCSEA/M.Ph/004/2020-21.
Plant Material Collection
The leaves of A. racemosus were collected from
the local market in Hyderabad in January and were
identified and authenticated by the Department of
Pharmacognosy. The plant material was cleaned,
reduced to small fragments, air-dried under shade
at room temperature, and coarsely powdered in a
mixer. The powdered material was stored or taken
up for the extraction process.
Preparation of Plant Extracts
Preparation of aqueous extract
Dried leaves of A. racemosus were taken about 20 g
into a 250 ml beaker containing 200 ml of water.
The contents were mixed well and then the mixture
was boiled up to 80–90°C for 4–5 h. Further, the
extract was filtered with Whatman filter paper. The
filtrate was boiled until the concentrated residue is
formed. The concentrated product was sealed in
sample covers and stored under room temperature
and used for the further experiment to check the
activities.
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Preparation of alcoholic extract
Dried leaves of A. racemosus were taken about 20 g
into a 250 ml beaker containing 200 ml of Alcohol.
The contents were mixed well and then the mixture
was boiled up to 50–60°C for 4–5 h. Further, the
extract was filtered with Whatman filter paper. The
filtrate was boiled until the concentrated residue is
formed. The concentrated product was sealed in
sample covers and stored under room temperature
and used for the further experiment to check the
activities.[8]
Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of the
Extracts
Theextractssoobtainedweresubjectedtopreliminary
phytochemical screening. Phytochemical studies
were performed to identify the presence of various
phytoconstituents as follows:
Alkaloids
Extracts were dissolved individually in dilute
hydrochloric acid and filtered.
a. Mayer’s Test: Filtrates were treated with
Mayer’s reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide).
The formation of a yellow-colored precipitate
indicates the presence of alkaloids.
b. Wagner’s Test: Filtrates were treated with
Wagner’s reagent (Iodine in Potassium Iodide).
The formation of brown/reddish precipitate
indicates the presence of alkaloids.
c. Dragendroff’s Test: Filtrates were treated with
Dragendroff’s reagent (solution of Potassium
Bismuth Iodide). The formation of a red
precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.
d. Hager’s Test: Filtrates were treated with
Hager’s reagent (saturated picric acid solution).
The presence of alkaloids was confirmed by
the formation of a yellow-colored precipitate.
Triterpenoids
a. Salkowski’s Test: The extracts were treated
with chloroform and filtered separately.
The filtrate was treated with a few drops of
concentrated sulfuric acid, shaken, and allowed
to stand. If the lower layer turns red, sterols are
present. If the lower layer turns, golden yellow
triterpenes are present.
Saponins
a. Froth Test: The extracts were diluted with
distilled water to 20
ml and shaken in a
graduated cylinder for 15 min. The formation
of a 1 cm layer of foam indicates the presence
of saponins.
b. Liebermann-Burchard Test: The extracts were
treated with chloroform and filtered. The filtrates
weretreatedwiththefewdropsofaceticanhydride
boiled and cooled. Concentrated sulfuric acid
was added through the sides of the test tube. The
formation of a brown ring at the junction indicated
the presence of steroidal saponins.
Flavonoids
a. Alkaline reagent Test: The extracts were
treated with few drops of sodium hydroxide
separately. The formation of intense yellow
colorless on the addition of few drops of dilute
acid indicates the presence of flavonoids.
b. Lead acetate Test: The extracts were treated
with the few drops of lead acetate solution. The
formation of a yellow precipitate indicates the
presence of flavonoids.
Phenolic and tannins
a. Ferric chloride Test: The extract was treated
with few drops of neutral ferric chloride
solution. The formation of bluish-black color
indicates the presence of phenolics nucleus.
b. Gelatin Test: To the extract, 1%gelatin solution
containing sodium chloride was added. The
formation of a white precipitate indicates the
presence of tannins.
c. Vanillin hydrochloride Test: the extracts were
treated with few drops of vanillin hydrochloride
reagent. The conformation of pinkish-red color
indicates the presence of tannins.
Selection of Dose For Animal Study
The dose considered for the experiment on rats was
obtained from the conversion of the human dose of
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A. racemosus (3–5 g/kg). The conversion factor of
human dose (per 200 g body weight) is 0.018 for
rats (Ghosh 1984). Hence, the calculated dose for
the rats (considering human dose 0.3 and 0.5 g/kg)
is 20 and 30 mg/kg. Acute toxicity was done at a
dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight.[9]
Pharmacological Evaluation
Preparation of extracts
The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of A. racemosus
were suspended in water in the presence of 3%v/v
Tween-80 solution.All the drugs were administered
orally for experimental purposes. Each time
preparation of the extracts were prepared when
required. The drugs were administered at a constant
volume of 10 ml/kg for each animal.[10]
Acute oral toxicity
The acute oral toxicity of aqueous and alcoholic
extracts of A. racemosus was determined by
using Albino Wister rats (200–250
g) which
were maintained under standard conditions. The
animals were fasted 12 h before the experiment,
up-and-down procedure OECD guideline no. 425
were adopted for toxicity studies. Animals were
administered with a single dose of individual
extract up to 2000mg/kg and observed for its
mortality during 2 days and 7 days study period
(short term) toxicity and observed up to 7
days
for their mortality, behavioral, and neurological
profiles.[11]
Assessment of Antiaiabetic Activity in Normal
and Alloxan-Induced Rats
Procedure
Animals were divided randomly into six groups
of four and each was fasted to overnight. The
blood samples were withdrawn by tail vein at 0 h
i.e. before I.P administration of extracts/standard/
vehicle. Then blood was collected at an interval
of 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after the administration on 0th
,
7th
, 14th
, and 21st
day respectively according to
procedure blood glucose levels were measured by
glucometer (ONE TOUCH glucometer).
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in
Normal Rats
On the next day (1st
, 8th
, 15th
, and 22nd
day) after the
assessment of hypoglycemic activity, OGTT was
carried out in the same normal animals.
Procedure
All the animals in each group were administered
2 g/kg of glucose 1 h after extract/glibenclamide/
vehicle administration. The blood samples were
collected by tail vein at 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, and
2 h after the administration of glucose load. Blood
glucose levels were measured by glucometer on 1st
,
8th
, 15th
, and 22nd
day respectively.
Assessment of Antiaiabetic Activity in Alloxan-
Induced Diabetic Rats
Induction of diabetes
Albino Wister rats of either sex weighing 200–
250 g were selected for the study. All the animals
were allowed free access to water and pellet diet
and maintained at room temperature in rat cages.
Alloxanwasdissolvedinnormalsalineimmediately
before use. Diabetes was induced in 16 h fasted rats
by a single intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg
body weight of freshly prepared alloxan in normal
saline.
The rats after alloxanization were given 5% w/v
glucose solution in feeding bottles for the next
24 h in their cages to prevent hypoglycemia. After
72 h, rats with fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL)
200
mg/dl were selected and used for further
studies
All the animals were observed for 7
days for
consistent hyperglycemia (FBGL 200 mg/dl and
400 mg/dl), and such animals were selected and
divided into six groups of four each and used for
the study of the following experimental models.
Effect of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of
A. racemosus on Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-
Induced Diabetic Rats
All the animals of the above groups were
administered as per the treatment protocol
mentioned above. The blood samples were
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collected by a retro-orbital puncture at 0, 1, 2, 4,
and 8
h after the administration. The treatment
was continued for the next 22 days. Again blood
samples were also collected on the 7th
, 14th
, and
21st
day after 1-h administration for subacute study.
Blood glucose level was measured by a glucometer
at various time intervals.
OGTT in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
On the 8th
, 15th
, and 22nd
, day OGTT was carried
out on the same alloxan-induced diabetic animals
used for assessment of antidiabetic activity studies.
Procedure
All the animals in each group were administered
2 g/kg of glucose 1 h after extract/glibenclamide/
vehicle administration. The blood samples were
collected by a retro-orbital puncture at 0 h, 0.5 h,
1 h, 1.5 h, and 2 h after the administration of the
glucose load. The Blood samples were collected by
tail vein and its blood glucose levels were measured
using a glucometer apparatus.
Statistical Analysis
The values were expressed as mean ± SEM data and
were analyzed using one-wayANOVAfollowed by
a T-test. Two sets of comparisons had made. i.e.
a. Normal control versus All treated groups.
b. Diabetic Control versus All treated groups.
Differences between groups were considered
significant at P 0.001 and P 0.05 levels.
RESULTS
Phytochemical Screening of A. racemosus
Thepresentinvestigationconcludedthattheisolated
compounds from the plant A. racemosus show the
various Pharmacological effects was determined
due to the presence of different phytochemical
compounds Table 4. Further, study is needed for
the isolation of the constituents present in the plant
and its pharmacological activity should need to
consider and ultimately it should be implemented
for the benefit of human beings.
Acute Toxicity Testing
Acute toxicity studies revealed that the alcoholic
extracts of A. racemosus were safe up to 2000 mg/kg
of body weight and approximate LD 50 is more than
2000 mg/kg. No lethality or any toxic reactions was
observed up to the end of the study period.
Hypoglycemic Activity in Normal Rats
FBGL were within the range of 90–105 mg/dl in
all the groups at 0 day. Repeated treatment with the
doses of aqueous and alcoholic extract (100 and
200 mg/kg)significantlydecreasethebloodglucose
level on the 7th
, 14th
, and 21st
day, indicating that the
extract produces significant hypoglycemic activity
after repeated administration. Glibenclamide
(10mg/kg) also significantly reduced FBGL after
repeated administration as compared to the normal
control group. Changes in FBGLin different groups
after repeated-dose administration are summarized
in Table 1.
Repeated administration of both aqueous and
alcoholic extracts had significantly (P 0.005)
reduced the FBGL on the 7th
, 15th
, and 21st
day,
indicating these extracts can produce hypoglycemia
on repeated administration. However hypoglycemic
activity was more significant on the 7th
, 14th
, and
21st
day for glibenclamide treated as compared with
othergroups.Theresultssuggestthatbothaqueousand
alcoholic extracts possess significant hypoglycemic
activity after repeated-dose administration. The
detailed results are summarized in Table 6.
Effect of Extracts of A. Racemosus on FBGL in
Normal Rats
OGTT
Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of A.
racemosus significantly (P 0.005) suppress the
rise in FBGL after glucose load (2 g/kg) in rats,
at first ½ h and up to 2
h period as compared
with other groups extract glibenclamide on 8th
,
15th
and 22nd
day, while aqueous and alcoholic
extracts produced a significant reduction in FBGL.
Glibenclamide (10
mg/kg) showed (P 0.005)
significant suppression in FBGL rise at first ½ h,
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IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 114
1 h, and normalized FBGL within 2hr. The detailed
results are summarized in Table 5.
Antidiabetic Activity in Alloxan-Induced
Diabetic Rats
FBGL in normal rats were in the range
of 90–100
mg/dl. Treatment with alloxan
(120
mg/kg, I.P.) had increased the FBGL to a
range of 252–266 mg/dl after 72 h. These values
on subsequent days got stabilized by day 7 on an
average of 255 mg/dl.
Changes in the FBGL in different groups are
tabulated in Table
8. This data showed that the
Table 1: Drugs and chemicals
S.no Materials Company name
1. Alloxan Quali Kems Fine Chem. Pvt, Ltd, Vadodara.
2. Methanol ChangshuYangyuan Chemicals, China.
3. Alcohol ChangshuYangyuan Chemicals, China.
4. Glibenclamide Sanofi India Ltd, Ankleshwar.
Table 2: Assessment of hypoglycemic activity on normal
rats
Group Treatment Dose (mg/kg)
Group 1 Normal control received distilled water 10 ml/kg
Group 2 Standard group received Glibenclamide 10 ml/kg
Group 3 Aqueous extract of A. racemosus 20 mg/kg
Group 4 Aqueous extract of A. racemosus 30 mg/kg
Group 5 Alcoholic extract of A. racemosus 20 mg/kg
Group 6 Alcoholic extract of A. racemosus 30 mg/kg
Table 3: Assessment of antidiabetic activity in alloxan-
induced diabetic rats
Group Treatment Dose (mg/kg)
Group 1 Normal control received distilled water 10 ml/kg
Group 2 Diabetic control received distilled water 10 ml/kg
Group 3 Standard group received Glibenclamide 10 ml/kg
Group 4 Aqueous extract of A. racemosus 20 mg/kg
Group 5 Aqueous extract of A. racemosus 30 mg/kg
Group 6 Alcoholic extract of A. racemosus 20 mg/kg
Group 7 Alcoholic extract of A. racemosus 30 mg/kg
Table 4: Phytochemical screening of A. racemosus
S.No. Phytoconstituents Aqueous Alcoholic
1. Alkaloids + -
2. Carbohydrates - +
3. Glycosides - -
4. Phytosterols + -
5. Saponins + +
6. Fixed oils Fats - -
7. Tannins Phenolic compounds + +
8. Protein Free amino acids + +
9. Gums mucilage - -
10. Flavonoids + -
Table 5: Effect of extracts of A. racemosus on fasting
blood glucose level (FBGL) in normal rats
Treatment Dose
(mg/kg)
Blood glucose level(mg/dl)
7th
day 14th
day 21st
day
Normal control - 82.21±5.58 80.29±6.53 82.64±5.28
Glibenclamide 10 71.59±2.41 65.36±3.80 61.54±2.54
AQAR1 20 82.10±4.60 79.73±4.99 78.49±2.54
AQAR2 30 84.10±5.14 81.57±6.99 80.45±5.04
ALAR1 20 72.5±3.44 65.58±2.86 62.58±2.45
ALAR2 30 73.36±2.67 68.51±2.92 65.45±1.76
Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. n=6. Significant values were compared with
P0.005, normal control versus all groups. Parent thesis indicates a % reduction in
BGL
Table 6: Effect of extracts of A. racemosus on 8th
, 15, and
22nd
day in normal rats
Treatment Dose
(mg/kg)
Blood glucose level(mg/dl)
8th
day 15th
day 22nd day
Normal control - 88.64±2.51 89.62±1.68 91.58±1.46
Glibenclamide 10 84.24±0.64 80.62±2.57 74.26±2.49
AQAR1 20 80.17±2.18 76.28±1.45 72.84±5.81
AQAR2 30 85.92±0.64 80.69±0.08 75.68±2.15
ALAR1 20 84.62±1.85 78.52±2.64 70.42±0.46
ALAR2 30 73.37±2.10 64.58±2.68 62.15±0.84
Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. n=6. Significant values were compared with
P0.005. Normal control versus all groups. Parenthesis indicates a % reduction in
BGL
Table 7: Effect of extracts of A. racemosus on fasting
blood glucose level (FBGL) in Alloxan-induced diabetic
rats
Treatment Dose
(mg/
kg)
Blood glucose level (mg/dl)
7th
day 14th
day 21st
day
Normal
control
- 82.21±5.58 80.29±6.53 82.64±5.28
Diabetic
control
10 368.16±10.9 398.20±12.45 412.58±13.46
Glibenclamide 10 314.15±16.04 287.32±19.02 221.30±14.69
AQAR1 20 290.34±10.58 242.16±14.00 214.47±12.68
AQAR2 30 294.15±12.45 272.36±11.57 248.16±16.04
ALAR1 20 286.66±13.64 184.52±12.67 168.49±17.25
ALAR2 30 240.25±16.02 224.60±14.62 196.31±9.64
Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. n=6. Significant values were compared with
P0.05. Normal control versus all groups. Parenthesis indicates a % reduction in
BGL
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blood glucose level of normal control animals has
maintained throughout the study period.
The diabetic control group has shown a significant
increase in FBGL during this 21st
day study period.
Glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) treated group has shown
(P 0.05) a significant decrease in FBGL during
the 7th
, 14th
, and 21st
day of the study period.
Effect of A. racemosus Extracts on Anti-
diabetic Activity in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic
Rats
The animals treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of
aqueous and alcoholic of different extracts shown
a significant decrease (P 0.05) in FBGL on the
7th
, 14th
, and 21st
day of treatment when compared
to other groups of animals. The aqueous extracts
have reduced more (%) in FBGL when compared
to alcoholic extracts except for the standard
group. The detailed results are summarized in
Table 7.
OGTT on 8th
, 15th
, and 22nd
Day
Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of
A. racemosus are significantly (P 0.05) suppress
the rise in FBGL after glucose load (2
g/kg) in
rats, at first 1/2 h and up to 2 h period as compared
with other groups extract glibenclamide on
8th
,15th
and 22nd
day, while aqueous and alcoholic
extracts produced a significant reduction in FBGL.
Glibenclamide (10
mg/kg) showed (P 0.05)
significant suppression in FBGL rise at first ½ h,
1 h and normalized FBGL within 2hr. The detailed
results are summarized in Table 8.
DISCUSSION
Many natural active compounds have been isolated
from plants of different species. These active
principles are complex carbohydrates, alkaloids,
flavonoids, saponins, amino acids, steroids,
peptides, terpenoids, and others. These compounds
have been shown to produce potent hypoglycemic,
anti-hyperglycemic, and glucose suppressive
activities. These effects might be achieved by
facilitating insulin release from pancreatic ß-cells,
inhibiting glucose absorption in the gut, stimulating
glycogenesis in the liver, and/or increasing glucose
utilization by the body. These compounds may also
exhibit antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anticataract
activities, and restore enzymatic functions, repair
and regeneration of pancreatic islets, alleviation of
liver and renal damage.
Crude aqueous and alcoholic extracts of leaves of
A. racemosus at a dose of 20 and 30 mg/kg showed
a significant effect on the glucose tolerance of
rats and it also showed a reduction in the FBGL
of the normoglycemic rats, thus revealing the
hypoglycemic nature of the extracts. The effect was
more pronounced for both extracts. These findings
indicate that the extracts might be producing the
hypoglycemic effect by a mechanism independent
from the insulin secretion e.g.
by the inhibition
of endogenous glucose production[12]
or by the
inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption.
Phytochemical analysis of extracts of leaves of
A. racemosus revealed the presence of secondary
metabolites that have been shown to possess
an antidiabetic effect in other plants. Saponins,
alkaloids, and flavonoids which were responsible
for the antidiabetic effect in other plants were also
detected in the extracts of this plant. The presence
of phenols in the plant could also be responsible
for the antidiabetic effect have been shown to
prevent the destruction of β-cells by inhibiting
the peroxidation chain reaction and thus they may
provide protection against the development of
diabetes.
Table 8: Effect of extracts of A. racemosus on 8th
, 15th
,
and 22nd
day in Diabetic rats
Treatment Dose
(mg/
kg)
Blood glucose level(mg/dl)
8th
day 15th
day 22nd day
Normal
control
- 88.64±2.51 89.62±1.68 91.58±1.46
Diabetic
control
10 356.20±16.53 374.00±12.48 382.41±6.03
Glibenclamide 10 258.6±18.49 154.48±15.64 148.36±14.62
AQAR1 20 274.60±14.51 236.60±13.43 224.41±12.68
AQAR2 30 280.96±15.62 264.25±10.62 230.29±10.80
ALAR1 20 257.30±15.15 168.40±11.00 145.61±12.54
ALAR2 30 328.90±14.59 309.50±9.07 284.35±8.57
Values are expressed as mean±S.E.M. n=6. Significant values were compared with
P0.05. Normal control versus all groups. Parenthesis indicates a % reduction in
BGL
9. Begum, et al.: Pharmacological screening and phytochemical evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Asparagasus Racemosus
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Alloxan monohydrate is one of the chemical agents
used to induce diabetes mellitus in animals. It
induces diabetes by dose-dependent destruction of
β -cells of islets of Langerhans. It is a generator
of free radicals of oxygen which cause extensive
DNA damage. It was observed that a single
intravenous dose of alloxan exhibited significant
hyperglycemia. Excessive hepatic glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis associated with decreased
utilization of glucose by tissues is the fundamental
mechanism underlying hyperglycemia in the
diabetic state. As the hyperglycemia induced by
alloxan falls under the category of mild diabetes and
may reverse after a few weeks, the hypoglycemic
effect of the plant in hyperglycemic rats was
studied during 22 days of treatment. The difference
observed between the initial and final fasting serum
glucose levels of extract treated hyperglycemic
rat’s revealed the antihyperglycemic effect of
leaves of A. racemosus throughout the study. The
effect of the extracts was compared to that of the
reference standard, glibenclamide and was found
to be significant.
Extracts of leaves of A. racemosus appear to be
attractive materials for further studies leading
to possible drug development for diabetes. The
development of phytomedicines is relatively
inexpensive and less time consuming; it is more
suited to our economic conditions than allopathic
drug development which is more expensive and
spread over several years.
CONCLUSION
The study was performed to find out the beneficial
effects of two different extracts of leaves of
A. racemosus in normoglycemic rats and alloxan-
induced diabetic rats and the results reveal that the
plant has beneficial effects on blood glucose levels.
In the current scenario, herbs are the potent sources
of medicines used in the treatment of various
diseases and disorders. Since plants are used as
medicine there is a prompt need for evaluation
of plant species; therefore, the present work
was conceived to evaluate the phytochemical
and pharmacological screening of leaves of
A. racemosus. The Phytochemical evaluation has
revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids,
saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins.
The aqueous and alcoholic extracts had
hypoglycemic activity because of the presence
of flavonoids which are rich in the treatment of
hypoglycemia with fewer side effects. Flavonoids
might be producing the hypoglycemic effect by
a mechanism independent from insulin secretion
e.g.
by the inhibition of endogenous glucose
production or by the inhibition of intestinal glucose
absorption. The present study A. racemosus of
both aqueous and alcoholic extracts was showed
a significant effect on glucose tolerance and also
showed a reduction in FBGL in normal diabetic
rats.
The data of the blood glucose level of rats treated
with alloxan (150 mg/kg body weight) produced
diabetes within 72
h. After 72
h of alloxan
administered the blood glucose levels of rats were
observed. It was observed that significant lowering
of sugar in the aqueous and alcoholic extract. The
administrationofdifferentextractsatadoseof20and
30 mg/kg showed a significant antihyperglycemic
effect on the 22nd
day which was evident from the
7th
day onward as compared to the standard. The
aqueous and alcoholic extract of A. racemosus has
shown the better antihyperglycemic effect of the
extract on the fasting blood sugar levels on diabetic
rats are shown in the table. The decreasing blood
glucose levels are comparable with that of 10 mg/
kg of glibenclamide. The glibenclamide (10 mg/kg
body weight) shows a significant effect compare
to the initial and a more significant effect on the
22nd
day compare to the initial. The aqueous and
alcoholic extracts of 20 and 30mg/kg body weight
show significant (*P 0.05), effect.
Results of antidiabetic activity in normal and
alloxan-induced rats the extracts established
the scientific basis for the utility of these plants
in the treatment of diabetes. The extracts have
shown a significant reduction in blood glucose
levels in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic
rats and produced maximum antidiabetic activity
and are higher than the hypoglycemic activity
of glibenclamide in the diabetic rats. In glucose
loaded animals, the drug has reduced the blood
glucose to normal levels. The drug may be
10. Begum, et al.: Pharmacological screening and phytochemical evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Asparagasus Racemosus
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 117
acting by potentiating the pancreatic secretion or
increasing the glucose uptake. In conclusion, these
extracts showed a significant antidiabetic effect in
normal and diabetic rats after administration. Thus,
the claim made by the traditional Indian systems of
medicine regarding the use of these plants in the
treatment of diabetes stands confirms.
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