Cybersecurity Research Paper instructions
Select a research topic from the list below. After selecting your topic, research the incident using news articles, magazine articles (trade press), journal articles, and/or technical reports from government and industry.
TJ Maxx Security breach
For a grade of A, a minimum of five authoritative sources are required.
Your research is to be incorporated into the students' 3- to 5-page written analysis of the attack or incident. Your report is to be prepared using basic APA formatting (see below) and submitted as an MS Word attachment to the Cybersecurity Research Paper entry in your assignments folder.
This paper must be plagiarism free. I will have to turn it in using turnitin.com!
Below is one source that should be used for this paper. I will also send the full text pdf for the source.
Source 1
Berg, G. G., Freeman, M. S., & Schneider, K. N. (2008). Analyzing the TJ Maxx Data Security Fiasco. CPA Journal, 78(8), 34-37.
A C C O U N T I N G & A U D I T I N G
a u d i t i n g
Analyzing the TJ Maxx Data Security Fiasco
Lessons for Auditors
By Gary G. Berg. Michelle S.
Freeman, and Kent N. Schneider
I n January 2007, TJX Companies,Inc. (TJX), the parent company ofretail chains such as T,J. Maxx and
Marshalls, issued a press release announc-
ing that its computer systems had been
breached and that customer information
had heen stolen. As the investigation into
the crime continued during 2007, estimates
of the number of customers affected sky-
rocketed. Other reports indicated that at
least 94 million Visa and MasterCard
accounts had been compromised, with loss-
es projected to approach $4.5 biilion. As
expected, Visa and MasterCard are seek-
ing to recoup these losses from TJX. The
sheer scale of the security breach should
cause auditors to wonder about the impli-
cations for their professional practice.
What Went Wrong at TJX?
Investigations into the TJX case appear
to indicate that the company was not in
compliance with the Payment Card
Industry (PCI) data security standards
established in 2004 by American Express,
Discover Financial Services. JCB.
MasterCard Worldwide, and Visa
Intemational. Repxirts identified three major
areas of vulnerability: inadequate wireless
network security, improper storage of
customer data, and failure to encrypt cus-
tomer account data.
Inadequate wireless network security.
The store where the initial breach occurred
was using a wireless network that was
inadequately secured. Specifically, the net-
work was using a security protocol
known as wired equivalent privacy (WEP),
One problem with WEP security is that it
is easy to crack. In fact, researchers at
Darmstadt Technical University in
Germany have demonstrated that a WEP
key can be broken in less than a minute.
More important. WEP does not satisfy
industry standards that require the use of
the much stronger WPA (Wi-Ei Protected
Access) protocol. After breaking into the
store's network, the hackers then bre.
Log management and effective log data collection are critical for PCI compliance. Logs are needed to prove that required security processes and policies are implemented and monitored. Without logs, companies cannot validate controls, policies, or required monitoring. An effective log management solution should collect all log data, enable alerting and reporting, and allow secure storage and retrieval of log data to meet PCI requirements around auditing, monitoring, and controls.
This white paper examines the factors that have driven rapid adoption of tokenization among retailers and other merchants, and offers lessons from the PCI experience that can be applied to other industries and use cases.
Whitepaper - Application Delivery in PCI DSS Compliant EnvironmentsJason Dover
This document discusses application delivery in PCI DSS compliant environments. It provides an overview of PCI DSS requirements, including maintaining a secure network and systems, protecting cardholder data, restricting access to systems and data, monitoring networks, and enforcing security policies. It also discusses challenges of PCI compliance, such as misconceptions about what is required, applying standards to virtual/cloud environments, and dealing with large scales. It argues that application delivery controllers can help meet PCI requirements by providing features like firewalls, authentication, and encryption of cardholder data in transit.
Credit Card Fraud Detection System Using Machine Learning AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to detect credit card fraud. It begins with an abstract that introduces credit card fraud as an increasing problem and machine learning as a solution. The introduction provides more background on credit card fraud and detection methods. It then discusses several machine learning algorithms that can be used for credit card fraud detection, including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost. It concludes that hybrid models combining individual algorithms performed best on a publicly available credit card dataset, with the highest Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.823. References are provided on related work in credit card fraud detection techniques.
This document proposes a new approach for online payment systems that aims to improve security and privacy. It uses a combination of steganography and visual cryptography techniques. In the proposed system, a customer's payment details sent to an online merchant are minimized to only the necessary data for fund transfer verification. The customer's credentials are first encrypted within an image using LSB steganography. This image is then split into two shares using visual cryptography. One share is kept by the customer and the other by a certified authority. During an online purchase, the shares are combined to retrieve the encrypted data and send to the bank for verification, allowing the transaction if the customer is validated. This aims to protect the customer's payment information and prevent misuse
The document summarizes the current security and privacy landscape based on a presentation by insurance professionals. It outlines the latest threats such as identity theft and data breaches. It discusses regulatory environments like data breach notification laws and privacy acts. It also provides examples of security and privacy insurance claims that have been paid out to cover costs from data breaches and privacy violations.
Application to Quickly and Safely Store and Recover Credit Card’s Information...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a vault application that allows for the secure storage and retrieval of credit card information using tokenization. The application follows PCI security standards and replaces sensitive credit card data with unique tokens. When a customer needs to make a payment, they can retrieve their tokenized card information from the vault using a safe identifier. This allows customers to store their card details in one place and speeds up online checkout processes without reentering sensitive data each time. The document outlines related tokenization systems from Visa and Mastercard and discusses how the proposed application aims to improve security and compatibility compared to existing solutions.
Eamonn O Raghallaigh Major Security Issues In E CommerceEamonnORagh
The document discusses major security issues in e-commerce. It states that for any secure e-commerce system to function properly, it must ensure privacy, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation of exchanged information. Technical attacks like denial of service attacks and non-technical attacks like phishing are challenging for e-commerce providers to defend against. Privacy is now an integral part of any e-commerce strategy, as investments in privacy protection have been shown to increase consumer spending, trust, and loyalty.
Log management and effective log data collection are critical for PCI compliance. Logs are needed to prove that required security processes and policies are implemented and monitored. Without logs, companies cannot validate controls, policies, or required monitoring. An effective log management solution should collect all log data, enable alerting and reporting, and allow secure storage and retrieval of log data to meet PCI requirements around auditing, monitoring, and controls.
This white paper examines the factors that have driven rapid adoption of tokenization among retailers and other merchants, and offers lessons from the PCI experience that can be applied to other industries and use cases.
Whitepaper - Application Delivery in PCI DSS Compliant EnvironmentsJason Dover
This document discusses application delivery in PCI DSS compliant environments. It provides an overview of PCI DSS requirements, including maintaining a secure network and systems, protecting cardholder data, restricting access to systems and data, monitoring networks, and enforcing security policies. It also discusses challenges of PCI compliance, such as misconceptions about what is required, applying standards to virtual/cloud environments, and dealing with large scales. It argues that application delivery controllers can help meet PCI requirements by providing features like firewalls, authentication, and encryption of cardholder data in transit.
Credit Card Fraud Detection System Using Machine Learning AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to detect credit card fraud. It begins with an abstract that introduces credit card fraud as an increasing problem and machine learning as a solution. The introduction provides more background on credit card fraud and detection methods. It then discusses several machine learning algorithms that can be used for credit card fraud detection, including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost. It concludes that hybrid models combining individual algorithms performed best on a publicly available credit card dataset, with the highest Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.823. References are provided on related work in credit card fraud detection techniques.
This document proposes a new approach for online payment systems that aims to improve security and privacy. It uses a combination of steganography and visual cryptography techniques. In the proposed system, a customer's payment details sent to an online merchant are minimized to only the necessary data for fund transfer verification. The customer's credentials are first encrypted within an image using LSB steganography. This image is then split into two shares using visual cryptography. One share is kept by the customer and the other by a certified authority. During an online purchase, the shares are combined to retrieve the encrypted data and send to the bank for verification, allowing the transaction if the customer is validated. This aims to protect the customer's payment information and prevent misuse
The document summarizes the current security and privacy landscape based on a presentation by insurance professionals. It outlines the latest threats such as identity theft and data breaches. It discusses regulatory environments like data breach notification laws and privacy acts. It also provides examples of security and privacy insurance claims that have been paid out to cover costs from data breaches and privacy violations.
Application to Quickly and Safely Store and Recover Credit Card’s Information...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a vault application that allows for the secure storage and retrieval of credit card information using tokenization. The application follows PCI security standards and replaces sensitive credit card data with unique tokens. When a customer needs to make a payment, they can retrieve their tokenized card information from the vault using a safe identifier. This allows customers to store their card details in one place and speeds up online checkout processes without reentering sensitive data each time. The document outlines related tokenization systems from Visa and Mastercard and discusses how the proposed application aims to improve security and compatibility compared to existing solutions.
Eamonn O Raghallaigh Major Security Issues In E CommerceEamonnORagh
The document discusses major security issues in e-commerce. It states that for any secure e-commerce system to function properly, it must ensure privacy, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation of exchanged information. Technical attacks like denial of service attacks and non-technical attacks like phishing are challenging for e-commerce providers to defend against. Privacy is now an integral part of any e-commerce strategy, as investments in privacy protection have been shown to increase consumer spending, trust, and loyalty.
Best Practices to Protect Cardholder Data Environment and Achieve PCI ComplianceRapid7
Cyber-attacks designed for financial gain are on the rise, targeting proprietary information including customer and financial information. With over 127 million records exposed in 2007 in the US alone, attacks are becoming increasingly more sophisticated. Learn more about best practices to protect the cardholder data environment and achieve PCI compliance.
The document discusses key trends in merchant security and how a multi-layered approach can dramatically reduce risk. It outlines four major trends impacting payments security: EMV, tokenization, contactless payments, and advanced fraud prevention tools. Adopting technologies that complement each other can provide strong defenses throughout the payment processing chain. Early adopters of new security standards will gain a competitive advantage over those who wait.
Cyber risks troubling organisations
The document discusses data breaches, how they occur, and common types like insider leaks and payment card fraud. It provides a case study on Anthem, a large US health insurer that suffered a major data breach in 2015 affecting 80 million customers. Anthem ultimately paid $115 million to settle lawsuits. The document concludes with lessons learned from the Anthem breach and recommendations for preventing data breaches like maintaining system documentation, having an IT security framework, and conducting continuous auditing.
This document describes a pilot program between CMS and National Government Services to test preventing medical insurance fraud related to Medicare durable medical equipment claims. The pilot tested verifying physician orders and patient visits using credit card networks and cards issued to physicians and suppliers. The pilot found the system could be implemented quickly and scaled nationally. It successfully verified physician and supplier transactions and matched claims to prevent duplicate billing, indicating it could reduce fraud. The document estimates that preventing just 5% of durable medical equipment fraud would produce a return on investment of 250% due to the high costs of fraudulent claims.
Describes a joint CMS/WellPoint voluntary project that demonstrates the effectiveness of Castlestone's VisitEye in preventing many forms of outpatient insurance fraud, in this case Durable Medical Equipment (DME)
MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
The Easy WAy to Accept & Protect Credit Card DataTyler Hannan
This document discusses the consequences of data breaches for merchants, provides an overview of PCI compliance requirements, and describes tools that can help merchants protect payment data and simplify PCI compliance. It notes that data breaches are costly and common, even among small merchants, and that PCI focuses on them because they are vulnerable targets. It outlines PCI's 12 requirements and prioritized approach. It then describes tokenization, value-added services like risk management, and hosted payment pages as tools that can help merchants address PCI requirements more easily.
How really to prepare for a credit card compromise (PCI) forensics investigat...Security B-Sides
The document discusses preparing for a PCI forensic investigation following a payment card data breach. It provides lessons learned from over 100 card compromise investigations, including what merchants can expect from the process, who the key stakeholders are, and common trends seen in breaches. Merchants are advised to have an incident response plan in place, know their responsibilities, work with qualified forensic experts and lawyers, and notify all necessary parties immediately in case of a breach.
Ellen Richey, Chief Legal Officer of Visa Inc., testified before the Senate Commerce Committee about Visa's ongoing efforts to protect consumer data and payment security. She discussed how Visa works with financial institutions and merchants to enable digital payments globally. Richey emphasized that protecting consumer data and guarding against cyber attacks is a shared responsibility. Visa takes a layered approach using technology, processes, and training to secure payment data and prevent fraud. Richey outlined Visa's strategies to eliminate storage of sensitive data, encourage adoption of EMV chip technology, and shift liability to incentivize security upgrades.
Solving the Encryption Conundrum in Financial ServicesEchoworx
Encryption has gone mainstream!
The encryption debate has captured the world’s attention. And coupled with the inevitability of another notable data breach, awareness of encryption as a tool to mitigate threat is at an all-time high. Still confidential financial statements, mortgage documents, and investment information are regularly sent unencrypted.
This white paper sets out some of the key rules, guidelines, best practices and associated risks for FINRA member firms and suggests ways that organizations can use encryption to protect themselves, their customers and representatives. In addition, it looks at some of the issues enterprises encounter when enabling email encryption technologies and ways to avoid them.
Blockchain would be the most likely and viable solution of Anti Money Laundering problems. Banking, financial as well as non financial industries along with regulators can benefit from this tecchnology
The document discusses PCI DSS compliance requirements for businesses that accept credit cards. It covers what PCI DSS is, who it applies to, how compliance is achieved, why the standards were established, impacts of non-compliance such as fraud and fines, and steps businesses need to take to protect customer payment data and stay compliant.
The document summarizes a data breach at Target Corporation in which customer payment card data was stolen. It discusses how the network was compromised through malware installed on point-of-sale registers, and that credentials from an HVAC vendor were used to access Target's system. The breach could have been prevented through better compliance with security standards and use of EMV chip technology, which is more widely used internationally than in the US.
A detailed analysis on the Security Standard goals and requirements. Examples of companies that failed to comply, with emphasis on which part of the security standards they violated and the fines that resulted as a result of their non-compliance.
Here are the three major information security threats to the Payment Card Industry:
1. Social Engineering - Hackers use social engineering techniques like phishing emails or phone calls to trick employees or customers into revealing sensitive information like account numbers, passwords, security questions/answers, etc. This is one of the biggest threats as it doesn't require technical sophistication.
2. Sophisticated DDoS Attacks - Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks have increased in scale and complexity in recent years. Well-funded hacker groups are able to launch massive attacks that can overwhelm the defenses of even large payment processors.
3. Insider Threats - A malicious or negligent insider like an employee could
CIOs need a strategy for securing enterprises as data breaches have increased significantly in recent years. While IT budgets and staffing have decreased, compliance requirements have increased. Outsourcing security functions to a managed security provider can help CIOs address these challenges more effectively by leveraging provider expertise, advanced tools and economies of scale, allowing IT to focus on business needs. Failure to comply with regulations through inadequate security practices can result in penalties, loss of customer trust and damage to reputation.
Next generation payment technologies gain acceptanceDawn Kehr
Next generation payment technologies like contactless smart cards, biometrics, and e-commerce payment tools are gaining acceptance due to offering convenience and new security features. These technologies include contactless credit and debit cards that use radio frequencies for payment, fingerprint scanners for retail purchases, and online services like PayPal that allow shopping without sharing credit card information. While improving security, data protection is still a shared responsibility of technology providers and businesses implementing these solutions.
Exam Questions1. (Mandatory) Assess the strengths and weaknesse.docxtheodorelove43763
Exam Questions:
1. (Mandatory) Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Divine Command Theory. Give a strong, well-supported argument in favor of (or opposed to) DCT for ethical decision-making.
1. (Mandatory) Explain the ethical theory of Thomas Hobbes, David Hume,
or
Immanuel Kant, primarily concerning morality and justice. Include contextual/background factors that shaped the theory. Also, tell why you agree or disagree with it, providing a present-day illustration to support your position.
Choose
either
3 or 4:
1. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism and Ethical Egoism. Provide an argument in favor of (or opposed to) either Utilitarianism or Ethical Egoism, using an illustration from history or personal experience.
2. Compare and contrast rationalism and empiricism, including one or more key figures representing each perspective. Focus primarily on the impact of these knowledge theories on ethical thinking (Christian or otherwise), both in the liberal arts and Western culture.
Each question must be answered with 250-300 words. Make sure to write as clearly and specifically as possible. Use your own words and include in-text citation, and provide references
.
Evolving Leadership roles in HIM1. Increased adoption of hea.docxtheodorelove43763
Evolving Leadership roles in HIM
1. Increased adoption of health information technology is opening innovative leadership pathways for HIM professionals. Four areas of opportunity based on the HIT roadmap created by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology include privacy and security, adoption of information technology, interoperability, and collaborative governance. Choose one of these to explore, listing the challenges and opportunities for HIM professionals.
2. Take one of the challenges you presented and address it by using the 3 I’s Leadership Model for e-HIM that AHIMA adapted.
3. Postulate how earning an AHIMA credential can prepare you for leadership opportunity.
AHIMA. 2016a. e-HIM Overview and Instructions. AHIMA Leadership Model. http://library.ahima. org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_042565.pdf
AHIMA. 2016b. Why Get Certified. Certification. http://www.ahima.org/certification/whycertify Zeng, X., Reynolds, R., and Sharp, M. 2009. Redefining the Roles of Health Information Management Professionals in Health Information Technology. Perspectives in Health Information Management. (6). http://perspectives.ahima.org/redefining-the-roles-of-health-information-managementprofessionals-in-health-information-technology/#.VfWxFNJVhBc
.
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MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
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The document discusses preparing for a PCI forensic investigation following a payment card data breach. It provides lessons learned from over 100 card compromise investigations, including what merchants can expect from the process, who the key stakeholders are, and common trends seen in breaches. Merchants are advised to have an incident response plan in place, know their responsibilities, work with qualified forensic experts and lawyers, and notify all necessary parties immediately in case of a breach.
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The encryption debate has captured the world’s attention. And coupled with the inevitability of another notable data breach, awareness of encryption as a tool to mitigate threat is at an all-time high. Still confidential financial statements, mortgage documents, and investment information are regularly sent unencrypted.
This white paper sets out some of the key rules, guidelines, best practices and associated risks for FINRA member firms and suggests ways that organizations can use encryption to protect themselves, their customers and representatives. In addition, it looks at some of the issues enterprises encounter when enabling email encryption technologies and ways to avoid them.
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The document summarizes a data breach at Target Corporation in which customer payment card data was stolen. It discusses how the network was compromised through malware installed on point-of-sale registers, and that credentials from an HVAC vendor were used to access Target's system. The breach could have been prevented through better compliance with security standards and use of EMV chip technology, which is more widely used internationally than in the US.
A detailed analysis on the Security Standard goals and requirements. Examples of companies that failed to comply, with emphasis on which part of the security standards they violated and the fines that resulted as a result of their non-compliance.
Here are the three major information security threats to the Payment Card Industry:
1. Social Engineering - Hackers use social engineering techniques like phishing emails or phone calls to trick employees or customers into revealing sensitive information like account numbers, passwords, security questions/answers, etc. This is one of the biggest threats as it doesn't require technical sophistication.
2. Sophisticated DDoS Attacks - Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks have increased in scale and complexity in recent years. Well-funded hacker groups are able to launch massive attacks that can overwhelm the defenses of even large payment processors.
3. Insider Threats - A malicious or negligent insider like an employee could
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Exam Questions:
1. (Mandatory) Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Divine Command Theory. Give a strong, well-supported argument in favor of (or opposed to) DCT for ethical decision-making.
1. (Mandatory) Explain the ethical theory of Thomas Hobbes, David Hume,
or
Immanuel Kant, primarily concerning morality and justice. Include contextual/background factors that shaped the theory. Also, tell why you agree or disagree with it, providing a present-day illustration to support your position.
Choose
either
3 or 4:
1. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of Utilitarianism and Ethical Egoism. Provide an argument in favor of (or opposed to) either Utilitarianism or Ethical Egoism, using an illustration from history or personal experience.
2. Compare and contrast rationalism and empiricism, including one or more key figures representing each perspective. Focus primarily on the impact of these knowledge theories on ethical thinking (Christian or otherwise), both in the liberal arts and Western culture.
Each question must be answered with 250-300 words. Make sure to write as clearly and specifically as possible. Use your own words and include in-text citation, and provide references
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1. Increased adoption of health information technology is opening innovative leadership pathways for HIM professionals. Four areas of opportunity based on the HIT roadmap created by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology include privacy and security, adoption of information technology, interoperability, and collaborative governance. Choose one of these to explore, listing the challenges and opportunities for HIM professionals.
2. Take one of the challenges you presented and address it by using the 3 I’s Leadership Model for e-HIM that AHIMA adapted.
3. Postulate how earning an AHIMA credential can prepare you for leadership opportunity.
AHIMA. 2016a. e-HIM Overview and Instructions. AHIMA Leadership Model. http://library.ahima. org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_042565.pdf
AHIMA. 2016b. Why Get Certified. Certification. http://www.ahima.org/certification/whycertify Zeng, X., Reynolds, R., and Sharp, M. 2009. Redefining the Roles of Health Information Management Professionals in Health Information Technology. Perspectives in Health Information Management. (6). http://perspectives.ahima.org/redefining-the-roles-of-health-information-managementprofessionals-in-health-information-technology/#.VfWxFNJVhBc
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Evolution of Terrorism
300wrd
Do you think terrorism has been on the rise over the past few years?
Why do you think so?
Analyze and explain how contemporary terrorism is different from historical terrorism. Explain this with a focus on how terrorist groups have adapted their methods to take advantage of modern advancements, such as the Internet and modern modes of transportation.
Can you think of any other modern developments that have been utilized by terrorists?
Analyze and explain why people become and remain involved in a terrorist movement?
What do they hope to achieve?
Define terrorism and explain in your own words how it is practiced. Elucidate if you think terrorism is a criminal act or an act of war. Support your answers with appropriate research and reasoning.
Briefly describe a terrorist incident (Orlando Florida night club shooting jun12 2016) from the past five years (from anywhere in the world). Describe the act and explain how those responsible for this act were identified. Analyze if the goal of the terrorist or the terrorist group was achieved.
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Evidence-based practice is an approach to health care where health care professionals use the best evidence possible or the most appropriate information available to make their clinical decisions. Research studies are gathered from the literature and assessed so that decisions about application can be done so with as much insight as possible. Not all research is able to be taken into the clinical practice that is why assessing the literature and determining if it is possible to carry out in a safe and effective manner is important. The steps that make up the evidence-based practice is first to ask a question which pertains to your clinical practice, then search for research and literature that will help solve your question. Third step is to evaluate the evidence and determine if it can be used safely and effectively in your clinical practice, then you must apply the information to your clinical experience and with your patient’s values. Finally, you must evaluate the outcome and determine if the desired effect is being reached. (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014)
The nursing process is drilled into our education as nurses and with good reason. The nursing process is used countless times throughout our practice. I was taught the acronym ADPIE which stands for assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. When assessing it is important to gather as much information on the patient whether it be subjective or objective findings. After we make a nursing diagnosis based on our assessment and then we plan on how to best care for our patient, and what our goals and their goals are for their care. Once the plan is made and the patient consents to the care plan then we can implement the plan. After we implement, we evaluate whether our goals and the patient’s goals are being reached. If not, we begin the nursing process all over again. (LoBiondo-Wood, 2014) In my own practice I use the nursing practice on every patient and even do it multiple times. When a patient enters the emergency room they are immediately being assessed and then once the physical and interview assessments are done the nurse creates a nursing diagnosis. The nurse creates a care plan that is based on evidence-based practice and goes over it with patient to gain consent.
The difference between these two processes is how they begin. The nursing process begins by gathering as much information as possible to then give a nursing diagnosis. While evidence-based practice begins by posing a question first and then gathering as much information as possible. They do have similarities especially when it comes to the end of the processes. Evaluating whether the care plan is working in the nursing process or whether the research and literature brought out a successful new take on the clinical practice. They both need to make the outcomes are as expected and if they are not it is back to the beginning of the process.
References
LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Harber, J. (2014). Nursing Research. St.
Evidence-Based EvaluationEvidence-based practice is importan.docxtheodorelove43763
Evidence-Based Evaluation
Evidence-based practice is important in the field of public health. Discuss the connection between evidence-based practice and program evaluation. Using the Capella Library, find two articles using
evidence-based
as key words. Use the two articles you found and discuss evidence-based practices in public health, explaining how the evidence was obtained. Discuss the population that benefited from the program or project mentioned in the articles.
.
Evidence Table
Study Citation
Design
Method
Sample
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Validity
Reliability
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CASE WRITE-UP – OUTLINE
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Ottawa University EMBA | Organizational Behavior Theory
TECHEDGE CASE STUDY WRITE-UP - OUTLINE 2
Our consulting team, RAL Consulting, was hired by TechEdge to evaluate its current
organization structure and behavior, identify areas of needed improvement, point out a list of
actionable items for the company to improve its performance and how to implement those. This
case outlines our team’s consulting process to produce a final case write-up.
CASE OUTLINE
1. Introduction (at least 1 but no more than 2 pages)
Overview and history of TechEdge (one or two paragraphs)
TechEdge offered technology consulting service to other business, in a B2B business model.
According to Prabhu & Hedgei, the company structure was divided into sales, consulting,
support and services, back office operations, finance and software. All these departments were
led by vice presidents who reported to the CEO. The VPs assisted the managers, who led their
teams independently in their departments.
TechEdge: Main Organizational Behavior issues (half - 1 page)
The case presented a summarized list of challenges faced by TechEdge. (For next assignment,
List 5 major reasons listed on the case on page 5). Our consulting team identified a few
behaviors that might be driving these 5 major issues. These are:
§ HR v. VP responsibilities
o HRs responsibilities limited to recruiting while VPs were managing, training and
evaluating performance of the employees.
o HR not assisting with people management issues.
§ Team leader v. VP responsibilities
o Team leaders were responsible for team performance, but each team member
reported to their respective VP.
TECHEDGE CASE STUDY WRITE-UP - OUTLINE 3
o Lack of unity and shared objectives
§ Group v. Team structure.
o Different departments working together as temporary teams without a clear
common objective. Each department was more focused on their own tasks.
§ General sense of unaccountability between teams:
o All teams felt they didn’t receive adequate support from the operations
department
o Dissatisfaction from Operations VP: Complaints about overload of work,
dependency on external factors, and not enough time to fulfil other teams’
expectations
o Finance team complained about not having enough funds due to bad performance
of the sales team
§ General feeling that the company was understaffed
§ HR team couldn’t hire the best employees offering low wages
Among all items listed, our consulting team considers the following the m.
Evidence SynthesisCritique the below evidence synthesis ex.docxtheodorelove43763
Evidence Synthesis
Critique the below evidence synthesis exemplar to address the following.
Patient falls with injury and fall prevention remain complex phenomena in the acute care setting as well as a major challenge for healthcare professionals (Gygax Spicer, 2017). Patient falls are considered one of the leading adverse events occurring in acute care settings such as hospitals and nursing homes, with the detrimental impact to the patient ranging from mild to severe bruising, fractures, trauma, and even death (de Medeiros Araújo et al., 2017). Falls are common phenomena in older adults, with roughly one out of three people age 65 years and older who suffers from at least one fall per year due to multiple factors including environmental, social, and physiological factors either alone or in conjunction (Gygax Spicer, 2017). The etiology is that patients are attempting to get out of bed without assistance from nursing staff. Several of the causative factors include illness, impulsiveness, urgency, medications, or being in an unfamiliar environment. Lastly, there has been an increase in the amount of turnover in staffing, thus reducing the amount of available nursing staff in the practice setting.
Does the author clearly identify the scope of the evidence synthesis? Explain your rationale.
Are strong paraphrased sentences included that are supported by contemporary sources of research evidence? Explain your rationale.
Are the facts related to the practice problem presented in an objective manner? Explain your rationale.
Does the author use sources to support ideas and claims, and not the other way around? Explain your rationale.
Based on your appraisal, is this exemplar a true synthesis of the evidence? Or is it a summary of the evidence? Explain your rationale.
Instructions:
Use an
APA 7 style and a minimum of 250 words
. Provide
support from a minimum of at least three (3) scholarly sources.
The scholarly source needs to be: 1) evidence-based, 2) scholarly in nature, 3) Sources should be no more than five years old (
published within the last 5 years), and 4) an in-text citation.
citations and references are included when information is summarized/synthesized and/or direct quotes are used, in which
APA style
standards apply.
• Textbooks are not considered scholarly sources.
• Wikipedia, Wikis, .com website or blogs should not be used.
.
Evidence Collection PolicyScenarioAfter the recent secur.docxtheodorelove43763
Evidence Collection Policy
Scenario
After the recent security breach, Always Fresh decided to form a computer security incident response team (CSIRT). As a security administrator, you have been assigned the responsibility of developing a CSIRT policy that addresses incident evidence collection and handling. The goal is to ensure all evidence collected during investigations is valid and admissible in court.
Consider the following questions for collecting and handling evidence:
1. What are the main concerns when collecting evidence?
2. What precautions are necessary to preserve evidence state?
3. How do you ensure evidence remains in its initial state?
4. What information and procedures are necessary to ensure evidence is admissible in court?
Tasks
Create a policy that ensures all evidence is collected and handled in a secure and efficient manner. Remember, you are writing a policy, not procedures. Focus on the high-level tasks, not the individual steps.
Address the following in your policy:
§ Description of information required for items of evidence
§ Documentation required in addition to item details (personnel, description of circumstances, and so on)
§ Description of measures required to preserve initial evidence integrity
§ Description of measures required to preserve ongoing evidence integrity
§ Controls necessary to maintain evidence integrity in storage
§ Documentation required to demonstrate evidence integrity
Required Resources
§ Internet access
§ Course textbook
Submission Requirements
§ Format: Microsoft Word (or compatible)
§ Font: Times New Roman, size 12, double-space
§ Citation Style: APA
§ Length: 2 to 4 pages
Self-Assessment Checklist
§ I created a policy that addressed all issues.
§ I followed the submission guidelines.
.
Everyone Why would companies have quality programs even though they.docxtheodorelove43763
Everyone: Why would companies have quality programs even though they cost money to implement?
Everyone: Define and explain three of the iPhone features in measurable terms.
Everyone: Referring to the leading causes of death, explain how you would develop an action plan.
#2. Explain how you would measure quality when buying a car wash.
.
Even though technology has shifted HRM to strategic partner, has thi.docxtheodorelove43763
Even though technology has shifted HRM to strategic partner, has this change resulted in HRM losing sight of its role towards employee resource and support? While companies are seeing the value in moving to a technological based business, how might HRM technology impact the "human" side of "human resource"?
.
Even though people are aware that earthquakes and volcanoes typi.docxtheodorelove43763
Even though people are aware that earthquakes and volcanoes typically occur in consistent regions, many make their homes in these locations. Unfortunately, history shows that it is only a matter of time before the next occurrence.
Perform some research on earthquake and volcano incidents that had a negative effect on people in a region. Select a disaster event where, despite the loss of life and property, the residents choose to rebuild rather than abandon the region.
For your initial post:
In your initial post, address the following:
Describe the event you selected, including:
the type and magnitude of the event
where it occurred
when it occurred
the various ways in which people were affected
whether that type of disaster affects the region repeatedly
State your opinion regarding the following questions:
Why do you think people continue to make the known dangerous area their home?
Should governments allow people to live in known risk areas?
Should insurance companies allow claims for damages incurred in known risk areas?
.
Evaluative Essay 2 Grading RubricCriteriaLevels of Achievement.docxtheodorelove43763
Evaluative Essay 2 Grading Rubric
Criteria Levels of Achievement
Content 70% Advanced 90-100% (A) Proficient 70-89% (B-C) Developing 1-69% (< D) Not present
Analysis
30 points 30 to27 points
o Thesis statement provides a clear, strong analysis, responding to the topic prompt.
o Paper demonstrates exceptional critical thinking skills.
o Logical presentation of information, body supports the thesis statement.
26 to 21 points
o Thesis statement is clear but could be stronger.
o Paper demonstrates good critical thinking skills.
o Logical presentation with good connections, but could be stronger.
OR
o Thesis statement does not provide a clear analysis.
o OR Thesis statement is evident but misplaced (located somewhere other than the end of the introduction).
o Evidence of critical thinking skills, but analysis could be stronger or more evident.
o Weak logic, or missing connections.
20 to 1 points
o Missing thesis statement.
o Focus of paper is more informative than analytical, with details focusing on the what rather than the why or how.
0 points
o Does not meet minimum requirements for the assignment.
**See instructor feedback for specifics.
Support
30 points 30 to 27 points
o Draws from assigned sources for supporting details.
o Provides specific, detailed support.
o Clear connections are made throughout the writing to show how supporting documents prove the main argument.
o No outside sources were consulted or used.
26 to 21 points
o Draws from assigned sources for supporting details, but support could be more specific.
o Connections are made between supporting details and main argument, but these could be more clear.
OR
o Supporting details are provided but connections are largely missing between the supporting details and the main argument.
20 to 1 points
o To include any of the following:
o Supporting details drawn primarily from textbook/lectures, instead of assigned sources.
o OR
o Supporting details merely informative and do not show clear connection to the thesis.
o OR
o Outside sources used in support.
0 points
o Does not meet minimum requirements for the assignment.
**See instructor feedback for specifics.
Biblical Evaluation
10 points 10 to 9 points
o Clear, Biblical evaluation provided, drawing from specific Scripture for support.
8 to 7 points
o Biblical evaluation is evident, and some use of Scripture is given for support.
OR
o Attempt at Biblical evaluation is provided, but support could be stronger.
6 to 1 points
o Christian worldview is evident in the writing, and some examples or details may be given, but a specific Biblical evaluation is not evident/clear.
o No Scriptural support
o OR
o Scripture included but connections to evaluation are not evident.
o 0 points
o Does not meet minimum requirements for the assignment.
**See instructor feedback for specifics.
Structure 30% Advanced 90-100% (A) Proficient 70-89% (B-C) Developing 1-69% (< D) Not present
.
Evaluation Title Research DesignFor this first assignment, .docxtheodorelove43763
Evaluation Title: Research Design
For this first assignment, you will analyze different types of research. To begin, please read and view the following materials:
Rice University. (2017).
2.2 Approaches to research (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
. in,
Psychology
. OpenStax. [Electronic version]
University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. (2010).
2.2 Psychologists use descriptive, correlational, and experimental research designs to understand behavior (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
. In Introduction to Psychology. [Electronic version]
Select one research design from column A
and
column B.
Describe the design.
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the design.
Give an example of a study completed using this design.
This information is all available in the Unit 1 Learning Content. There are also resources available online to further your understanding.
Your assignment should be typed into a Word or other word processing document, formatted in APA style. The assignment must include:
Running head
A title page with Assignment name
Your name
Professor’s name
Course
.
Evaluation is the set of processes and methods that managers and sta.docxtheodorelove43763
Evaluation is the set of processes and methods that managers and stakeholders use to determine whether the program is successful. Success is determined by multiple parameters such as financial viability of the program as well as the administrative and clinical impact of the program on the community’s or organization’s mission. Today’s programs are also expected to proactively address healthcare disparities and inequities in all levels of communities and demonstrate measureable reductions in inequities in diverse patient/client populations.
For this milestone, you will create an evaluation plan that will include the financial aspects of your proposed program as well as your evaluation methods. In your submission, be sure to include the following:
Proposed Program :to establish a department in IGM to facilitate holistic care of pediatric patients. This holistic care will require patients to be monitored before, during, and after a clinical procedure. The program will be flexible to ensure that each patient receives customized care at a subsidized fee.
Financial Aspects
o What specific resources would you suggest for use in your program? For example, what staffing and equipment suggestions would you make?
Be sure to explain your rationale.
o What is the impact on the community’s or organization’s current budget? In other words, will the program fit into the existing budget, or willconcessions need to be made?
o What recommendations would you make for ensuring the program is financially sustainable? Are there measurable expense reductions for the community/organization that cover the costs of the program? Does the program create new sources of revenue for the community or organization to offset the costs of the program?
Evaluation
o What will you measure (such as benchmarks, patient outcomes, or other measurable data) in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the program implementation? Focus on both administrative and clinical measures. Include multiple levels of measurement, including the patients/clients served, populations of patients/clients served, and community environmental measures.
o What tools will you use to measure the effect of your program on reducing the incidence of healthcare disparities?
o How will these evaluation tools tell you whether the program is successful?
o To what extent will the program help ensure healthcare equity across diverse populations? Be sure to justify your reasoning.
Guidelines for Submission: Your paper for this milestone must be submitted as a 2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, one-inch margins, and proper APA formatting. Include at least three peer-reviewed, scholarly resources.
.
Evaluation Plan with Policy RecommendationAfter a program ha.docxtheodorelove43763
Evaluation Plan with Policy Recommendation
After a program has been created, it must be evaluated in order to determine its success. For this assignment, complete the following:
Incorporate the changes to address the feedback received.
Use the feedback from your instructor to address pertinent sections for errors or insufficiencies. Implementing this feedback will help you draft this assignment and your course project.
Discuss the program to be introduced to the selected population to address the specific public health problem or issue.
Assess population needs, assets, and capacities that affect communities' health through epidemiological records and literature reviews. Explain activities and resources to be introduced and used for this program to change behaviors and health outcomes and why they are selected.
Describe the projected goals for the program.
Based on past studies and available data, analyze the projected expected effects of the program.
Identify the engaged stakeholders.
Describe those involved, those affected, and the primary intended users.
Gather credible evidence to substantiate the need for the program.
Identify past programs similar to the proposed program and the outcomes for those past programs.
Explain past study results and epidemiological data for similar programs implemented.
Justify conclusions on the past programs and provide lessons learned for implementing this program.
Analyze how data will be collected from program participants and other relevant stakeholders to determine program effectiveness.
Identify what instruments will be used to collect data, such as surveys, focus group interviews, or key informant interviews.
Determine who will analyze the data and how the data will be analyzed.
Propose policy recommendations.
Evaluate policies for their impact on public health and health equity. Discuss multiple dimensions of the policy-making process, including the roles of ethics and evidence.
Discuss dissemination and communication suggestions for the evaluation results both in writing and through oral presentation.
Explain how the results will be shared with key stakeholders and the community.
Identify how the results will inform future programs and how they can improve health outcomes.
View the scoring guide to ensure you fulfill all grading criteria.
Additional Requirements
Length:
A minimum of 10–12 double-spaced pages, not including title and reference pages.
Font:
Arial, 12 point.
References:
Cite at least eight references from peer-reviewed journals.
Format:
Use current APA style and formatting.
Resources
Evaluation Plan with Policy Recommendation Scoring Guide
.
APA Style Paper Tutorial [DOCX]
.
APA Style Paper Template [DOCX]
.
Capella Writing Center
.
Public Health Intervention Plan.
Capella University Library.
State Policy Guide: Using Research in Public Health Policymaking
.
Public Health Masters Research Guide
.
Pub.
Evaluate the history of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and then .docxtheodorelove43763
The document discusses the history of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and how it transformed cryptography with the development of triple DES. Students are required to post a response to at least two other students by the end of the week using at least one scholarly resource, with all discussion postings in proper APA format.
Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. J.,.docxtheodorelove43763
Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. J., presented below.
Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below.
Health History and Medical Information
Health History
Mrs. J. is a 63-year-old married woman who has a history of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite requiring 2L of oxygen/nasal cannula at home during activity, she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day and has done so for 40 years. Three days ago, she had sudden onset of flu-like symptoms including fever, productive cough, nausea, and malaise. Over the past 3 days, she has been unable to perform ADLs and has required assistance in walking short distances. She has not taken her antihypertensive medications or medications to control her heart failure for 3 days. Today, she has been admitted to the hospital ICU with acute decompensated heart failure and acute exacerbation of COPD.
Subjective Data
1. Is very anxious and asks whether she is going to die.
2. Denies pain but says she feels like she cannot get enough air.
3. Says her heart feels like it is "running away."
4. Reports that she is exhausted and cannot eat or drink by herself.
Objective Data
1. Height 175 cm; Weight 95.5kg.
2. Vital signs: T 37.6C, HR 118 and irregular, RR 34, BP 90/58.
3. Cardiovascular: Distant S1, S2, S3 present; PMI at sixth ICS and faint: all peripheral pulses are 1+; bilateral jugular vein distention; initial cardiac monitoring indicates a ventricular rate of 132 and atrial fibrillation.
4. Respiratory: Pulmonary crackles; decreased breath sounds right lower lobe; coughing frothy blood-tinged sputum; SpO2 82%.
5. Gastrointestinal: BS present: hepatomegaly 4cm below costal margin.
Intervention
The following medications administered through drug therapy control her symptoms:
1. IV furosemide (Lasix)
2. Enalapril (Vasotec)
3. Metoprolol (Lopressor)
4. IV morphine sulphate (Morphine)
5. Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA)
6. Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA)
7. Oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC
Critical Thinking Essay
In 750-1,000 words, critically evaluate Mrs. J.'s situation. Include the following:
1. Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mrs. J.
2. Discuss whether the nursing interventions at the time of her admissions were appropriate for Mrs. J. and explain the rationale for each of the medications listed.
3. Describe four cardiovascular conditions that may lead to heart failure and what can be done in the form of medical/nursing interventions to prevent the development of heart failure in each condition.
4. Taking into consideration the fact that most mature adults take at least six prescription medications, discuss four nursing interventions that can help prevent problems caused by multiple drug interactions in older patients. Provide a rationale for each of the inte.
Evaluate the environmental factors that contribute to corporate mana.docxtheodorelove43763
Evaluate the environmental factors that contribute to corporate management’s need to manage corporate earnings to align with market expectations, indicating the potential long-term risks to financial performance and sustainability. Why are these factors important in evaluating the financial performance of an organization?
Please provide one citation or reference for your initial posting that is not your textbook.
.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Cybersecurity Research Paper instructionsSelect a research topic.docx
1. Cybersecurity Research Paper instructions
Select a research topic from the list below. After selecting your
topic, research the incident using news articles, magazine
articles (trade press), journal articles, and/or technical reports
from government and industry.
TJ Maxx Security breach
For a grade of A, a minimum of five authoritative sources are
required.
Your research is to be incorporated into the students' 3- to 5-
page written analysis of the attack or incident. Your report is to
be prepared using basic APA formatting (see below) and
submitted as an MS Word attachment to the Cybersecurity
Research Paper entry in your assignments folder.
This paper must be plagiarism free. I will have to turn it in
using turnitin.com!
Below is one source that should be used for this paper. I will
also send the full text pdf for the source.
Source 1
Berg, G. G., Freeman, M. S., & Schneider, K. N. (2008).
Analyzing the TJ Maxx Data Security Fiasco. CPA Journal,
78(8), 34-37.
A C C O U N T I N G & A U D I T I N G
a u d i t i n g
Analyzing the TJ Maxx Data Security Fiasco
Lessons for Auditors
2. By Gary G. Berg. Michelle S.
Freeman, and Kent N. Schneider
I n January 2007, TJX Companies,Inc. (TJX), the parent
company ofretail chains such as T,J. Maxx and
Marshalls, issued a press release announc-
ing that its computer systems had been
breached and that customer information
had heen stolen. As the investigation into
the crime continued during 2007, estimates
of the number of customers affected sky-
rocketed. Other reports indicated that at
least 94 million Visa and MasterCard
accounts had been compromised, with loss-
es projected to approach $4.5 biilion. As
expected, Visa and MasterCard are seek-
ing to recoup these losses from TJX. The
sheer scale of the security breach should
cause auditors to wonder about the impli-
cations for their professional practice.
What Went Wrong at TJX?
Investigations into the TJX case appear
to indicate that the company was not in
compliance with the Payment Card
Industry (PCI) data security standards
established in 2004 by American Express,
Discover Financial Services. JCB.
MasterCard Worldwide, and Visa
Intemational. Repxirts identified three major
areas of vulnerability: inadequate wireless
network security, improper storage of
customer data, and failure to encrypt cus-
tomer account data.
3. Inadequate wireless network security.
The store where the initial breach occurred
was using a wireless network that was
inadequately secured. Specifically, the net-
work was using a security protocol
known as wired equivalent privacy (WEP),
One problem with WEP security is that it
is easy to crack. In fact, researchers at
Darmstadt Technical University in
Germany have demonstrated that a WEP
key can be broken in less than a minute.
More important. WEP does not satisfy
industry standards that require the use of
the much stronger WPA (Wi-Ei Protected
Access) protocol. After breaking into the
store's network, the hackers then breached
security at the corporate headquarters and
Security Standard 3.2 clearly states that
after payment authorization is received, a
merehant is not to store sensitive data, such
as the CVC. PIN. or full-track infonnation.
Exhibit I shows a comparison of key data
items believed to have been stored by TJX,
obtained the customer account information
stored there. According to a May 4, 2007,
Wall Street Joumal article, the intruders
had access to the TJX records for 18
months without being detected.
Improper storage of customer daia. The
TJX data storage practices also appear to
have violated industry standards. Reports
4. indicate that the company was storing the
full-track contents scanned from each
customer's card. Moreover, customer
records appear to have included the card-
validation code (CVC) number and the per-
sonal identification numbers (PIN) associ-
ated with the customer cards. PCI Data
along with the relevant PCI standards.
Most likely. TJX did not retain this
information with malicious intent. The
company may have been using older point-
of-sale (POS) software that had been
designed to capture all card data and that
could not be reconfigured to comply with
PCI standards. This problem has been
linked to credit-card security breaches at
other retailers. Another possibility is that
the POS software was adequate, but
improperly configured.
Failure to encrypt customer data. Even
if the hackers had been able to infiltrate
the TJX corporate network and access the
34 AUGUST 2008 / THE CPA JOURNAL
improperly stored customer records, it is
likely that no harm would have resulted, had
the customer data been securely encrypted.
Given the large number of fraudulent
transactions traced back to the TJX breach,
it is obvious that either the data had not been
5. encrypted, or the hackers stole the encryp-
tion key. In either case, industry standards
were not maintained hy TJX. PCI Data
Sectirity Standard 3.4 i-et]uires that at min-
imum, the customer's "primary account
number" (i.e.. the customer's card number)
be "rendered unreadable.'' Furtheniiore. PCI
Data Security Standards 3.5 and 3.6
nitjuire merchants to pnMect tlie encryption
keys used for protecting customer data from
disclosure and misuse.
How the TJX Breach Affects
Audit Practices
At firNt. the TJX fiasco appears to offer an
object lesson for retailers" IT departments,
rather tkui auditors. After all, aistomeni' cred-
it card numbeis are not the retailer's asset to
protect; rather, the sales transaction itself is
what accounting intentai controls have tradi-
tionally sought to secure. With the atlvent of
Statement on Auditing Standaitl (SAS) 109,
UnderstíUKÜng ¡Iw Entity and ¡ts Envimntnent
and Assessing the Risks of Material
Misstatemctu. internal control clearly
extends beyond protecting one's own assets.
SAS 109 requires auditors to "audit die
business, and not just the books'" when
evaluating the risks of a client's financial
statements containing a material misstate-
ment. Specifically, SAS 109 requires an
understanding of: 1 ) the entity and its envi-
ronment: 2) the entity's intemal control
6. environment: and 3) susceptibility of the
entity's ñnancial statements to material
misstatement resulting from liabilities.
Understanding the entity and its envi-
ronment. RetaileiN ciinnot continue to oper-
ate by kxïking after only their own assets.
as seen in the TJX debacle. Customer cred-
it and debit card information is a valued
target of data thieves. Technology bas
made purchasing information more valu-
able than actual cuirency. because it can
be used to nin up huge bills for the origi-
nal cardholders. These victims are left with
the lengthy, painful task of restoring their
good credit ratings. To protect against data
theft, consumers can refrain from using
debit and credit cards (an inconvenient
option), or refrain from shopping at stores
that suffer data breaches. In other words,
it is ultimately in the best interest of
retailers to follow industry standards and
protect customer credit and debit card
records.
Understanding the entity s intemal con-
trol environment. In the digital economy.
retailers must implement both physical and
electronic controls. For example, stores
should have physical control over the cred-
it card scanners at checkout Itxrations by
bolting them to the counter. Otherwise, a
thief could replace a retailer's scanner with
an identical-looking scanner that also stores
scanned customer infonnation on a hidden
7. ^JVlinutes
FOCUSED
LEGAL
COUNSEL
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we are a law firm,
that's all.
we form
california
incorporation
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chip. Later, the thief could retum to the
store and switch scanners again, walking
away with the customer data accumulated
in the interim.
Understatiding the risk of material mis-
statement resulting from contingent lia-
bilities. Although customer purchasing
infomiation is not an asset of the retailer,
possession of that information imposes
great responsibility on the retailer, and fail-
ure to protect that information can result
in huge liabilities.
11. EXHIBIT 1
Suspected TJX Data Retention Practice Compared with PCI
Standards
Î;
Cardholdar Data
LP
Sensitive
Authentication Datât
Data hern
Primary Account
Number (PAN)
Cardholder Name*
Service Code*
Expiration Date*
Full Magnetic Stripe
CVC2yCW2/CID
PIN/PIN Block
Data Retained
by TJX
Yes
13. Auditor's Checklist
Exposure to Contingent Liabilities from Theft of Customer Data
Is there wireless access to the company's network?
Is the company's wireless network secured using WPA
encryption and a strong password?
Does it conform to PCI standards?
Are the company's data storage practices and security
over stored customer data reasonable?
Does the company have reasonable data-retention
policies and practices?
Does the company retain customer data for a
reasonable length of time?
Are policies in place to notify customers of possible
security breaches?
Does the company conduct background checks on
employees?
Does the company train employees on the importance
1 of maintaining confidentiality of customer data?
Higher
15. Yes
Yes
Yes
One source of potential liability is the
contracts that the retailer makes with card
issuers in order for the store to accept cred-
it and debit cards as payment for iransac-
tions. Typically, these contracts require that
merchants comply with PCI Data Security
Stiindards. Failure to comply with the stan-
dai'ds exposes a merchant to two types of
liability. First, the contract with the card
issuer provides for substantial penalties if
the merchant does not comply with PCI
standard.s. Second, and more significant-
ly, merchants ai'e subject to "push-back"
liability for damages suffered by the card
issuer as a result of the merchant's data
breach. These tosses sustained by card
issuers include not only the fraudulent
charges made on the accounts of the vic-
tims of identity theft, but also the admin-
istrative costs associated with the issutmce
of new cards to cu.stomers whose person-
al infomiation may have been compro-
mised. For TJX. the bulk of its liability will
likely result from such push-back losses
sustiiined by issuers.
Another source of risk to retailers is
the growing number of state laws regard-
ing notification of security breaches.
16. According to the National Conference
of State Legislatures "State Security
Breach Notification Laws" webpage
(w ww.ncsi.org/programs/lis/cip/priv/
breachlaws.htm), as of May I, 2008, at
least 42 states, the District of Columbia,
and Puerto Rico have legislation requir-
ing notification of security breaches
involving personal infomiation.
The New York statute (New York
State General Busine.ss Law section 899-
aa. subsections 2 and 3) is fairly typical.
It applies to any New York businesses
that own, license, or maintain computer-
ized data containing "private informa-
tion," such as an individual's Social
Security number, driver's license num-
ber, or account number, along with the
required access code or password need-
ed to permit access to an individual's
financial account. These businesses
must notify any New York resident
whose private information was acquired,
or believed to have been acquired, by
someone without valid authorization. If
the business fails to promptly notify the
affected parties, the statute authorizes
damages for actual costs or losses, includ-
ing "consequential financial losses" [New
3 6 AUGUST 2008 / THE CPA JOURNAL
York State General Business Law section
17. 8')9-aa, subsection 6{a)j.
What Auditors Can Learn
from the TJX Fiasco
When evaluating the risks iissociated with
a retailer's btisiness, valuable lessons can be
leiuiied from the mistakes of TJX. Altliough
TJX is a huge organiration, these risks are
equally applicable to mom-and-pop opera-
tions. Exhibit 2 summarizes these lessons.
First, check to see if there is wireless
access to the company network. Even if
company policy prohibits wireless
routers, a renegade router installed by
an employee may be connected. If wire-
less access does exist, evaluate the type
of encryption used by the router. Make
sure that a method prescribed by PCI
standards, such as WPA or WPA2, is in
use. Under no circumstances should WEP
encryption be used. In addition, evaluate
the strength of the log-on password and
make sure that the router doesn't broad-
cast its network name or service set iden-
tifier (SSID). Where practical, the authors
recommend configuring the router to
restrict access to specific computers,
using the unique media access control
(MAC) address assigned to eaeh autho-
rized computer.
Second, evaluate the company's data
storage practices and security for stored
18. customer data. Ascertain that the com-
pany complies with PCI security stan-
dards and is not retaining excess data
scanned from customer credit and debit
cards. Under no circumstances should a
merchant retain a customer's debit card
PIN. Also, make sure that customer dala
stored by the retailer are encrypted
using a strong key.
Finally, review the company's data-
retention [xilicies and practices. Make sure
die merchiuit divs not retain ctistomer data
any longer than permitted by the card
issuers. Even better, do not retain data
any longer than necessiuy to dtK'ument the
underlying transaction. Ensure that policies
lu-e in place to notify customers of possi-
ble security breaches and that a prtx;ess is
in place to implement the policies if a
breach occurs.
Ultimately, the security of a company's
infonnation system relies upon the com-
petency and honesty of its employees.
Therefore, it is important lo conduct
background checks on employees and to
train them about tlie possibility of securi-
ty breaches and how to avoid them. Ü
Gary G. Berg, PhD, CPA, is an associ-
ate professor of accountancy at East
Teiini's.see State University. Jolm.wn City.
Tenn. Michelle S. Freeman, EdD, CPA
(inaetive), is an assistant professor of lyusi-
19. ness administration at Tusculwn College.
Grecneville. Tenn. Kent N. Schneider, JD,
CPA, is a professor of accountancy, also
at East Tennessee Stale University,
Johnson City, Tenn.
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