This document discusses curriculum theory, including definitions of theory, sources of theories, and functions of theories. It provides an overview of the historical development of curriculum theory from the early 20th century to current approaches. Key figures and their contributions are outlined, such as Bobbitt, Rugg, Dewey, Tyler, Eisner, and Pinar. Different theoretical camps like traditionalists, conceptual empiricists, and reconstructionists are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing aims, goals, and objectives in curriculum and sources that have influenced them over time.
To understand the concept of theory, it is essential to understand the nature of theory in general.
Historically, the Received View holds that a theory is a formalized, deductively connected bundle of laws that are applicable in specifiable ways to their observable manifestations. In the Received View, a small number of concepts are selected as bases for the theory; axioms are introduced that specify the fundamental relationships among those concepts; and definitions are provided, specifying the remaining concepts of the theory in terms of the basic ones.
The Taba Model was developed by Hilda Taba (1902 - 1967), an architect, a curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer, and a teacher educator.Taba believed that there has to be a definite order in creating a curriculum.
She advocated that teachers take an inductive approach to curriculum development which meant starting with the specifics and building toward a general design, rather than the traditional deductive approach (starts with the general design and work towards the specifics) which was rooted in Tyler's model. Hilda Taba followed the grass-roots approach in developing curriculum
For her, it should be the teachers who should design the curriculum rather than the higher authorities (Oliva, 1992). More specifically stated, the Taba approach believes in allowing the curriculum to be developed and/or authored by the users (teachers). Under the Taba Model teachers are expected to begin each curriculum by creating specific teaching-learning units and building to a general design.
According to Khwaja, Akhtar, & Mirza (n.d.), "the Taba model was an attempt to ensure that decisions about curriculum are made on the basis of valid criteria and not whim or fancy." Her model of developing a curriculum consisted of seven main steps and over the years, these seven steps have formed the basis for Hilda Taba's ...
This solution provides information about Hilda Taba and her suggested approach to curriculum development. It also includes information about five of Taba's main elements required when developing a curriculum. The solution is referenced.
Diagnosis of needs
Formulation of learning objectives
Selection of learning content
Organization of learning content
Selection of learning experiences
Organization of learning activities
Evaluation and means of evaluation
To understand the concept of theory, it is essential to understand the nature of theory in general.
Historically, the Received View holds that a theory is a formalized, deductively connected bundle of laws that are applicable in specifiable ways to their observable manifestations. In the Received View, a small number of concepts are selected as bases for the theory; axioms are introduced that specify the fundamental relationships among those concepts; and definitions are provided, specifying the remaining concepts of the theory in terms of the basic ones.
The Taba Model was developed by Hilda Taba (1902 - 1967), an architect, a curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer, and a teacher educator.Taba believed that there has to be a definite order in creating a curriculum.
She advocated that teachers take an inductive approach to curriculum development which meant starting with the specifics and building toward a general design, rather than the traditional deductive approach (starts with the general design and work towards the specifics) which was rooted in Tyler's model. Hilda Taba followed the grass-roots approach in developing curriculum
For her, it should be the teachers who should design the curriculum rather than the higher authorities (Oliva, 1992). More specifically stated, the Taba approach believes in allowing the curriculum to be developed and/or authored by the users (teachers). Under the Taba Model teachers are expected to begin each curriculum by creating specific teaching-learning units and building to a general design.
According to Khwaja, Akhtar, & Mirza (n.d.), "the Taba model was an attempt to ensure that decisions about curriculum are made on the basis of valid criteria and not whim or fancy." Her model of developing a curriculum consisted of seven main steps and over the years, these seven steps have formed the basis for Hilda Taba's ...
This solution provides information about Hilda Taba and her suggested approach to curriculum development. It also includes information about five of Taba's main elements required when developing a curriculum. The solution is referenced.
Diagnosis of needs
Formulation of learning objectives
Selection of learning content
Organization of learning content
Selection of learning experiences
Organization of learning activities
Evaluation and means of evaluation
Teaching Math and Science MulticulturallyEDF 2085Prof. Mukhe.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Teaching Math and Science Multiculturally
EDF 2085
Prof. Mukherjee
Figure It Out!
Why Teach Math/Science?
Multicultural Answers:
Use knowledge to make the world a better place
Teach basic, functional skills as well as important themes like conservation; health; wealth distribution; voting…
Research has demonstrated male dominance and cross cultural under-representation in math/ science fields (at both school and societal levels)
Why Math and Science
“Today, I want to argue, the most urgent social issue affecting poor people and people of color is economic access. In today’s world, economic access and full citizenship depend crucially on math and science literacy.”
Bob Moses, Civil Rights Activist and Found of The Algebra Project
Radical Equations: Math Literacy and Civil Rights, p. 5
Indicators of Social Inequity Related to Science & Math Education
Professions that draw highest salaries tend to emphasize math and science
These fields tend to be segregated by race and gender
Patterns of segregation by sex and race can be viewed in patterns of enrollment in math & science in K-12 system
Patterns of racial and gender homogeneity also evident in representation in illustration and content of science & math textbooks
Failure to engage all students undermine their potential and future lifestyles/chances.
What Do We Want To Achieve in Math/ Science Education?
Multicultural Answers:
Critical (reflective) math and science literacy
Access to high levels of math/ science literacy for all students
Understanding how math & science are used in daily contexts
Understanding the political context of math and science (examples: racist theories of intelligence; use of statistics to support diverse positions)
Ensure not only functional levels of science & math literacy, but also CRITICAL science & math literacy
Traditional Answers:
Mastery of selected skills and knowledge of selected “facts”
Stratification of curriculum (tracking)
Content Concerns
Multicultural Answers:
Recognizes that Math and Science are not “culture-free”
Many cultures have contributed to our knowledge of Math and Science
Current uses of mathematics/ science in society (social issues as math/ science problems)
Emphasizes process (DOING a problem), not just product (getting the CORRECT answer)
Traditional Answers:
Claims that Math/ science are “universal”, culture-free subjects
Math and science are “objective” and, therefore, bias-free
Math and science problems have one right answer
Instruction/ Activities
Multicultural Answers:
Learning through meaningful, reality based problem solving activities
Inquiry-based approaches (teaching students to ask questions)
Allowing for mistakes (science as a process of reasoned trial and error)
Multiple learning styles addressed
Interdisciplinary inquiry (link science and math with other subject areas)
Traditional Answers:
Memorization
Learning occurs through repetitive practice (“drill and kill’)
Field independent in.
Teaching Math and Science MulticulturallyEDF 2085Prof. Mukhe.docxbradburgess22840
Teaching Math and Science Multiculturally
EDF 2085
Prof. Mukherjee
Figure It Out!
Why Teach Math/Science?
Multicultural Answers:
Use knowledge to make the world a better place
Teach basic, functional skills as well as important themes like conservation; health; wealth distribution; voting…
Research has demonstrated male dominance and cross cultural under-representation in math/ science fields (at both school and societal levels)
Why Math and Science
“Today, I want to argue, the most urgent social issue affecting poor people and people of color is economic access. In today’s world, economic access and full citizenship depend crucially on math and science literacy.”
Bob Moses, Civil Rights Activist and Found of The Algebra Project
Radical Equations: Math Literacy and Civil Rights, p. 5
Indicators of Social Inequity Related to Science & Math Education
Professions that draw highest salaries tend to emphasize math and science
These fields tend to be segregated by race and gender
Patterns of segregation by sex and race can be viewed in patterns of enrollment in math & science in K-12 system
Patterns of racial and gender homogeneity also evident in representation in illustration and content of science & math textbooks
Failure to engage all students undermine their potential and future lifestyles/chances.
What Do We Want To Achieve in Math/ Science Education?
Multicultural Answers:
Critical (reflective) math and science literacy
Access to high levels of math/ science literacy for all students
Understanding how math & science are used in daily contexts
Understanding the political context of math and science (examples: racist theories of intelligence; use of statistics to support diverse positions)
Ensure not only functional levels of science & math literacy, but also CRITICAL science & math literacy
Traditional Answers:
Mastery of selected skills and knowledge of selected “facts”
Stratification of curriculum (tracking)
Content Concerns
Multicultural Answers:
Recognizes that Math and Science are not “culture-free”
Many cultures have contributed to our knowledge of Math and Science
Current uses of mathematics/ science in society (social issues as math/ science problems)
Emphasizes process (DOING a problem), not just product (getting the CORRECT answer)
Traditional Answers:
Claims that Math/ science are “universal”, culture-free subjects
Math and science are “objective” and, therefore, bias-free
Math and science problems have one right answer
Instruction/ Activities
Multicultural Answers:
Learning through meaningful, reality based problem solving activities
Inquiry-based approaches (teaching students to ask questions)
Allowing for mistakes (science as a process of reasoned trial and error)
Multiple learning styles addressed
Interdisciplinary inquiry (link science and math with other subject areas)
Traditional Answers:
Memorization
Learning occurs through repetitive practice (“drill and kill’)
Field independent in.
This presentation presents the different foundations of the curriculum. This lesson discussed philosophical, psychological, historical, and sociological foundations of curriculum will be discussed as well as the identified curricularists during these times. Knowing this will influence and help us better understand the foundations of the curriculum and reflect the development in the 21st century classroom and learning environment.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Curriculum theory
1. Curriculum Theory
What is a Theory?
The thinking that occurs within a discipline,
or a coherent group of tested general
propositions, commonly regarded as
correct, that can be used as principles of
explanation and prediction for a class of
phenomena: Einstein's theory of relativity.
Synonyms: principle, law, doctrine.
3. Functions of a Theory
A. Description
• Provides a narrative classification of
knowledge in a particular discipline
• Interprets the complex activities of a
discipline
4. Functions of a Theory
B. Prediction
can predict the occurrence of as yet
unobserved events on the basis of
explanatory principles imbedded within it
5. Functions of a Theory
C. Explanation
addresses the “why” question - not only
points out the relationship between
phenomena but suggest the reasons for the
relationships
6. Functions of a Theory
D. Explanation
serves as a guide - helps researchers
choose data for analysis - theory
generated guides further investigation
7. Curriculum Theory
Early Theory
Franklin Bobbitt’s The Curriculum (1918)
as the starting point of theorizing in
curriculum
Emphasized “looking for truth in
curriculum”
8. Early Theory
Harold Rugg
NSSE forums to discuss pertinent ideas of
curriculum design (1926)
NSSE Yearbook (1927) acknowledged
fundamental differences in the curriculum
field & searched for new bases of
professional commonality
9. Early Theory
John Dewey
tried to show the relationship between schools
and society
linked knowledge in the curriculum to human
experiences
attempted to test curriculum theory in the
schools
10. Early Theory
Most curricularists who dominated the 20’s
& 30’s were child-centered and were not
interested in formulating theory
11. Mid-Century (1940-1970)
Mauritz Johnson
presented a model not a theory
distinguished between curriculum plan and
process of plan
discussed differences between curriculum,
instruction & teacher behavior
12. Mid-Century (1940-1970)
Ralph Tyler (1949)
emphasis on behavioral/learner objectives
sources of curriculum:
learners
subject specialists
contemporary life
psychology
philosophy
13. Mid-Century (1940-1970)
James B. MacDonald
pointed out major components of schooling:
curriculum, instruction, teaching & learning
and the interactions of these components.
later opposed the behavioristic approach to
curriculum
14. Current Curriculum Era
Michael Apple, Elliot Eisner, William Pinar
addressing place of schools in our society;
preparing students for an unknown future
relevance of student needs
15. Theoretical Camps
Traditionalists
more concerned with practical matters than with
theory - interested in curriculum planning &
implementation
tend to be behaviorists
educational practice is science not an art
16. Theoretical Camps
Conceptual Empiricists
often in social science and view primary mission
as engaging in research that will be theory
producing
question why teachers are teaching what they are
teaching and why they have arranged the content
in the ways they have
17. Theoretical Camps
Reconstructionists or Reconceptualists
Focus on the individual - who controls the
schools? - what is the purpose of schooling?
How do we liberate schools from the political &
economic establishment?
18. Aims, Goals & Objectives
Education must be purposeful -
It must have a direction
Most General = Aims
Most Specific = Objectives
19. Aims, Goals & Objectives
Aims - General Statements that provide
both shape and direction to the more
specific actions of the curriculum
“building worldmindedness”
20. Aims, Goals & Objectives
Ralph Tyler
1. Developing self-realization
2. Making individuals literate, encouraging
social mobility
3. Providing skills & understanding necessary
for productive employment
4. Furnishing tools requisite for making effective
choices
5. Furnishing tools necessary for continued
learning
21. Sources of Aims
Herbert Spencer’s Report (1859)
“What knowledge is of most worthy?”
1. Direct self-preservation
2. Indirect self-preservation
3. Parenthood
4. Citizenship
5. Leisure activities
22. Sources of Aims
Cardinal Principles - NEA (1918)
1. Health
2. Command of Fundamental Processes
3. Worthy Home Membership
4. Vocational Education
5. Civic Education
6. Worthy use of Leasure
7. Ethical Character
23. Sources of Aims
NEA Educational Policies Commission (1944)
Saleable skills
Good health & physical fitness
Rights and duties of citizens
Understanding significance of family
Knowledge of how to purchase goods
Understanding methods of science
24. Sources of Aims
Development of capacities to appreciate
beauty in art, literature & music
Use of leisure time
Respect for other persons
Ability to think rationally
NEA Educational Policies Commission (1961)
After Sputnik - stressed intellectual excellence &
thinking capacities
25. Sources of Aims
Nation at Risk (1983)
Focused on need for higher standards &
expectations by having more rigorous
standards
Concern with excellence reflects changing
“aims” of education
26. No Child Left Behind (2001)
• High Stakes Testing
• Emphasis on Content
• Closing Achievement Gap
• Annual Yearly Progress
27. Goals of Education
Goals are statements of purpose
Goals are specific statements designed as guidelines
to achieve particular purpose
“Students will become aware of the various nations
of the world and the roles they play in a world
community.”
28. Objectives
Objectives indicate in more specific terms the
outcomes of the curriculum
Behavioral Objectives - objectives stated precisely
will improve the quality of teaching and learning
A meaningful objective must be measurable
29. Objectives
“Students will be able to describe the
countries on the Asian continent and be able
to provide five examples of products these
countries export to the United States.”
30. Objectives
Robert Mager
Objectives must describe 1) behavior of
learner; 2) conditions; 3) proficiency level
Biggest advantage is the clarity of
communication they foster
