The document discusses different perspectives on curriculum, including: - Subject-centered, teacher-centered, and student-centered approaches - Definitions that see curriculum as experiences guided by teachers, all learning opportunities, or a plan for all learner experiences - Debates around who determines curriculum, whether there is a "right" curriculum, and whether it should reflect the real world - Distinctions between the overt, hidden, and null curriculums and how they shape student learning and development - Issues regarding what knowledge is included or excluded from curriculum and whose knowledge is prioritized

1. Curriculum

2. Three Versions of Curriculum
Subject Centered
Teacher Centered
Student Centered

3. In my K-? Education, I have had….
20
%
20
%20
%
20
%
20
%
All teacher-cente... Some Subject-cent...
Some student-cent... An optimal blend ...
A blend that had ...
1. All teacher-centered
experiences of curriculum
2. Some Subject-centered
experiences
3. Some student-centered
experiences
4. An optimal blend of these
varieties
5. A blend that had little
rhyme or reason to
recommend it

4. What is the nature of curriculum?
 Curriculum is something determined by
experts and authorities.
 There is no right curriculum.
 Curriculum should reflect the real world, be
practical, of use.
 There are many curricula we can learn and
negotiate

5. Please make your selection...
A
uthorities
/Experts
...
There
is
no
“right”
cu...
C
urriculum
should
be...
There
are
m
any
curri...
10%
48%
12%
30%
1. Authorities /Experts
Determine
2. There is no “right”
curriculum
3. Curriculum should be
the “real world”
4. There are many
curricula we can learn

6. Definitions of Curriculum
1. Curriculum is all of the
experiences children have
under the guidance of
teachers.
2. Curriculum encompasses all
learning opportunities provided
by school.
3. Curriculum is a plan for all
experiences which the learner
encounters in school.
4. Curriculum is subject to
perspectives, debate, change

7. Discipline, Discourse, & Theory
 Discipline – an area of study, with its own particular rules
and expectations.
 E.G., the discipline of Economics, or History
 Discourse – a system of statements that provide rules of
information and sets of practices within a social milieu (Grant
& Gillette, 2006).
 E.G. “discourse of free-market capitalism.”
 Theory– an argument about how to think about a discipline
or a discourse. Thinking about the
Nature of our thinking – “metacognition.”
 E.G. Theory of the novel, or Theory of Evolution, or Marxist
Theory of History

8. Who owns the curriculum?
 A teacher in a public school is an employee
of the district, which is an educational entity
of the state.
 It is the state, the governor, the legislature
(the state dept. of education or state board of
education) which has ultimate responsibility
over the curriculum.

9. Curriculum…Thomas Popkewitz
 “I view curriculum as a particular, historically formed
knowledge that inscribes rules and standards by
which we ‘reason’ about the world and our ‘self’ as a
productive member of that world.”
 “Curriculum is a disciplining technology that directs
how the individual is to act, feel, talk, and ‘see’ the
world and the ‘self.’ As such, curriculum is a form of
social regulation.”

10. Curriculum and Power Relationships
 Expert knowledge shapes our thinking about
much in our daily life.
 We think of it as “natural” but it is not…it is
built from expert systems of thinking.
 We assume expert knowledge to be true.

11. I know for certain that…
The
earth
revolves
a...
M
y
friend
loves
m
e
Itis
below
zero
outside
There
is
truth
in
the
...
M
y
senses
give
m
e
f...
36%
16%
20%
18%
10%
1. The earth revolves
around the sun
2. My friend loves me
3. It is below zero
outside
4. There is truth in the
world
5. My senses give me
factual information

12. Curriculum Standards
 Nothing new…in 1909 E.L. Thorndike developed handwriting
standards measuring students’ penmanship performance
 Standards consider content and performance and remove the
need for teachers to guess or make inferences about what
students need to know
 Content standards specify what students should know and be
able to do
 Performance standards specify the evidence needed to
demonstrate achievement
 Tendency toward conservative visions of back to basics since
1983 A Nation at Risk Report
 Tendency toward internationalism in curricular thinking

13. Standards and Curriculum
 “Although most educators…argue that these
standards are not the curriculum, standards do
suggest the learning experience and opportunities
that students should have under the guidance of the
teachers.”
 “…for many teachers, the standards have become
the fusion of teachers’ public, professional, and
personal knowledge that disciplines their choices
and possibilities, and must therefore be thought of as
the effects of power.”

14. The Overt Curriculum
 The overt curriculum is the open, or public,
dimension and includes current and
historical interpretations, learning
experiences, and learning outcomes.
 Openly discussed, consciously planned,
usually written down, presented through the
instructional process
 Textbooks, learning kits, lesson plans, school
plays etc.

15. Overt Curriculum
 Provides students with science, history,
math, literature
 Provides students with the knowledge society
wants them to have…beyond the academics
 Social Responsibility…the overt curriculum
should be “society’s messenger” (Benjamin
Franklin)

16. Society’s Messsenger
 In the 1600s…for religious purposes…Old Deluder
Satan laws (1642)
 In order to organize what students should learn and
teachers should teach, The New England Primer
was published (1690)
 In the late 1700s and 1800s, Americanization
 1900’s Progressivism for Democracy in reforms
founded on thinking of John Dewey
 E.D. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy

17. The Invisible (Hidden)Curriculum
 The processes…the “noise” by which the overt
curriculum is transmitted
 “they are also learning and modifying attitudes,
motives, and values in relationship to the
experiences…in the classroom.”
 The nonacademic outcomes of formal education are
sometimes of greater consequence…than is learning
the subject matter….

18. Results of the Hidden Curriculum
 Notions of truth, ways of thinking, unstated
implications
 Appraisals of self-worth
 Social Roles
 Middle-Class Perspectives
 Attitudes and Behavior Required for Work

19. I see myself
1. As an “A” kind of person
2. As a future leader in my field
3. As a hard worker
4. As a solid middle class member

20. The “What Knowledge” Debate
 Colonial – moral education
 19th Century – “Americanization”
 Early 20th …The Scopes trial…before
Scopes, religious faith was the common, if
not universal, premise of American thought;
after Scopes, scientific skepticism prevailed.
 A Nation at Risk (1983) return to the “basics”

21. The Null Curriculum
 When a topic is never taught:
 “too unimportant…”
 “too controversial…”
 “too inappropriate…”
 “not worth the time…”
 “not essential…”

22. Extra or Co-curricula
 Beneficial to self-esteem
 Improved race relations
 Higher SAT scores, grades
 Better health for females, gender stereotypes
undermined
 Higher career aspirations

23. The “Whose Knowledge” Debate
 …our arguments over curriculum are also
our arguments over who we are as
Americans, including how we wish to
represent ourselves to our children
 The Canon…defining what is central and
what is marginal

24. Curriculum Organization
 Societal level…politicians, special committees,
experts
 Institutional level…set at the school, district,
college…usually set along subject matter disciplines
 Instructional level…teacher planning and teaching
students
 Ideological level…learning theorists and subject
matter specialists

25. The Reign of the Textbook
 Textbook adoption states
 Effects
 Economies of scale
 Censorship
 “Mentioning Effect…”
 Inauthentic text
 Timeliness

26. Standards Movement
 Content Standards
– Whose content?
– Traditional versus Progressive
– Today…debate over Scientifically Based
Practices in education.

27. NCLB
 Annual Testing
 Academic Improvement
 Report Cards
 Faculty Qualifications

28. Adequate Yearly Progress
 AYP
 “Underperforming” by measurements
 Students and parents offered options
 Consequent Loss of Funding
 Browse State Website?

29. State Standards and Test are…
25
%
25
%
25
%
25
%
Desirable, as the... A mistake, they d...
Positive for unif... Divisive and not ...
1. Desirable, as they create
accountability
2. A mistake, they don’t
measure real learning
3. Positive for unifying
educational experience
4. Divisive and not
representative of different
groups’ experiences

30. Alfie Kohn
 Individuals lost in sea of tests
 Learning as exploration, creativity stifled
 Use of threats and bribery counter to ethical
education.
 Shifting emphasis from real issues to surface
issues
 Detract from teacher autonomy

31. Topics in Curriculum / Know these in
terms of philosophy topics?
 Creationism versus Evolution
 Core Knowledge, the Canon, versus
Multiculturalism
 Multiple Intelligences
 Critical Thinking Skills
 Metacognition
 Critical Pedagogy (and literacy)