This document provides definitions and foundations of organization development (OD). It summarizes two definitions of OD, focusing on it being a conscious, planned process to develop an organization's capabilities for optimal performance. Foundations of OD discussed include models of planned change from Kurt Lewin and others, as well as systems theory. Values in OD emphasize viewing people holistically and facilitating expression and risk-taking.
This document provides an overview of organization development (OD). It discusses that OD is a relatively new field that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s to help organizations function better through planned interventions. The document outlines several models of OD, including Lewin's three-stage change model, Lippitt et al.'s seven stage consulting process, and Burke-Litwin's model of transactional and transformational change. It also discusses key aspects of OD like participation, teams, interventions, diagnosis, and managing the change process.
Organization Development (OD) is defined as a systematic process that applies behavioral science principles to help organizations change and improve. It emerged in the late 1940s from the fields of group dynamics and planned change theory. OD focuses on long-term, organization-wide efforts led from the top to increase effectiveness through interventions in organizational processes. Major themes of OD include planned change, a distinctive self-renewal approach, a total systems perspective, and action research. Over time, OD has been influenced by different approaches like laboratory training, action research, participative management, quality of work life programs, and a growing focus on strategic change.
Organization development is the study of successful organizational change and performance. OD emerged from human relations studies in the 1930s, during which psychologists realized that organizational structures and processes influence worker behavior and motivation.
Organization development (OD) aims to improve how organizations function and increase effectiveness through planned interventions using behavioral science knowledge. OD focuses on diagnosing issues, planning and implementing changes, and evaluating results through an iterative process of action research. Some common OD interventions include team building, intergroup relations training, organizational restructuring, and culture change programs.
Organizational Development is of the most concurrent HR subject specialization, aims to improve strategic human resource management role to improvise the business and organization development. action research and organizational diagnosis, various tools and techniques like sensitivity training, T group interventions help the readers to understand better details.
This document classifies and describes various types of organizational development (OD) interventions. It discusses 12 major categories of OD interventions, including diagnostic activities, team building activities, intergroup activities, survey feedback activities, education and training activities, techno-structural activities, process consultation activities, third-party peacemaking activities, strategic management activities, sensitivity training, organizational transformation activities, and force-field analysis. The interventions are grouped based on their objectives and targets within an organization.
9916841999Classification of od interventionsVishal Manju
This document classifies and describes various types of organizational development (OD) interventions. It discusses 12 major categories of OD interventions, including diagnostic activities, team building activities, intergroup activities, survey feedback activities, education and training activities, techno-structural activities, process consultation activities, third-party peacemaking activities, strategic management activities, sensitivity training, organizational transformation activities, and force-field analysis. The interventions are grouped based on their objectives and targets within an organization.
This document summarizes key aspects of organizational change and development approaches from several sources. It discusses that organizational development (OD) uses soft systems approaches to address complex change situations. OD focuses on organizational culture, processes, and structure using a systems perspective. The OD process involves diagnosing issues, developing a vision for change, gaining commitment, creating an action plan, and evaluating results through an iterative process of continuous improvement. OD aims to enhance individual, team, and organizational effectiveness through participatory and collaborative methods.
This document provides an overview of organization development (OD). It discusses that OD is a relatively new field that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s to help organizations function better through planned interventions. The document outlines several models of OD, including Lewin's three-stage change model, Lippitt et al.'s seven stage consulting process, and Burke-Litwin's model of transactional and transformational change. It also discusses key aspects of OD like participation, teams, interventions, diagnosis, and managing the change process.
Organization Development (OD) is defined as a systematic process that applies behavioral science principles to help organizations change and improve. It emerged in the late 1940s from the fields of group dynamics and planned change theory. OD focuses on long-term, organization-wide efforts led from the top to increase effectiveness through interventions in organizational processes. Major themes of OD include planned change, a distinctive self-renewal approach, a total systems perspective, and action research. Over time, OD has been influenced by different approaches like laboratory training, action research, participative management, quality of work life programs, and a growing focus on strategic change.
Organization development is the study of successful organizational change and performance. OD emerged from human relations studies in the 1930s, during which psychologists realized that organizational structures and processes influence worker behavior and motivation.
Organization development (OD) aims to improve how organizations function and increase effectiveness through planned interventions using behavioral science knowledge. OD focuses on diagnosing issues, planning and implementing changes, and evaluating results through an iterative process of action research. Some common OD interventions include team building, intergroup relations training, organizational restructuring, and culture change programs.
Organizational Development is of the most concurrent HR subject specialization, aims to improve strategic human resource management role to improvise the business and organization development. action research and organizational diagnosis, various tools and techniques like sensitivity training, T group interventions help the readers to understand better details.
This document classifies and describes various types of organizational development (OD) interventions. It discusses 12 major categories of OD interventions, including diagnostic activities, team building activities, intergroup activities, survey feedback activities, education and training activities, techno-structural activities, process consultation activities, third-party peacemaking activities, strategic management activities, sensitivity training, organizational transformation activities, and force-field analysis. The interventions are grouped based on their objectives and targets within an organization.
9916841999Classification of od interventionsVishal Manju
This document classifies and describes various types of organizational development (OD) interventions. It discusses 12 major categories of OD interventions, including diagnostic activities, team building activities, intergroup activities, survey feedback activities, education and training activities, techno-structural activities, process consultation activities, third-party peacemaking activities, strategic management activities, sensitivity training, organizational transformation activities, and force-field analysis. The interventions are grouped based on their objectives and targets within an organization.
This document summarizes key aspects of organizational change and development approaches from several sources. It discusses that organizational development (OD) uses soft systems approaches to address complex change situations. OD focuses on organizational culture, processes, and structure using a systems perspective. The OD process involves diagnosing issues, developing a vision for change, gaining commitment, creating an action plan, and evaluating results through an iterative process of continuous improvement. OD aims to enhance individual, team, and organizational effectiveness through participatory and collaborative methods.
Organization development (OD) is defined as a long-range effort to improve an organization's ability to cope with change and problem-solving through effective management of organizational culture. OD is a top management supported initiative that uses behavioral science principles and action research to diagnose issues and design interventions to increase organizational effectiveness over time. The OD process involves entering and contracting with a client, diagnosing issues, designing and implementing interventions, and evaluating results.
This document discusses organizational development (OD) by defining it, outlining its evolution and characteristics, and describing common OD interventions. It defines OD as planned efforts to increase organizational effectiveness through behavioral science interventions. Key figures who advanced OD include Blake and Mouton, Shepard, McGregor, and Beckhard. Common interventions discussed include action research, sensitivity training, surveys, and socio-technical methods. Generations of OD moved from individual to larger scale interventions focused on leadership, transformation, and learning organizations.
(1) Organization development (OD) is defined as a planned, organization-wide effort to increase effectiveness and health through interventions that change beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure. (2) OD draws on behavioral science and involves collaboration, long-term planning, systems thinking, and evidence-based change. (3) Key aspects of OD include addressing organization-wide issues, using change agents, taking action, emphasizing performance and learning, and having a humanistic, problem-solving orientation.
Provides an overview of organization development (OD), focusing particularly on the intervention processes available. Categories or types of intervention are noted, and the depth of intervention is recognised as a key decision point for OD practitioners.
This document provides an overview of different theories of organization, including classical, neo-classical, modern, and contingency theories. Classical theories focused on structure and universal principles, viewing the organization like a machine. Neo-classical theories emphasized the importance of individuals and informal social systems within organizations. Modern system theories view organizations as goal-oriented systems transforming inputs to outputs through interconnected subsystems. Contingency theory posits that the most effective organizational design depends on external environmental factors and situations.
1) Organizational theory studies organizational structure to understand, predict, and control organizational effectiveness. There are four main contributing theories: classical, human relations, contingency/decision, and modern systems.
2) Classical theory, also known as scientific management theory, views organizations as machines with specialized worker roles. It focuses on principles of management and concepts of line and staff.
3) Human relations theory recognizes the psychological and social aspects of workers, emphasizing differences among individuals and importance of informal organizations within formal structures.
4) Contingency/decision theory holds that the most effective management depends on conditions in a particular situation, with no universally best approach.
Oragnization development OD (INTRODUCTION)shagun jain
Organization development is the study of successful organizational change and performance. OD emerged from human relations studies in the 1930s, during which psychologists realized that organizational structures and processes influence worker behavior and motivation.
What is Organizational Behavior
The study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations.
Its framework,history and importance to manager.
The document outlines the key theories and approaches in the development of management, including:
- Scientific management pioneered by Taylor focused on efficiency and incentives.
- General administrative theorists like Fayol and Weber developed principles of bureaucracy and management.
- Quantitative, systems, and contingency approaches analyzed organizations scientifically.
- Current issues include globalization, ethics, diversity, e-business, and knowledge/quality management.
The document discusses strategic approaches to management science. It begins by explaining the origins of management science in operational research groups during World War II. It then defines the management science approach as applying the scientific method to solve mathematical equations representing organizational systems. The document outlines key characteristics of the management science approach and contrasts it with scientific management. It also discusses related fields like operations management, management information systems, and attempts to integrate different approaches through contingencies theory and general systems theory. Finally, it covers some recent trends like Theory Z management and principles of excellent companies.
This document discusses the history and evolution of organizational development (OD). It describes how OD emerged from laboratory training in the 1940s, survey research and feedback in the 1950s, and action research. Major contributors to early OD approaches included Kurt Lewin, Douglas McGregor, Rensis Likert, and John Collier. Over time, OD expanded to incorporate additional influences like quality of work life programs and approaches for managing strategic change. The document outlines the key stems and phases in the development of OD and profiles many important thinkers who advanced the field.
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This document discusses organizational behavior and related concepts. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations and how their behaviors affect organizational performance. It outlines several key skills managers need, including technical, human, and conceptual skills. The document also provides a brief history of organizational behavior theory and discusses some of the challenges and opportunities in the field.
The document outlines the historical development of management theories from ancient times to modern approaches. It discusses early theories like scientific management from Taylor and Fayol's administrative theory. Later developments included the quantitative approach, organizational behavior studies, systems theory, and contingency theory. Current trends addressed include globalization, ethics, diversity, entrepreneurship, e-business, knowledge management, and quality initiatives.
The document discusses organizational behavior and provides definitions, goals, and key concepts of the field. It covers:
- Definitions of organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act in organizations.
- Goals of organizational behavior as describing, understanding, predicting, and influencing human behavior in organizations.
- Key influences on organizational behavior including people, structure, technology, and the external environment.
Comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change and Development - Man...manumelwin
Comprehensive interventions are those in which the total organization is involved and depth of the cultural change Is addressed.
Phrases like “getting the whole system in the room” are appearing in greater OD practice.
Beckhard’s confrontation meeting and Strategic management activities involving top management, in the case of smaller organizations ,the entire management group like survey feedback is an important and widely used interventions for OD.
1. The document traces the historical roots of contemporary management practices from pre-modern times to the present, covering contributions from Adam Smith, the Industrial Revolution, and major 20th century approaches including scientific management, administrative theory, and human resources approaches.
2. It then summarizes key concepts from each approach, such as Taylor's four principles of scientific management, Fayol's 14 principles of administration, Hawthorne Studies findings, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and McGregor's Theory X and Y.
3. Finally, it outlines systems approaches including the view of organizations as open systems, the contingency approach that management depends on situations, and McKinsey's 7S framework.
Introduction to Organisational BehaviourISAAC Jayant
Organisational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that Individuals, Groups and Structure have on behavior within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organisations effectiveness. (Stephen. P. Robbins).
The document discusses four major theories of organizational structure and management:
1. Classical theory, which views organizations scientifically and focuses on structure and order.
2. Human relations theory, which emphasizes psychological and social aspects of workers.
3. Contingency theory, which says there is no single best way to manage and various situations require different approaches.
4. Systems theory, which views organizations as open systems that interact with their environments and aims to understand general relationships.
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Organization development (OD) is defined as a long-range effort to improve an organization's ability to cope with change and problem-solving through effective management of organizational culture. OD is a top management supported initiative that uses behavioral science principles and action research to diagnose issues and design interventions to increase organizational effectiveness over time. The OD process involves entering and contracting with a client, diagnosing issues, designing and implementing interventions, and evaluating results.
This document discusses organizational development (OD) by defining it, outlining its evolution and characteristics, and describing common OD interventions. It defines OD as planned efforts to increase organizational effectiveness through behavioral science interventions. Key figures who advanced OD include Blake and Mouton, Shepard, McGregor, and Beckhard. Common interventions discussed include action research, sensitivity training, surveys, and socio-technical methods. Generations of OD moved from individual to larger scale interventions focused on leadership, transformation, and learning organizations.
(1) Organization development (OD) is defined as a planned, organization-wide effort to increase effectiveness and health through interventions that change beliefs, attitudes, values, and structure. (2) OD draws on behavioral science and involves collaboration, long-term planning, systems thinking, and evidence-based change. (3) Key aspects of OD include addressing organization-wide issues, using change agents, taking action, emphasizing performance and learning, and having a humanistic, problem-solving orientation.
Provides an overview of organization development (OD), focusing particularly on the intervention processes available. Categories or types of intervention are noted, and the depth of intervention is recognised as a key decision point for OD practitioners.
This document provides an overview of different theories of organization, including classical, neo-classical, modern, and contingency theories. Classical theories focused on structure and universal principles, viewing the organization like a machine. Neo-classical theories emphasized the importance of individuals and informal social systems within organizations. Modern system theories view organizations as goal-oriented systems transforming inputs to outputs through interconnected subsystems. Contingency theory posits that the most effective organizational design depends on external environmental factors and situations.
1) Organizational theory studies organizational structure to understand, predict, and control organizational effectiveness. There are four main contributing theories: classical, human relations, contingency/decision, and modern systems.
2) Classical theory, also known as scientific management theory, views organizations as machines with specialized worker roles. It focuses on principles of management and concepts of line and staff.
3) Human relations theory recognizes the psychological and social aspects of workers, emphasizing differences among individuals and importance of informal organizations within formal structures.
4) Contingency/decision theory holds that the most effective management depends on conditions in a particular situation, with no universally best approach.
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Organization development is the study of successful organizational change and performance. OD emerged from human relations studies in the 1930s, during which psychologists realized that organizational structures and processes influence worker behavior and motivation.
What is Organizational Behavior
The study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations.
Its framework,history and importance to manager.
The document outlines the key theories and approaches in the development of management, including:
- Scientific management pioneered by Taylor focused on efficiency and incentives.
- General administrative theorists like Fayol and Weber developed principles of bureaucracy and management.
- Quantitative, systems, and contingency approaches analyzed organizations scientifically.
- Current issues include globalization, ethics, diversity, e-business, and knowledge/quality management.
The document discusses strategic approaches to management science. It begins by explaining the origins of management science in operational research groups during World War II. It then defines the management science approach as applying the scientific method to solve mathematical equations representing organizational systems. The document outlines key characteristics of the management science approach and contrasts it with scientific management. It also discusses related fields like operations management, management information systems, and attempts to integrate different approaches through contingencies theory and general systems theory. Finally, it covers some recent trends like Theory Z management and principles of excellent companies.
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- Goals of organizational behavior as describing, understanding, predicting, and influencing human behavior in organizations.
- Key influences on organizational behavior including people, structure, technology, and the external environment.
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Phrases like “getting the whole system in the room” are appearing in greater OD practice.
Beckhard’s confrontation meeting and Strategic management activities involving top management, in the case of smaller organizations ,the entire management group like survey feedback is an important and widely used interventions for OD.
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2. It then summarizes key concepts from each approach, such as Taylor's four principles of scientific management, Fayol's 14 principles of administration, Hawthorne Studies findings, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and McGregor's Theory X and Y.
3. Finally, it outlines systems approaches including the view of organizations as open systems, the contingency approach that management depends on situations, and McKinsey's 7S framework.
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1. OD – CHPTER – 1
Definitions and Foundations of
OD
1.1 Definitions of OD
1.2 Values, assumptions and beliefs of OD
1.3 History of OD
1.4 Foundations of OD
2. Definition by Michael E. McGill
Organization Development is a conscious planned
process of developing an organization’s capabilities so
that it can attain and sustain an optimum level of
performance as measured by efficiency, effectiveness,
and health.
Operationally OD is a normative process of addressing
the questions “Where are we?”, “Where do we want to
be?” And “How do we get from where we are to where
we want to be?” Members of the organization using a
variety of techniques, often in collaboration with a
behavioral science consultant undertake this process.
3. Definition by French and Bell
OD is a long term effort led and supported by top
management, to improve an organization’s
visioning, empowerment, learning, and problem
solving process through an ongoing, collaborative
management of organization culture- with special
emphasis on the culture of intact work teams and
other team configurations- utilizing the consultant-
facilitator role and the theory and technology of
applied behavioral science, including action
research.
4. 1. Long term effort: OD takes time – not a quick-fix- it is a continuous improvement
(change).
2. Led and supported by: By top management- to ensure commitment.
3. Visioning process: Members create a picture of the desired future in terms of
products, services and expectations from each other.
4. Empowerment processes: Leadership behaviors that utilize fully the talents of
members.
5. Learning processes: Interacting, listening and self examining processes that
facilitate individual, team and organizational learning (as against “defensive
routines”).
6. Problem solving processes: Developing new and creative organizational solutions.
7. Ongoing collaborative management of organization’s culture: That is, managing
values, attitudes, beliefs, assumptions, expectations, activities, interactions, norms,
sentiments etc. through widespread participation.
8. Intact work teams and other team configurations: Teams are the basic building
blocks of organizations.
a) Intact teams- boss-subordinates and self directed teams.
b) Other team configurations- task teams, project teams. Tom Peters- “The work of
tomorrow will be done by multifunctional projectization and horizontal systems.
9. Utilizing the consultant-facilitator role: In the early phases at least, help of external
(third party) OD consultant is required. Also, more and more internal members
should be trained in facilitation skills.
10.Action research: That is, participative mode of diagnosis and action taking in which
the leader, members and OD practitioners work together.
5. Belief is a proposition about how the world works that the individual
accepts as true.
Values are also beliefs. They are about what is desirable or “good”
and what is undesirable or “bad”.
Assumptions are beliefs that are regarded as so valuable and
obviously correct that they are taken for granted and rarely
examined and questioned.
OD values and assumptions have been developed from research and
theory by behavioral scientists and from the experiences and
observations of practicing managers.
OD values tend to be humanistic, optimistic and democratic.
Values, assumptions and beliefs in OD
6. OD Values – Robert Tannenbaum (1969)
OD Values As against
1 People are basically good. People are bad.
2 Consider people as human beings. Negative evaluation of people.
3 Viewing people in ‘process’. Viewing people as ‘fixed’.
4 Accept individual differences and
utilize them.
Resisting and fearing individual
differences.
5 Utilize individual as “whole” person. Utilize individual in terms his/her job
description.
6 Facilitate appropriate expression and
use of feelings.
Block expression of feelings.
7 Authentic behavior. Maskmanship and game playing.
8 Use of status for organizationally
relevant processes.
Use of status for maintaining power and
prestige.
9 Trust people. Distrust people.
10 Make appropriate confrontation with
relevant data.
Avoid facing others.
11 Willingness to take risk. Avoid taking risks.
12 “Process work” as essential for
effective task accomplishment.
“Process work” considered as
unproductive.
13 Emphasis on collaboration. Emphasis on competition.
7. Foundations of OD- An Overview
F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 F7 F 8
Models and
Theories of
Planned Change
System Theory Participation and
Empowerment
Teams and
Teamwork
Parallel
Learning
Structures
Normative Re-
educative Strategy
of Changing
Applied
Behavioral
Science
Action
Research
3-step model of
change- Kurt
Lewin (1940)
Expanded 7 stage
model- Bruce,
Lippit, Watson
and Wesley
(1958)
Total system
change model-
Ralf Kilmann
(1989)
Bruke-Letwin
Model of
transaction vs.
transaction
General systems
theory- Ludwig
von Bertalanffy
(1950)
Sociotechnical
systems theory
(STS)- Trist &
Emery (1950)
Open systems
planning (OSP)-
Krone, Jayaram,
McWhinney
(1960)
4-step model-
James Belasco
(1990)
Model of
empowerment-
Kouzes and Posner
(1990)
Four things of
excellent
companies- Tom
Peters and Nancy
Austin (1985)
Grid OD- Robert
Blake and Jane
Mouton (1975)
“Groupware”-
Johansen, Sibbet
and others (1991)
Eight
characteristics of
successful teams-
Larseon and
LaFasto (1989)
Disciplined team-
Katzenback and
Smith (1993)
Bushe and
Shani (1980)
Three types of
strategies for
changing- Chin and
Benne (1976)
Group dynamics
Motivation
Organizational
climate
MBO,
Behavior
modeling
Counseling
Kurt Lewin
(1947)
8. Lewin’s Three Step Model Seven Phases Model
Unfreezing
Moving / Changing
Refreezing
Phase 1: Development of a need for
change.
Phase 2: Establishment of change
relationship- client system in need of
change and change agent from outside
establish working relationship with each
other.
Phase 3: The clarification or diagnosis of
the client system’s problem.
Phase 4: Examination of alternate routes
and goals. Establishing goals and intentions
of action.
Phase 5: transforming intentions into
change efforts.
Phase 6: Generalization and stabilization of
change.
Phase 7: Achieving a terminal relationship-
terminating client-consultant relationship.
Foundation 1: Models and Theories of Planned Change
Kurt Lewin (1940)- Three step model expanded as seven stage model for the
purpose of OD by Lippit, Watson and Westley (1958).
9. Five sequential stages:
1. Initiating the program
2. Diagnosing the problems
3. Scheduling the “tracks”
4. Implementing the “tracks”
5. Evaluating the results
Kilmann implemented the model successfully at AT&T, Eastman Kodak, Ford,
General Electric, General Foods and Xerox.
Five important tracks
1. The culture track
2. the management skills track
3. The team-building track
4. The strategy-structure track
5. The reward system track
Total System Change Model – Ralf Kilmann (1989)
10. Stream Analysis Model- Jerry Porras (1987)
Stream analysis is a system of graphically displaying the problems of an organization,
examining the interconnections and graphically tracking the corrective actions taken to
solve the problems.
Porras categorized the important features of the organizational work setting in four
classes of variables (“streams”).
The Four Streams:
1. Organizing arrangements include goals, strategies, structure, administrative policies and
procedures, administrative systems, reward systems and ownership.
2. Social factors include culture, management style, interaction processes, informal
patterns and networks and individual attitudes.
3. Technology includes tools, equipment, machinery, information technology, job design,
work flow design, technical expertise, technical procedures, and technical systems.
4. Physical setting includes space configuration, physical ambiance, interior design, and
architectural design.
11. Stream Analysis Model- Jerry Porras (1987) …. Cont.
1. The Process
2. Diagnosis of organization’s problems through brainstorming
sessions, interviews, questionnaires etc.
3. Task force (representing all organizational units) reviews,
discuss, understand and categorize each problem into on of
the streams.
4. Four columns are drawn on paper- the column headings are
labeled with the four streams. Interconnections between the
problems are noted. Problems with many interconnections are
considered as core problems.
5. Action plans are prepared to correct the core problems. Action
plans and their results are tracked on stream charts.
12. Bruke-Letwin Model of Individual and Organizational
Performance (1994)
Interventions directed toward leadership, mission
and strategy and organization culture produce
transformational (fundamental) change.
Interventions directed toward management
practices, structure, and systems produce
transactional change (change in organizational
climate).
OD practitioner should study the situation and then
decide what kind of change is required (therefore,
what kind of OD intervention is required).
13. Foundation 2: Systems Theory
General Systems Theory- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1950)
A system is an arrangement of interrelated parts.
Characteristics of Open System
1. All open systems are input-throughput-output mechanisms.
2. Every system has a boundary that separates it from its environment.
3. Open systems have purposes and goals that must align with persons and needs of
the environment.
4. the law of entropy states that all systems “run down” and disintegrate unless they
reverse the entropic process by importing more energy than they use. Both positive
and negative feedback are necessary for preventing the system from running down.
Negative feedback measures whether or not output is on course with the
purposes and goals (deviation-correcting feedback).
Positive feedback measures whether or not the purposes and goals are aligned
with environmental needs (deviation-amplifying feedback)
5. Systems achieve a steady state or dynamic homeostasis against disruptive forces-
internal or external. The basic principle is preservation of the character of the
system.
6. Differentiation: Systems tend to get more elaborated, differentiated, specialized,
and complex over time (differentiation). With increased differentiation, there is
increased need for integration and coordination.
7. Equifinality: There are multiple ways to arrive at a particular outcome or state- in
systems, there are multiple paths to goals. There can be subsystems within larger
systems. Systems can be arranged into hierarchy of systems moving from less
important to more important.
14. Systems Theory can help explain many
organizational phenomena:
•Why organizations resist change?
•Why does a plan fail, fail again and then
succeed? (feedback?)
•Why do organizations become increasingly
bureaucratic and complex (equifinality ignored?)
15. Sociotechnical Systems Theory (STS)- Eric Trist, Fred Emery (1950)
All organizations are comprised of two
interdependent systems- a social system and a
technical system.
Organizations must be structured to optimize both
to achieve high productivity and high employee
satisfaction.
STS prescribes principles of work redesign and
organizational restructuring.
1. Formation of autonomous work groups.
2. Training members in multiple skills.
3. Appropriate use of performance feedback.
4. Identifying core tasks.
16. Open Systems Planning (OSP)- Krone, Jayaram, McWhinney
That is, addressing the interface between organization and
environment.
OSP includes
1. Scanning the environment to determine demands and
expectations of external organizations and stakeholders.
2. Developing scenarios of possible futures of the organization-
both realistic and ideal.
3. Developing action plans to ensure that a desirable future
occurs.
OSP thinking helps to create learning organizations.
Most OD practitioners use a combination of STS and OSP in designing high-
performance organizations.
17. Systems Theory Implications to Theory and Practice of OD
1. Issues, events, forces and incidents are not viewed as isolated
phenomena, but are seen in relation to other issues, events
and forces.
2. A system approach encourages analysis of events in terms of
multiple causation rather than single causation.
3. One cannot change one part of a system without influencing
other parts in some ways. Therefore, OD practitioners expect
multiple effects, not single effects from their activities.
4. The forces in the field at the time of the event are the relevant
forces for analysis (rather than ‘historical’ forces).
18. Foundation 3: Participation and Empowerment
Participation in OD programs is not restricted to elites or the top people; it is
extended broadly throughout the organization. The basic two rules are:
1. Involve all those who are part of the problem or part of the
solution.
2. Have decisions made by those who are closest to the problem.
Benefits
1. Better solutions.
2. Enhanced acceptance of decisions.
3. Resistance to change is overcome.
4. Increased commitment to organization.
5. Reduced stress levels.
Empowerment is giving individuals the authority to
1. Participate.
2. Make decisions.
3. Contribute their ideas.
4. Exert influence.
Participation Empowerment
Enhances
Enhances
19. Some examples of OD interventions based on participation
and empowerment are
Autonomous work groups.
Quality circles.
Team building.
Culture audit.
Survey feedback.
Quality of Work Life (QWL) programs.
Future search conferences.
20. James Belasco’s Four Step Model of Empowerment (1990) is
1. Preparation.
2. Create tomorrow.
3. Vision.
4. Change.
21. Kotuzes and Posner’s leadership research (1990) identified five best
leadership practices and ten behavioral commitments exhibited by
successful, empowering leaders.
1. Search for opportunities
I. Challenging the Process
2. Experiment and take risks
3. Envision the Future
II. Inspiring a Shared Vision
4. Enlist others
5. Foster collaboration
III. Enabling Others to Act
6. Strengthen others
7. Set example
IV. Modeling the Way
8. Plan small wins
9. Recognize Individual contributions
V. Encouraging the Heart
10. Celebrate accomplishments
Example: Ford Motor Company in 1980 launched EI (Employee Involvement) programs.
Result- turnaround. (Ref Book- “Better Idea”- Donald Peterson- CEO 1980-1990).
22. Tom Peters and Nancy Austin. (1985). Book- “A Passion for
Excellence”.
Excellent companies pay attention to 4 things.
1. Customers: Creating total customer
responsiveness.
2. Innovation: Pursuing fast-paced innovation.
3. People: Achieving flexibility by empowering
people.
4. Leadership: Learning to love change- a new view
of leadership at all levels.
23. Foundation 4: Teams and Teamwork
Teams are important for 4 reasons.
1. Mutual individual behavior is rooted in the sociocultural
norms and values of the work team. If the team, as a
team, changes those norms and values the effects on
individual behavior are immediate and lasting.
2. Many tasks are so complex they cannot be performed by
individuals; people must work together to accomplish
them.
3. Teams create synergy, that is, the sum of the efforts of
members of members of a team is far greater than the
sum of the individual efforts of people working alone.
4. The teams satisfy peoples’ need for social interaction,
status, recognition and respect.
24. Carl Larson & Frank LaFasto (1989) studied a
number of high performing teams and found 8
characteristics
1. A clear, elevating goal.
2. A result-driven structure.
3. Competent team members.
4. Unified commitment.
5. A collaborate climate.
6. Standards of excellence.
7. External support and recognition.
8. Principled leadership.
26. Foundation 5: Parallel Learning Structures
Dale Zand (1974) introduced the concept of collateral organization. It is a
supplemental organization existing with the usual, formal organization.
Purpose is to deal with “ill-structured” problems that the formal organization is
unable to resolve.
Bushe and Shani (1980) extended this concept to a more comprehensive
concept of parallel learning structures or Parallel structures. This approach
includes
1. Creating a structure- like a steering committee and work groups (idea groups,
action groups). Each group serves a specific function as designated by the
steering committee.
2. It operates ‘parallel’ with the formal hierarchy and structure.
3. It’s purpose is to increasing organizational learning.
The structure should include representatives from all level and functions of
the organization. This was used by Ford Motor Company.
27. Foundation 6: A Normative-Re-educative Strategy of
Changing
Chin and Benne (1976) described three types of strategies for changing.
1. Empirical-rational strategies are base on the assumptions that people are
rational, will follow their rational self interest and will change if and when they
come to realize the change is advantageous to them.
2. Normative-re-educative strategies are based on the assumption that norms
form the basis of behavior and change comes through a re-education process
in which old norms are discarded and supplanted by new ones.
3. Power-coercive strategies are based on the assumption that change is
compliance of those with less power to the desires of those with more power.
OD falls in the second category. The norms to be changed and form of re-
education are decided by the client system members.
28. Foundation 7: Applied Behavioral Science
1. Contribution from behavior science theory:
1. The importance of social norms in determining perceptions, motivations and
behaviors (Sherif).
2. The importance of the existing total field of forces in determining and predicting
behavior (Lewin).
3. Theories of motivation.
4. Effects of reward and punishment.
5. Theories of attitude change.
2. Contribution from behavioral science research
1. Laboratory training – implications.
2. Theories of group development- implications.
3. Helping relationship between client and consultant (Carl Rogers).
4. MBO (Druker and McGregor).
5. Behavior Modeling – for supervisory training.
3. Contributions from practice research
1. Feedback survey research data and organizational change.
2. Informal groups: individual and group performance.
3. Results documenting improved organizational performance.
29. Foundation 8: Action Research
Conceptualized by Kurt Lewin (1940).
Originally, Lewin was concerned with social
change (effective and permanent social
change).
Lewin believed that motivation to change was
strongly related to action. If people are active
in decisions affecting them, they are more
likely to adopt new ways.
30. Lewin proposed Systems Model of Action-Research Process.
INPUT TRANSFORMATION OUTPUT
Feedback Loop A Feedback Loop B
Feedback Loop C
Planning
Preliminary
diagnosis
Data gathering
Feedback of
results
Action planning
Action
Learning processes
Action planning
Action steps
Results
Changes in
behavior
Data gathering
Measurement
Unfreezing Changing Refreezing
31. Lewin’s Systems Model of Action-Research Process.
Planning Phase:
Client system becomes aware of problems (through preliminary
diagnosis.
Needs help; shares diagnosis with the consultant.
Action Research Phase:
Planning and executing behavior changes (learning phase).
Feedback Loop A – altering previous planning (via Loop A) – to bring
actions in alignment with client’s change objectives.
Results Phase:
Behavior changes are measured.
If required minor changes in actions are made via Feedback Loop B.
Major changes would require having a review of change objectives
(planning phase) via Loop C.