Cultural relativism
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Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism poses a challenge to the possibility of ethics by claiming that:
1) Different cultures have differing moral codes, so what is right/wrong depends on the particular culture.
2) There are no objective moral standards that apply universally across cultures.
3) We should tolerate the moral beliefs of other cultures and not impose our own standards.
However, critics argue that cultural relativism is flawed because:
1) Moral differences may be due to non-moral beliefs/circumstances rather than genuine differences.
2) The diversity of beliefs does not prove no objective truth exists or that all beliefs are equally valid.
3) Relativism undermines its own principle of tolerance by
Cultural relativism & Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism holds that morality is determined by one's own culture, and that no culture is superior to another. It challenges the idea of universal moral truths. However, cultural relativism is problematic as it cannot criticize objectively bad practices like genocide.
While cultures do have some differing moral codes, there is also significant agreement across cultures on basic moral rules necessary for societies to function. Many apparent disagreements are due to misunderstandings rather than true conflicts.
Ethnocentrism is the bias of judging another culture through the lens of one's own culture. It prevents open-minded understanding of other ways of life. Cultural relativism teaches tolerance of differences but not an obligation to accept all cultural practices.
Cultural Relatvism
Cultural relativism argues that (1) different cultures have different moral codes, (2) there is no universal moral truth, and (3) one cannot judge another culture's moral codes as better or worse. However, this view has limitations. If taken to the extreme, cultural relativism implies that harmful practices cannot be criticized as long as a culture allows them. Most argue some moral values like protecting life are universal. Cultural relativism is a useful reminder not to assume one's own culture is objectively best, but it does not preclude all judgments across cultures.
C. wright mills v3 9 13
C. Wright Mills was a sociologist concerned with how larger societal forces shape individual lives and history. He believed sociology is the intersection of biography and history, where personal experiences meet broader social, economic and political contexts. Mills saw contradictions within social structures as a source of problems, and analyzed the power structures of the military, corporations and government that converged. His work provided perspectives for both understanding society on a macro level and examining human interactions on a micro level.
Marxism
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed a materialist conception of history. He believed that history is driven by class struggle between social classes and that society progresses through different modes of production. Marx saw capitalism as exploiting the working class, or proletariat, by paying them less than the value they produce. He predicted that internal contradictions within capitalism would lead to its self-destruction, bringing about a communist revolution and a classless society.
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The document outlines several dominant approaches in the social sciences, including structural functionalism, Marxism, symbolic interactionism, psychoanalysis, rational choice theory, institutionalism, feminist theory, hermeneutical phenomenology, and the human-environment system. It provides more detailed descriptions of structural functionalism and Marxism. Structural functionalism views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. It analyzes how societal elements function in a manifest or latent manner. Marxism, developed by Karl Marx, focuses on industrialism and conflicts between social classes.
symbolic interactionism theory
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.
Modernism & Post Modernity
Modernity focused on mass production, social classes, and science-aided progress. Postmodernity is characterized by fragmentation, pluralism, no absolutes, and individuals creating their own identities. Globalization has narrowed time and space while increasing interconnectedness through technology, economic changes, and political changes. Scholars debate whether postmodernity represents a new era or an intensification of modernity, and different theories offer explanations for today's rapid social changes under globalization.
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Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism poses a challenge to the possibility of ethics by claiming that:
1) Different cultures have differing moral codes, so what is right/wrong depends on the particular culture.
2) There are no objective moral standards that apply universally across cultures.
3) We should tolerate the moral beliefs of other cultures and not impose our own standards.
However, critics argue that cultural relativism is flawed because:
1) Moral differences may be due to non-moral beliefs/circumstances rather than genuine differences.
2) The diversity of beliefs does not prove no objective truth exists or that all beliefs are equally valid.
3) Relativism undermines its own principle of tolerance by
Cultural relativism & Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism holds that morality is determined by one's own culture, and that no culture is superior to another. It challenges the idea of universal moral truths. However, cultural relativism is problematic as it cannot criticize objectively bad practices like genocide.
While cultures do have some differing moral codes, there is also significant agreement across cultures on basic moral rules necessary for societies to function. Many apparent disagreements are due to misunderstandings rather than true conflicts.
Ethnocentrism is the bias of judging another culture through the lens of one's own culture. It prevents open-minded understanding of other ways of life. Cultural relativism teaches tolerance of differences but not an obligation to accept all cultural practices.
Cultural Relatvism
Cultural relativism argues that (1) different cultures have different moral codes, (2) there is no universal moral truth, and (3) one cannot judge another culture's moral codes as better or worse. However, this view has limitations. If taken to the extreme, cultural relativism implies that harmful practices cannot be criticized as long as a culture allows them. Most argue some moral values like protecting life are universal. Cultural relativism is a useful reminder not to assume one's own culture is objectively best, but it does not preclude all judgments across cultures.
C. wright mills v3 9 13
C. Wright Mills was a sociologist concerned with how larger societal forces shape individual lives and history. He believed sociology is the intersection of biography and history, where personal experiences meet broader social, economic and political contexts. Mills saw contradictions within social structures as a source of problems, and analyzed the power structures of the military, corporations and government that converged. His work provided perspectives for both understanding society on a macro level and examining human interactions on a micro level.
Marxism
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed a materialist conception of history. He believed that history is driven by class struggle between social classes and that society progresses through different modes of production. Marx saw capitalism as exploiting the working class, or proletariat, by paying them less than the value they produce. He predicted that internal contradictions within capitalism would lead to its self-destruction, bringing about a communist revolution and a classless society.
DISS - Approaches - Structural Functionalism
The document outlines several dominant approaches in the social sciences, including structural functionalism, Marxism, symbolic interactionism, psychoanalysis, rational choice theory, institutionalism, feminist theory, hermeneutical phenomenology, and the human-environment system. It provides more detailed descriptions of structural functionalism and Marxism. Structural functionalism views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. It analyzes how societal elements function in a manifest or latent manner. Marxism, developed by Karl Marx, focuses on industrialism and conflicts between social classes.
symbolic interactionism theory
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.
Modernism & Post Modernity
Modernity focused on mass production, social classes, and science-aided progress. Postmodernity is characterized by fragmentation, pluralism, no absolutes, and individuals creating their own identities. Globalization has narrowed time and space while increasing interconnectedness through technology, economic changes, and political changes. Scholars debate whether postmodernity represents a new era or an intensification of modernity, and different theories offer explanations for today's rapid social changes under globalization.
Charles wright mills
Charles Wright Mills was a prominent American sociologist born in 1916 in Waco, Texas. He is known for his concept of the sociological imagination and critique of what he termed the "power elite" in the US. Mills argued that the sociological imagination allows one to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social and historical forces. He also posited that major decisions in America were increasingly being made by an interlocking network of leaders from the highest levels of business, government, and the military, rather than by a pluralistic system of competing interest groups.
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Deviance and social control lecture notes
Deviance refers to any violation of social norms and rules. What is considered deviant varies across societies and groups within societies. While some individuals engage in deviant acts, others are labeled deviant due to factors like their race, birth defects, or disease. All groups use social control and sanctions to enforce norms, punishing deviants with negative sanctions and rewarding conformists with positive sanctions. Sociologists examine deviance using perspectives like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory.
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that focuses on the meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors through social interaction. It analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings given by individuals, who behave based on their own interpretations rather than objective reality. The theory was pioneered by George Herbert Mead and developed further by Herbert Blumer, who outlined its three basic premises: that people act based on the meanings they ascribe to things, that meanings arise from social interaction, and are modified through interpretation. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes symbols, social construction of meaning, and the roles people play.
Ethnocentrism and relativism
Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures based solely on one's own cultural values and standards. It often involves feelings of cultural superiority and contempt for outsiders. Cultural relativism emerged in response and is the principle that cultural practices should be understood within their own cultural context rather than being viewed as absolutely right or wrong. It acknowledges that people are shaped by their own cultures and may have difficulty understanding cultures different than their own.
Sociology ppt
This document provides an overview of sociology and related concepts. It begins with definitions of sociology and discusses the origins of sociology in the 19th century due to factors like the Industrial Revolution. It then profiles several pioneering sociologists like Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. The document outlines major theoretical paradigms in sociology like consensus theory, conflict theory, and structural functionalism. It also discusses key concepts in sociological analysis including social groups, status, roles, and social interaction. Finally, it covers related fields like education, intercultural communication, language, and culture.
Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level social theory that focuses on how people learn culture and how culture structures everyday experiences through symbolic meanings. It originated in the 1920s at the University of Chicago. George H. Mead was influential in arguing that the human mind develops through social interaction and the use of symbols to create shared meanings. He believed that symbols, developed socially, act as filters that allow people to understand themselves, others, and society. Later theorists like Blumer built upon Mead's work to outline three core premises of symbolic interactionism: that people act based on the meanings of things in their environment, those meanings come from social interactions, and meanings are interpreted and modified during social encounters.
Modern sociological theories
Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Ralf Dahrendorf, and C. Wright Mills are compared regarding their contemporary sociological theories. Parsons proposed the action frame of reference to understand social structure and action. Merton advocated for middle-range theories to guide empirical inquiry between minor and grand theories. Dahrendorf analyzed Marx's class model and emphasized both integrative and coercive forces in society. Mills examined the power elite in society. Their concepts, methodologies, and theoretical orientations are divergent in some ways but also show convergence regarding sociological analysis.
History of Sociology
Sociology is a relatively young discipline that emerged around 200 years ago in response to modernizing social changes. Early thinkers like Auguste Comte proposed sociology as a way to understand social order and address social upheaval caused by industrialization and the decline of traditional social structures. Sociology developed further in the late 19th/early 20th century with the work of theorists like Marx, Weber, and Durkheim who studied topics like social classes, bureaucracy, and religion from a sociological perspective. The discipline was also influenced by the empirical, problem-focused approach of the early Chicago School of sociology in the United States.
Marxism and hegemony
Marxism is a socio-political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history through the lens of class struggle. Marxism views capitalism as inherently exploitative and advocates for a socialist system and eventually communism. Gramsci expanded on Marxism through his concept of cultural hegemony, which argues that dominant ideologies are promoted through institutions like the media to maintain the status quo and false consciousness among subordinate classes. Applying Marxist theory to modern media, critics argue media institutions are owned by the ruling class and used to indoctrinate the masses into supporting capitalism.
Deviance, social problem and
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance such as drug abuse, crimes, and prostitution. Deviance is usually met with negative social sanctions though it can also drive social change by highlighting issues with existing norms. Societies use both informal social controls like social pressure and formal controls through laws and institutions to encourage conformity and control deviance. However, deviance is unavoidable and relative as norms vary between cultures and change over time.
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The rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a theory for understanding and often modelling social and economic as well as individual behaviour.
First-Wave Feminism
The document summarizes the first wave of feminism in the 19th century, which focused mainly on gaining women's right to vote. It discusses key leaders and events like the Seneca Falls Convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. While the 19th Amendment granted women's suffrage in 1920, the feminist movement still faced opposition and a lack of support for women's roles outside the home during this period.
Forerunners of sociology
The document discusses several key figures in the development of sociology:
- Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" and advocated for the use of empirical investigation, or positivism, to understand society.
- Herbert Spencer compared society to a human organism and believed social evolution was inevitable.
- Émile Durkheim introduced the concept of solidarity and studied how its absence can lead to anomie. He examined causes of suicide.
- Karl Marx analyzed how the capitalist class exploited the working class, causing alienation and preventing them from reaching their potential. He viewed class as a central force in history.
Structural functionalism
This document provides an outline and overview of structural functionalism as a sociological theory. It defines key terms, discusses the assumptions and propositions of structural functionalism, and examines its history, theorists, criticisms, and applications. The document analyzes structural functionalism as a classical theory, consensus theory, systems theory, and macro-level theory. It also discusses structural functionalism's view of society as a system with interdependent parts that work towards equilibrium.
Sociological Thought - Max Weber - Sociology of Religion
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What Is Marxism?
Marxism is an intellectual tradition based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history, capitalism, and envisions a post-capitalist future. Marxism sees society as defined by class struggles over control of production. Marx argued capitalism would inevitably be replaced by socialism - where workers collectively control production - and eventually communism, with a stateless, classless, and moneyless society.
Socialism
The document provides an overview of socialism as both an economic system and political ideology. It discusses key aspects of socialism such as public rather than private ownership of the means of production and economic resources being distributed in a fair manner as decided by the government. Strengths of socialism mentioned include guaranteed minimum standards of living and greater equality, while weaknesses include reduced individual freedom and incentive as well as potential for large bureaucracies. The document also contrasts socialism with capitalism and communism on various factors.
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SEMINAR FOR FIRST-YEAR PHD/EDD STUDENTS - FALL 2009 & WINTER 2010 University of Calgary
I will be happy to share the full text for this presentation if you need it. Contact me avatarnadezda@gmail.com
The rational choice theory
The document provides background information on the rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of rational choice theory, including that individuals are rational actors who make choices to maximize their own benefits based on their preferences, resources, and costs/benefits of different options. The document also outlines some of the main influences on rational choice theory, such as utilitarian economics, Weber's views on rationalization in modern society, and the work of Pareto. It notes rational choice theory has been applied in fields like sociology, criminology, and economics to explain social and individual behaviors.
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism holds that beliefs and ethics are relative to the individual's social context, so there are no universal moral truths. Ethnocentrism views one's own culture as superior. The document discusses differences in marriage ages, eye contact norms, and whether practices like female genital mutilation can be condemned despite being culturally accepted in some places. While cultural relativism says not to judge other cultures, some argue practices like FGM pose significant health risks and oppress women.
Ethnocentrism & Ethnorelativism
Dr. Milton J. Bennett has been active in the intercultural field since 1967. He served as a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer in Micronesia from 1968-1970, and returned to complete his doctorate in intercultural communication and sociology at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. He also holds a bachelor's degree from Stanford University and a master's degree in psycholinguistics from San Francisco State University.
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Charles wright mills
Charles Wright Mills was a prominent American sociologist born in 1916 in Waco, Texas. He is known for his concept of the sociological imagination and critique of what he termed the "power elite" in the US. Mills argued that the sociological imagination allows one to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social and historical forces. He also posited that major decisions in America were increasingly being made by an interlocking network of leaders from the highest levels of business, government, and the military, rather than by a pluralistic system of competing interest groups.
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Deviance and social control lecture notes
Deviance refers to any violation of social norms and rules. What is considered deviant varies across societies and groups within societies. While some individuals engage in deviant acts, others are labeled deviant due to factors like their race, birth defects, or disease. All groups use social control and sanctions to enforce norms, punishing deviants with negative sanctions and rewarding conformists with positive sanctions. Sociologists examine deviance using perspectives like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory.
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that focuses on the meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors through social interaction. It analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings given by individuals, who behave based on their own interpretations rather than objective reality. The theory was pioneered by George Herbert Mead and developed further by Herbert Blumer, who outlined its three basic premises: that people act based on the meanings they ascribe to things, that meanings arise from social interaction, and are modified through interpretation. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes symbols, social construction of meaning, and the roles people play.
Ethnocentrism and relativism
Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures based solely on one's own cultural values and standards. It often involves feelings of cultural superiority and contempt for outsiders. Cultural relativism emerged in response and is the principle that cultural practices should be understood within their own cultural context rather than being viewed as absolutely right or wrong. It acknowledges that people are shaped by their own cultures and may have difficulty understanding cultures different than their own.
Sociology ppt
This document provides an overview of sociology and related concepts. It begins with definitions of sociology and discusses the origins of sociology in the 19th century due to factors like the Industrial Revolution. It then profiles several pioneering sociologists like Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. The document outlines major theoretical paradigms in sociology like consensus theory, conflict theory, and structural functionalism. It also discusses key concepts in sociological analysis including social groups, status, roles, and social interaction. Finally, it covers related fields like education, intercultural communication, language, and culture.
Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level social theory that focuses on how people learn culture and how culture structures everyday experiences through symbolic meanings. It originated in the 1920s at the University of Chicago. George H. Mead was influential in arguing that the human mind develops through social interaction and the use of symbols to create shared meanings. He believed that symbols, developed socially, act as filters that allow people to understand themselves, others, and society. Later theorists like Blumer built upon Mead's work to outline three core premises of symbolic interactionism: that people act based on the meanings of things in their environment, those meanings come from social interactions, and meanings are interpreted and modified during social encounters.
Modern sociological theories
Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Ralf Dahrendorf, and C. Wright Mills are compared regarding their contemporary sociological theories. Parsons proposed the action frame of reference to understand social structure and action. Merton advocated for middle-range theories to guide empirical inquiry between minor and grand theories. Dahrendorf analyzed Marx's class model and emphasized both integrative and coercive forces in society. Mills examined the power elite in society. Their concepts, methodologies, and theoretical orientations are divergent in some ways but also show convergence regarding sociological analysis.
History of Sociology
Sociology is a relatively young discipline that emerged around 200 years ago in response to modernizing social changes. Early thinkers like Auguste Comte proposed sociology as a way to understand social order and address social upheaval caused by industrialization and the decline of traditional social structures. Sociology developed further in the late 19th/early 20th century with the work of theorists like Marx, Weber, and Durkheim who studied topics like social classes, bureaucracy, and religion from a sociological perspective. The discipline was also influenced by the empirical, problem-focused approach of the early Chicago School of sociology in the United States.
Marxism and hegemony
Marxism is a socio-political ideology based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history through the lens of class struggle. Marxism views capitalism as inherently exploitative and advocates for a socialist system and eventually communism. Gramsci expanded on Marxism through his concept of cultural hegemony, which argues that dominant ideologies are promoted through institutions like the media to maintain the status quo and false consciousness among subordinate classes. Applying Marxist theory to modern media, critics argue media institutions are owned by the ruling class and used to indoctrinate the masses into supporting capitalism.
Deviance, social problem and
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance such as drug abuse, crimes, and prostitution. Deviance is usually met with negative social sanctions though it can also drive social change by highlighting issues with existing norms. Societies use both informal social controls like social pressure and formal controls through laws and institutions to encourage conformity and control deviance. However, deviance is unavoidable and relative as norms vary between cultures and change over time.
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The rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a theory for understanding and often modelling social and economic as well as individual behaviour.
First-Wave Feminism
The document summarizes the first wave of feminism in the 19th century, which focused mainly on gaining women's right to vote. It discusses key leaders and events like the Seneca Falls Convention led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. While the 19th Amendment granted women's suffrage in 1920, the feminist movement still faced opposition and a lack of support for women's roles outside the home during this period.
Forerunners of sociology
The document discusses several key figures in the development of sociology:
- Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology" and advocated for the use of empirical investigation, or positivism, to understand society.
- Herbert Spencer compared society to a human organism and believed social evolution was inevitable.
- Émile Durkheim introduced the concept of solidarity and studied how its absence can lead to anomie. He examined causes of suicide.
- Karl Marx analyzed how the capitalist class exploited the working class, causing alienation and preventing them from reaching their potential. He viewed class as a central force in history.
Structural functionalism
This document provides an outline and overview of structural functionalism as a sociological theory. It defines key terms, discusses the assumptions and propositions of structural functionalism, and examines its history, theorists, criticisms, and applications. The document analyzes structural functionalism as a classical theory, consensus theory, systems theory, and macro-level theory. It also discusses structural functionalism's view of society as a system with interdependent parts that work towards equilibrium.
Sociological Thought - Max Weber - Sociology of Religion
Max Weber was a German sociologist who analyzed the relationship between religious beliefs and economic behavior in his work Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. He argued that Calvinism, with its emphasis on predestination, worldly asceticism, and the idea of a calling, influenced the development of capitalism. Specifically, Calvinism encouraged virtues like honesty, hard work, frugality, and profit-seeking that were conducive to entrepreneurship and capitalism. However, Weber noted that modern capitalism had developed an "iron cage" where people feel compelled to work excessively due to rationalization and lack of magic in religious thinking. He also analyzed why capitalism developed in some societies like Europe and China but not in others like India
What Is Marxism?
Marxism is an intellectual tradition based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history, capitalism, and envisions a post-capitalist future. Marxism sees society as defined by class struggles over control of production. Marx argued capitalism would inevitably be replaced by socialism - where workers collectively control production - and eventually communism, with a stateless, classless, and moneyless society.
Socialism
The document provides an overview of socialism as both an economic system and political ideology. It discusses key aspects of socialism such as public rather than private ownership of the means of production and economic resources being distributed in a fair manner as decided by the government. Strengths of socialism mentioned include guaranteed minimum standards of living and greater equality, while weaknesses include reduced individual freedom and incentive as well as potential for large bureaucracies. The document also contrasts socialism with capitalism and communism on various factors.
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The rational choice theory
The document provides background information on the rational choice theory. It discusses the key assumptions of rational choice theory, including that individuals are rational actors who make choices to maximize their own benefits based on their preferences, resources, and costs/benefits of different options. The document also outlines some of the main influences on rational choice theory, such as utilitarian economics, Weber's views on rationalization in modern society, and the work of Pareto. It notes rational choice theory has been applied in fields like sociology, criminology, and economics to explain social and individual behaviors.
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The document discusses the concepts of Fordism, McDonaldization, and Post-Fordism. Fordism refers to Henry Ford's system of mass production using assembly lines and the standardization of tasks. This lowered costs and increased wages, allowing for mass consumption. McDonaldization describes how society has taken on characteristics of fast food restaurants, such as efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control. While these seem beneficial, they can also result in irrational outcomes. Post-Fordism emerged in response to market saturation, focusing on specialized goods and diverse production rather than mass markets and standardization. However, some argue Post-Fordism coexists with an evolving Fordism, and flexible specialization is not widespread.
Moral Relativism
The document discusses the philosophical theory of moral relativism, which claims that morality is relative to cultures and individuals rather than objective. It presents cultural relativism and subjective relativism as two forms of moral relativism. Cultural relativism argues that morality depends on one's culture, while subjective relativism claims it depends on individuals. Both reject the idea of universal moral principles.
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This document provides an introduction to crosscultural competence. It discusses foundational models for developing crosscultural competency such as the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity (DMIS) and the intercultural development inventory (IDI). The DMIS model outlines six stages of increasing cultural sensitivity from denial to integration. The IDI assessment measures individuals and groups on these stages. Crosscultural training can help develop a global mindset and increase effectiveness through understanding cultural differences.
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Functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony. It believes that society maintains stability and social order through shared values and norms upheld by social institutions like family, education, and religion. The family is seen as central to socializing children into these shared values and preparing them for their future roles in society. Functionalists argue that as societies change, the family form will adapt to continue meeting society's needs. However, functionalism has been criticized for idealizing traditional families and not recognizing increasing diversity.
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Winston works for the Ministry of Truth, rewriting history to match the Party's version of events. He has an affair with Julia but they are captured. The Party uses technology like telescreens and propaganda through Newspeak to maintain total control over citizens. Key symbols in the novel include 2+2=5, which represents accepting obviously false ideas, and memory holes, which symbolize altering the past. The novel warns of the dangers of a totalitarian government that controls thought and rewrites history.
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The document discusses dystopian literature and its characteristics. Dystopian literature refers to fiction about unpleasant, repressive societies that are often portrayed as utopian. Examples include The Hunger Games series. Main characteristics of dystopias include the use of propaganda to control citizens, restricted information and freedom, worship of a figurehead or concept, constant surveillance, fear of the outside world, dehumanization, banishing of nature, enforced conformity, and an illusion of a perfect society. These characteristics are linked to real world examples like propaganda in political campaigns, restrictions under Hitler and in North Korea, citizens trying to escape conflicts like in Syria, and questioning of political systems through civil wars.
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Cultural relativism
- 1. Cultural Relativism CulturalRelativism CulturalRelativism Team work Giordano Maria Cesaria Tania Veronica Zlat
- 3. Cultural Relativism is a philosophical position that denies the existence of absolute truths: it is critically puts into question the possibility of arriving at a definition absolute and definitive.
- 4. 3. ACTIVITY Guess Game:Who is this? A B C 1. What is she? 2. Where is she from? 3. What education has she got? 4. Is she married or unmarried?
- 5. A. LAURA BOLDRINICulturalRelativism Laura Boldrini (born 28 April 1961), OMRI, is an Italian journalist and politician who has been President of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy since 16 March 2013. Previously she was a spokesperson for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHRC) She is married and has one son. Bachelor Law.
- 6. B. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma (born 27 January 1949) is a South African politician. On 15 July 2012, Dlamini-Zuma was elected by the African Union Commission as its chairperson. She is devorced and she has four children. Bachelor in zoology and botany and honory of Law degrees.
- 7. C. SIBA SKAKIB CulturalRelativism Siba Shakib is an Iranian/ German filmmaker, writer and political activist. She was born and raised in Tehran, Iran. Her international bestseller Afghanistan, Where God Only Comes to Weep has been translated into 27 languages and won a P.E.N. prize.
- 9. 5. Video “Cultural shock” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkZyvDZFC8Q&noredirect=1
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