The document discusses the role of women in politics and cabinet positions in Kenya. It provides details on the composition of the cabinet according to the Kenyan constitution, as well as examples of past and present cabinet secretaries and presidents. It notes that historically cabinet positions have been dominated by men, but that there have been some breakthroughs with a few female cabinet secretaries appointed starting in the 1980s. However, women continue to face challenges such as social stereotypes, lack of networks and resources, and greater scrutiny. Their participation in leadership remains below international obligations. The document concludes by noting both the continued discrimination against women and their unique contributions when in leadership roles.
1) Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced through legislation by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It divided the population into racial groups and promoted the domination of the white minority over the black majority.
2) The system denied non-whites political rights, imposed restrictions on where they could live, and segregated public facilities. It sparked international condemnation and violent protests within South Africa.
3) Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid through peaceful resistance, spending 27 years in prison before becoming South Africa's first black president in 1994 following the country's first multiracial elections.
Anti apartheid movement threephases042005Thandi Zwane
The document summarizes the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 in three phases. Phase I from 1948-1960 saw the rise of a mass movement challenging apartheid through boycotts, civil disobedience and the creation of organizations like the ANC and PAC. The Sharpeville massacre in 1960 marked increased state repression. Phase II from 1960-1976 involved greater state suppression and the emergence of the Black Consciousness movement advocating self-reliance. The Soweto uprising in 1976 sparked further protests. Phase III from 1976-1994 saw a state crisis, resurgence of social movements, and changing opportunities that ultimately led to the end of apartheid in 1994.
The document summarizes the human rights situation in Afghanistan between 2001-2013. It outlines improvements such as the approval of a new constitution, new laws protecting human rights, and signing international conventions. However, it also notes ongoing challenges including insecurity, violence against women, and weak rule of law. Civilian casualties remain high with over 3,000 killed or injured in the first eight months of 2013 alone. The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission was created and has helped increase public awareness, but illegal armed groups and lack of access to justice in remote areas continue to be problems.
Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It aimed to maintain white minority rule and protect white domination over non-whites in all aspects of life. Under apartheid, black South Africans were forced to live in separate areas, use separate facilities, and had limited job opportunities based on their racial status. Resistance to apartheid grew through protests, boycotts, and uprisings led by groups like the African National Congress, which made the country ungovernable and eventually forced the white government to dismantle apartheid and shift to democracy. The policies and forced separation of apartheid still impact South African society today.
History civil rights compared to anti-apartheid movement (1)jtrip
The document discusses the goals and tactics of apartheid in South Africa, including racial segregation and discrimination in areas like housing, education, employment, and political participation. It also profiles Nelson Mandela's resistance to apartheid through organizations like the African National Congress and his eventual imprisonment for 27 years. The research question compares Mandela's anti-apartheid movement to the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s in their shared goals of achieving equal rights and ending racist policies and laws.
South Africa implemented a system of apartheid from 1948 to 1994 that legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination. The apartheid government classified all citizens as either white, black, or colored, and deprived non-white citizens of basic rights and freedoms through strict laws restricting where they could live, work, and travel. While apartheid generated wealth for white South Africans, it had devastating social and economic consequences for black South Africans, including high infant mortality rates, poor education, and violent crackdowns on protests against the system. The end of apartheid in 1993 established a non-racial democratic system, but its legacy continues through issues like unemployment, poverty, disease, and lingering racial tensions. Some work to improve conditions includes efforts by leaders
The Political Background to Apartheid in South AfricaLizParnell1
The document summarizes the development of apartheid policies in South Africa from the early 20th century. It describes how Afrikaner nationalism intensified in the 1930s, promoting the idea that Afrikaners were a chosen people meant to rule South Africa. This ideology supported the development of apartheid policies after the National Party victory in the 1948 election, which legalized racial segregation and discrimination. The new government passed extensive apartheid legislation between 1949-1953 to codify racial segregation and the oppression of non-white racial groups.
Human rights are inherent to all humans without discrimination based on attributes like gender. Gender equality means equal treatment regardless of sex. The history of efforts to achieve gender equality includes campaigns against issues like domestic violence and unequal pay that fall under feminism. Current efforts aim to fight inequality through addressing problems like violence against women, unequal access to education, and harmful traditional practices, as well as increasing women's political participation.
1) Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced through legislation by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It divided the population into racial groups and promoted the domination of the white minority over the black majority.
2) The system denied non-whites political rights, imposed restrictions on where they could live, and segregated public facilities. It sparked international condemnation and violent protests within South Africa.
3) Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid through peaceful resistance, spending 27 years in prison before becoming South Africa's first black president in 1994 following the country's first multiracial elections.
Anti apartheid movement threephases042005Thandi Zwane
The document summarizes the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 in three phases. Phase I from 1948-1960 saw the rise of a mass movement challenging apartheid through boycotts, civil disobedience and the creation of organizations like the ANC and PAC. The Sharpeville massacre in 1960 marked increased state repression. Phase II from 1960-1976 involved greater state suppression and the emergence of the Black Consciousness movement advocating self-reliance. The Soweto uprising in 1976 sparked further protests. Phase III from 1976-1994 saw a state crisis, resurgence of social movements, and changing opportunities that ultimately led to the end of apartheid in 1994.
The document summarizes the human rights situation in Afghanistan between 2001-2013. It outlines improvements such as the approval of a new constitution, new laws protecting human rights, and signing international conventions. However, it also notes ongoing challenges including insecurity, violence against women, and weak rule of law. Civilian casualties remain high with over 3,000 killed or injured in the first eight months of 2013 alone. The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission was created and has helped increase public awareness, but illegal armed groups and lack of access to justice in remote areas continue to be problems.
Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It aimed to maintain white minority rule and protect white domination over non-whites in all aspects of life. Under apartheid, black South Africans were forced to live in separate areas, use separate facilities, and had limited job opportunities based on their racial status. Resistance to apartheid grew through protests, boycotts, and uprisings led by groups like the African National Congress, which made the country ungovernable and eventually forced the white government to dismantle apartheid and shift to democracy. The policies and forced separation of apartheid still impact South African society today.
History civil rights compared to anti-apartheid movement (1)jtrip
The document discusses the goals and tactics of apartheid in South Africa, including racial segregation and discrimination in areas like housing, education, employment, and political participation. It also profiles Nelson Mandela's resistance to apartheid through organizations like the African National Congress and his eventual imprisonment for 27 years. The research question compares Mandela's anti-apartheid movement to the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s in their shared goals of achieving equal rights and ending racist policies and laws.
South Africa implemented a system of apartheid from 1948 to 1994 that legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination. The apartheid government classified all citizens as either white, black, or colored, and deprived non-white citizens of basic rights and freedoms through strict laws restricting where they could live, work, and travel. While apartheid generated wealth for white South Africans, it had devastating social and economic consequences for black South Africans, including high infant mortality rates, poor education, and violent crackdowns on protests against the system. The end of apartheid in 1993 established a non-racial democratic system, but its legacy continues through issues like unemployment, poverty, disease, and lingering racial tensions. Some work to improve conditions includes efforts by leaders
The Political Background to Apartheid in South AfricaLizParnell1
The document summarizes the development of apartheid policies in South Africa from the early 20th century. It describes how Afrikaner nationalism intensified in the 1930s, promoting the idea that Afrikaners were a chosen people meant to rule South Africa. This ideology supported the development of apartheid policies after the National Party victory in the 1948 election, which legalized racial segregation and discrimination. The new government passed extensive apartheid legislation between 1949-1953 to codify racial segregation and the oppression of non-white racial groups.
Human rights are inherent to all humans without discrimination based on attributes like gender. Gender equality means equal treatment regardless of sex. The history of efforts to achieve gender equality includes campaigns against issues like domestic violence and unequal pay that fall under feminism. Current efforts aim to fight inequality through addressing problems like violence against women, unequal access to education, and harmful traditional practices, as well as increasing women's political participation.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It kept political and economic power in the hands of the white minority population, who made up around 15-20% of the total population. The black African majority, who made up around 75% of the population, were forcibly removed from their homes and sent to live in segregated townships with inferior services and no political rights. Apartheid faced increasing resistance through the 1980s from violence, protests, and international pressure, and it was formally ended in 1990 when President F.W. de Klerk dismantled the system. Nelson Mandela had protested apartheid and spent 27 years in prison before becoming South Africa's first black president from
This document provides an overview of the emergence and development of women's human rights. It discusses how women's rights have evolved from general human rights principles to include rights specific to women's experiences. It outlines key instruments and events that have defined and expanded women's rights, from the initial UN human rights framework in the 1940s-1970s to specialized conventions like CEDAW in the 1980s. The document also notes ongoing challenges to fully realizing women's human rights, such as addressing private sphere issues and achieving universal agreement on emerging rights.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. The white minority government passed laws separating races and taking political and economic power from non-whites. This led to oppression, poverty, and violence until international pressure and internal uprisings ended apartheid, with Nelson Mandela becoming the first black president in 1994 after multi-racial democratic elections.
This document discusses the history of civil rights in the United States. It covers major civil rights legislation and events, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Rosa Parks, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. It also discusses rights for different groups such as women, Native Americans, religious groups, gay individuals, and people with disabilities. Finally, it outlines how social workers can help promote civil rights through their work.
The apartheid system was a system of racial segregation enforced by the South African government between 1948 and 1994. It gave rights to the white minority and discriminated against the black, Indian, and colored populations. Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid and became president after its end in 1994. Apartheid started because the white settlers wanted to maintain power over the native Africans. It faced significant protests and disagreement, which eventually contributed to its demise. Life under apartheid was difficult for non-white populations, with restrictions on work, living conditions, and civil rights.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the white-minority government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It classified people into racial groups and deprived non-whites of citizenship, political representation, and access to equal education, healthcare, public services and facilities. As opposition grew and became violent in response, the government increased repression. Reforms in the 1980s failed to quell mounting opposition and apartheid was ended through negotiations led by Nelson Mandela, who became South Africa's first black president after multi-racial democratic elections in 1994.
Apartheid in south africa 1948-1994 slideshowPrince Jama
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination imposed in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It enforced the separation of non-white populations from white populations. The National Party instituted a number of laws to enforce racial segregation and oppress non-white populations. Resistance to apartheid grew throughout the 1950s-1980s, culminating in its end in the early 1990s. Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994 in the country's first multiracial democratic election, marking the end of apartheid. However, issues of inequality and racial tensions remain part of South Africa's ongoing challenges today.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was established by the National Party to maintain political and economic power for white South Africans. Apartheid laws separated society and denied non-whites political rights, restricting where they could live, work, and attend school. The African National Congress and leaders like Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid through protests and campaigns. Apartheid officially ended in 1994 when South Africa held its first multiracial democratic elections and Nelson Mandela became the first black president.
This document discusses human rights and war victims. It begins by introducing that war and human rights are inherently in conflict, though there are international laws intended to protect rights during wartime. It then defines human rights and describes who can be considered war victims, primarily civilians. The main body examines how various human rights are regularly violated during wartime, such as the rights to life and freedom from torture. It also reviews international laws and organizations working to support war victims' rights.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa established in 1948 that denied non-white South Africans basic political, social, and economic rights. Nelson Mandela opposed apartheid and was imprisoned for 27 years before being released in 1990. He worked with President de Klerk to end apartheid and establish democratic elections, winning the 1994 presidential election as South Africa's first black president. Mandela promoted reconciliation and unity between South Africa's racial groups and received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end apartheid through nonviolent means. He passed away in 2013 after transforming South Africa into a multi-racial democracy.
Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was enforced by the ruling National Party to maintain minority rule by the white population. Key events included the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948, classifying the population by race in 1950, and restricting the rights of non-white South Africans over the following decades through laws restricting where they could live, work, and travel. Anti-apartheid activism grew both within and outside South Africa, leading to its end with South Africa's first democratic election in 1994 in which Nelson Mandela was elected president.
This document discusses various human rights violations that have occurred throughout history, including during World War 2 under the Nazi regime and more recently in conflicts like Darfur. It outlines how the UN was formed after WWII to establish international agreements like the UDHR to protect human rights following the atrocities of that war. However, it notes that many violations still occur regularly in areas like torture, slavery, right to life and security of person. Specific examples of recent violations are provided for several articles of the UDHR.
The document summarizes apartheid, the system of racial segregation and discrimination against non-white groups in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It describes the laws and policies that enforced apartheid, restricting the rights and movement of black, Asian, and mixed-race populations. Key figures that opposed apartheid, like Nelson Mandela and organizations like the African National Congress, are also outlined. Events like the Soweto uprising in 1976 protested apartheid policies and marked a turning point in the struggle against racial discrimination.
This document discusses the history and current state of Middle Eastern populations in the United States. It provides statistics that show Middle Eastern immigrants have higher education levels than native populations and their numbers have grown significantly since the 1960s. It also outlines laws protecting religious practices like hijab in the workplace and discusses common stereotypes and misperceptions Middle Easterners face, such as the idea that all are Muslim or not truly American. The document aims to provide context around Middle Eastern immigrant experiences.
The document discusses the history of apartheid in South Africa. It describes how the Dutch first settled in South Africa and were later joined by British settlers who fought with the native Afrikaners and Zulu tribes for control of the land. In the 20th century, the white government instituted apartheid, a system that legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination. Apartheid restricted the rights of non-white populations and designated different areas and facilities for different races. After many years of resistance, apartheid was officially dismantled in 1994 with South Africa's first multiracial democratic election that brought Nelson Mandela to power as president. However, the new South Africa still faces ongoing challenges related to economic inequality and other social issues.
The document provides an overview of key topics related to the Progressive Era in the United States, including:
- The goals of Progressivism such as protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency.
- Key accomplishments and policies of presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, including trust busting, conservation efforts, and labor reforms.
- The women's suffrage movement and the passing of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote.
- The impact of muckrakers and temperance groups in bringing about reforms during the Progressive Era.
This document provides information on five prominent human rights activists: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko, Rigoberta Menchu, and Fred Korematsu. It summarizes their backgrounds, accomplishments, and contributions to advancing human and civil rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader in the women's suffrage movement in the United States. Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid in South Africa and became the country's first black president. Steve Biko led the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa. Rigoberta Menchu advocated for indigenous rights in Guatemala. Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment during World War II in the US.
This document discusses the political empowerment of women. It provides historical examples of when women were first granted voting rights in different countries. It also examines current statistics on gender gaps and the low representation of women in politics in India. The document outlines some of the barriers women face in entering politics, such as patriarchal cultural norms, family responsibilities, and unfair party nomination processes. It concludes by highlighting several influential female world leaders throughout history.
The document summarizes a presentation on women's decision-making position and political participation in Nigeria. It begins with an overview of Nigeria's population demographics and government system. It then discusses how education has historically empowered women in Nigeria, but many girls still lack access to education due to issues like the Boko Haram insurgency. The presentation outlines Nigeria's legal frameworks supporting women's rights and highlights traditional beliefs that hinder women's decision-making. It also notes women's underrepresentation in Nigerian politics compared to global averages, showing that women comprise less than 9% of Nigerian parliamentarians. The presentation calls for a human rights-based approach to advance gender equality and women's empowerment in Nigeria.
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It kept political and economic power in the hands of the white minority population, who made up around 15-20% of the total population. The black African majority, who made up around 75% of the population, were forcibly removed from their homes and sent to live in segregated townships with inferior services and no political rights. Apartheid faced increasing resistance through the 1980s from violence, protests, and international pressure, and it was formally ended in 1990 when President F.W. de Klerk dismantled the system. Nelson Mandela had protested apartheid and spent 27 years in prison before becoming South Africa's first black president from
This document provides an overview of the emergence and development of women's human rights. It discusses how women's rights have evolved from general human rights principles to include rights specific to women's experiences. It outlines key instruments and events that have defined and expanded women's rights, from the initial UN human rights framework in the 1940s-1970s to specialized conventions like CEDAW in the 1980s. The document also notes ongoing challenges to fully realizing women's human rights, such as addressing private sphere issues and achieving universal agreement on emerging rights.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. The white minority government passed laws separating races and taking political and economic power from non-whites. This led to oppression, poverty, and violence until international pressure and internal uprisings ended apartheid, with Nelson Mandela becoming the first black president in 1994 after multi-racial democratic elections.
This document discusses the history of civil rights in the United States. It covers major civil rights legislation and events, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Rosa Parks, and speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. It also discusses rights for different groups such as women, Native Americans, religious groups, gay individuals, and people with disabilities. Finally, it outlines how social workers can help promote civil rights through their work.
The apartheid system was a system of racial segregation enforced by the South African government between 1948 and 1994. It gave rights to the white minority and discriminated against the black, Indian, and colored populations. Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid and became president after its end in 1994. Apartheid started because the white settlers wanted to maintain power over the native Africans. It faced significant protests and disagreement, which eventually contributed to its demise. Life under apartheid was difficult for non-white populations, with restrictions on work, living conditions, and civil rights.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the white-minority government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It classified people into racial groups and deprived non-whites of citizenship, political representation, and access to equal education, healthcare, public services and facilities. As opposition grew and became violent in response, the government increased repression. Reforms in the 1980s failed to quell mounting opposition and apartheid was ended through negotiations led by Nelson Mandela, who became South Africa's first black president after multi-racial democratic elections in 1994.
Apartheid in south africa 1948-1994 slideshowPrince Jama
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination imposed in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It enforced the separation of non-white populations from white populations. The National Party instituted a number of laws to enforce racial segregation and oppress non-white populations. Resistance to apartheid grew throughout the 1950s-1980s, culminating in its end in the early 1990s. Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994 in the country's first multiracial democratic election, marking the end of apartheid. However, issues of inequality and racial tensions remain part of South Africa's ongoing challenges today.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was established by the National Party to maintain political and economic power for white South Africans. Apartheid laws separated society and denied non-whites political rights, restricting where they could live, work, and attend school. The African National Congress and leaders like Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid through protests and campaigns. Apartheid officially ended in 1994 when South Africa held its first multiracial democratic elections and Nelson Mandela became the first black president.
This document discusses human rights and war victims. It begins by introducing that war and human rights are inherently in conflict, though there are international laws intended to protect rights during wartime. It then defines human rights and describes who can be considered war victims, primarily civilians. The main body examines how various human rights are regularly violated during wartime, such as the rights to life and freedom from torture. It also reviews international laws and organizations working to support war victims' rights.
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa established in 1948 that denied non-white South Africans basic political, social, and economic rights. Nelson Mandela opposed apartheid and was imprisoned for 27 years before being released in 1990. He worked with President de Klerk to end apartheid and establish democratic elections, winning the 1994 presidential election as South Africa's first black president. Mandela promoted reconciliation and unity between South Africa's racial groups and received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end apartheid through nonviolent means. He passed away in 2013 after transforming South Africa into a multi-racial democracy.
Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was enforced by the ruling National Party to maintain minority rule by the white population. Key events included the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948, classifying the population by race in 1950, and restricting the rights of non-white South Africans over the following decades through laws restricting where they could live, work, and travel. Anti-apartheid activism grew both within and outside South Africa, leading to its end with South Africa's first democratic election in 1994 in which Nelson Mandela was elected president.
This document discusses various human rights violations that have occurred throughout history, including during World War 2 under the Nazi regime and more recently in conflicts like Darfur. It outlines how the UN was formed after WWII to establish international agreements like the UDHR to protect human rights following the atrocities of that war. However, it notes that many violations still occur regularly in areas like torture, slavery, right to life and security of person. Specific examples of recent violations are provided for several articles of the UDHR.
The document summarizes apartheid, the system of racial segregation and discrimination against non-white groups in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It describes the laws and policies that enforced apartheid, restricting the rights and movement of black, Asian, and mixed-race populations. Key figures that opposed apartheid, like Nelson Mandela and organizations like the African National Congress, are also outlined. Events like the Soweto uprising in 1976 protested apartheid policies and marked a turning point in the struggle against racial discrimination.
This document discusses the history and current state of Middle Eastern populations in the United States. It provides statistics that show Middle Eastern immigrants have higher education levels than native populations and their numbers have grown significantly since the 1960s. It also outlines laws protecting religious practices like hijab in the workplace and discusses common stereotypes and misperceptions Middle Easterners face, such as the idea that all are Muslim or not truly American. The document aims to provide context around Middle Eastern immigrant experiences.
The document discusses the history of apartheid in South Africa. It describes how the Dutch first settled in South Africa and were later joined by British settlers who fought with the native Afrikaners and Zulu tribes for control of the land. In the 20th century, the white government instituted apartheid, a system that legally enforced racial segregation and discrimination. Apartheid restricted the rights of non-white populations and designated different areas and facilities for different races. After many years of resistance, apartheid was officially dismantled in 1994 with South Africa's first multiracial democratic election that brought Nelson Mandela to power as president. However, the new South Africa still faces ongoing challenges related to economic inequality and other social issues.
The document provides an overview of key topics related to the Progressive Era in the United States, including:
- The goals of Progressivism such as protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency.
- Key accomplishments and policies of presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, including trust busting, conservation efforts, and labor reforms.
- The women's suffrage movement and the passing of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote.
- The impact of muckrakers and temperance groups in bringing about reforms during the Progressive Era.
This document provides information on five prominent human rights activists: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko, Rigoberta Menchu, and Fred Korematsu. It summarizes their backgrounds, accomplishments, and contributions to advancing human and civil rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader in the women's suffrage movement in the United States. Nelson Mandela fought against apartheid in South Africa and became the country's first black president. Steve Biko led the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa. Rigoberta Menchu advocated for indigenous rights in Guatemala. Fred Korematsu challenged Japanese internment during World War II in the US.
This document discusses the political empowerment of women. It provides historical examples of when women were first granted voting rights in different countries. It also examines current statistics on gender gaps and the low representation of women in politics in India. The document outlines some of the barriers women face in entering politics, such as patriarchal cultural norms, family responsibilities, and unfair party nomination processes. It concludes by highlighting several influential female world leaders throughout history.
The document summarizes a presentation on women's decision-making position and political participation in Nigeria. It begins with an overview of Nigeria's population demographics and government system. It then discusses how education has historically empowered women in Nigeria, but many girls still lack access to education due to issues like the Boko Haram insurgency. The presentation outlines Nigeria's legal frameworks supporting women's rights and highlights traditional beliefs that hinder women's decision-making. It also notes women's underrepresentation in Nigerian politics compared to global averages, showing that women comprise less than 9% of Nigerian parliamentarians. The presentation calls for a human rights-based approach to advance gender equality and women's empowerment in Nigeria.
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
Nelson Mandela was the first black President of South Africa who fought against apartheid. The chapter describes his inauguration ceremony in 1994, the first democratic election after the end of apartheid. It discusses Mandela's early life and involvement in fighting against apartheid, for which he was imprisoned for 27 years. The chapter pays tribute to other leaders of the anti-apartheid movement and remembers the sacrifices made by thousands of people to establish democracy in South Africa.
The leadership crises in Africa has been a major obstacle for sustainable development in Africa. In this presentation I look at the existence of sit-tight rulers in Africa and then a juxtaposition with what happens in the countries of the world
Leadership is a problem in Africa and we believe that if we can take a cue from where we started or from developed countries, Africa will be better for it.
The document discusses democracy in Chile and Poland. In Chile, Salvador Allende was elected but was overthrown in a 1973 military coup led by Augusto Pinochet, who established a dictatorship. Pinochet's rule ended after a 1988 referendum, restoring democracy. In Poland, democracy was also restored after an initial fall. The document then discusses the expansion of democracy globally, including struggles in the 19th century, end of colonial rule in places like Ghana, and more recent issues in countries such as Myanmar and Iraq.
Unity as African pathway to Greatness; A vision and possibility.Samtito Bolatito
The document discusses the importance of African unity and analyzes obstacles that have prevented its achievement. It outlines the vision of early pan-African leaders for a united Africa but notes their dreams were betrayed by loose organization under OAU and dictatorships that emerged. Continued division and dependence have threatened Africa's greatness. The document proposes prospects like overcoming colonial borders, neo-colonialism, and promoting intra-African cooperation and infrastructure to unite the continent.
This document discusses human rights and provides examples from history. It defines human rights as basic rights and freedoms belonging to every person regardless of attributes. Examples of human rights protections in ancient India include teachings in the Vedas and Arthashastra as well as policies under Ashoka promoting non-violence, equality, and prohibiting torture. In medieval India, Akbar the Great allowed freedom of religion for Hindus. The modern human rights movement in India emerged with Gandhi's non-violent protests against British rule seeking self-governance and fundamental rights. The document also discusses women's rights as human rights and current issues regarding the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan and concerns about impacts on women's rights and
The Free Party is running Oprah Winfrey for President. Their platform focuses on freedom from government overreach and their key issues are Iraq, same-sex marriage, and immigration. Oprah is qualified as she has experience in leadership, finances, diplomacy, and representing American values. Her proposed cabinet includes Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, Timothy Geithner as Treasury Secretary, Janet Napolitano as Homeland Security Secretary, Robert Gates as Defense Secretary, and James Hunt Jr as Education Secretary.
1. The former Vice President of Taiwan, Lu Hsiu-lien, gave a speech at the 2014 BPW International Congress in Jeju Island, Korea on women's leadership in the 21st century.
2. She discussed the history of women leaders in Northeast Asia, including Empress Dowager Cixi of China, Queen Myeongseong of Korea, and Princess Atsuhime of Japan. She argued Queen Myeongseong deserves careful study to make a fair judgment of her leadership.
3. Lu Hsiu-lien then outlined her own experience struggling for women's rights and becoming the first female Vice President of Taiwan, overturning 50 years of authoritarian rule.
This document summarizes a speech given by Dr. Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis on the role of women and gender equality in achieving peace. The key points made are:
1) Women remain underrepresented in decision-making positions globally and their participation in peace processes has lagged behind despite their vital contributions to society.
2) Greater gender equality is associated with lower conflict and more durable peace agreements. However, the participation of women in the Cyprus peace negotiations has been minimal.
3) More progress is needed to fully implement UNSC Resolution 1325 on involving women in peacemaking after 18 years, including in the Cyprus peace process negotiations.
Political dynasties exist worldwide, including in democracies, where families exert disproportionate political influence. Research shows that politicians who serve longer terms are more likely to have relatives enter politics as well. Many countries have prominent political dynasties, such as the Bushes and Kennedys in the US, Nehru-Gandhi family in India, and Park family in South Korea. Dynastic politicians often enjoy name recognition and campaign advantages over non-dynastic opponents. However, political dynasties can also weaken accountability and governance by prioritizing self-serving interests over citizens' needs. In African countries still developing democratic institutions, independent electoral commissions are important to ensure fairness when close relatives of former leaders
This document provides an overview of a 6-day lesson plan on the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Day 1 introduces definitions of genocide and discusses historical examples. Students are assigned to research the Rwanda genocide. Day 2 discusses the origins of the conflict between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda due to colonialism. Day 3 involves watching the film "Hotel Rwanda" and discussing it. Day 4 examines the role and failures of the UN in responding to the genocide. Day 5 reviews statistics on the genocide and its cultural implications. Day 6 discusses using truth and reconciliation efforts to promote peace after the genocide.
1) Social class, status, and power have traditionally been predetermined by gender, with patriarchal societies granting men greater power and authority than women. Governments have designed laws to maintain this division of power, oppressing women.
2) While women's representation in politics has increased over time, men still dominate political leadership positions globally. However, women leaders like Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Dilma Rousseff, and Joyce Banda have proven that women can successfully lead countries as presidents.
3) New Zealand politics have traditionally favored masculine traits of objectivity and neutrality over feminine traits of subjectivity and care. This patriarchal structure makes it difficult for the limited number of women MPs
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2. Definition.
Constitution of Kenya, 2010.
• 152. (1) The Cabinet consists of—
(a) the President;
(b) the Deputy President;
(c) the Attorney-General;
(d) not fewer than fourteen and not more than
twenty-two Cabinet Secretaries.
3. Right of equality in participation.
• An equitable society puts value and worth to each
human being’s contribution to the development and
wellbeing of society at all levels (UNDP 2000:120).
• Women the world over have generally been
underrepresented in decision making positions, and in
cases where they are present they are relegated to
peripheral positions.
• Despite the existence of various international, regional
and national obligations to deal with gender balance
and equality, women continue to be side-lined in
decision making spheres.
4. International recognition.
• Articles 2 and 21 of the 1948 Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
• The International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR)
• Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
• The Millennium Developmental Goals (MDG’s)
and the UN Security Council Resolution 1324
5. Regional recognition.
• African Union in the African Charter on
Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981).
• The 2003 adopted Protocol to the African
Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the
Rights of Women in Africa (the African
Women’s Protocol) of Maputo.
6. National obligation.
• Constitution of Kenya, 2010:
27.(3) Women and men have the right to equal
treatment, including the right to equal opportunities in
political, economic, cultural and social spheres.
56. The State shall put in place affirmative action
programmes designed to ensure that minorities and
marginalized groups—
(a) participate and are represented in governance and
other spheres of life;
81.(b) not more than two-thirds of the members of
elective public bodies shall be of the same gender;
7. a) Presidents.
Head of State Khertek Anchimaa-
Toka, People's Republic of Tannu
Tuva
As Chairperson of the Presidium of the
Parliament, the Little Hüral, Khertek
Amyrbitovna was the Head of the state
which became Independent in 1921, a
People's Republic in 1926, was
incorporated into the Soviet Union in
1944.
President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Liberian President Ellen Johnson
Sirleaf is the world's first elected
black female president and Africa's
first elected female head of state,
in 2006.
9. Cont…
• Since independence, Kenya has had only four
presidential reigns, none of which is a woman.
• Mzee Jomo Kenyatta was in power from 1964-
1978, when he died.
10. Cont…
• President Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi was in
power from 1978-2002, when he was
constitutionally barred from running for office.
13. Presidential elections.
1997 was the first time women ran for
presidency.
Charity Kaluki Ngilu.
• Came 5th after Daniel Moi, Mwai Kibaki, Raila
Odinga and Kijana Wamalwa respectively.
• Ran under Social democratic party.
14. Cont…
Wangari Maathai.
• Came in 13th out of the 15
candidates.
• Was the only other woman to run
aside from Ngilu in 1997.
• Ran under Labour Party of Kenya.
15. Cont…
• In the subsequent elections of 2002 there
were no female presidential candidates.
• In the 2007 elections, Nazlin Omar ran for
presidency in the much contested elections.
• She came 6th out of 9 candidates.
16. Cont…
• In the 2013 General elections, Martha Karua
endorsed her candidacy and came in 6th out of
8 candidates.
17. Cont…
• In USA, there have been 44 female
presidential candidates in total.
• In 1872, Victoria Woodhull was the first
female presidential candidate.
• In Africa, there earliest female presidential
candidates appeared in the 90s.
18.
19. b) Deputy presidents.
• This office was formerly known as the office of
vice president and minister of home affairs in
the previous Constitution.
• William Samoei Ruto is the first deputy
president under the current Constitution.
• All former occupants of this office were male.
20.
21. Cont…
1. Jaramogi Oginga Odinga.
2. Joseph Murumbi
3. Daniel Torotich Arap Moi
4. Emilio Mwai Kibaki
5. Josphat Karanja
6. Prof. George Saitoti
7. Musalia Mudavadi
8. Kijana Wamalwa
9. Moody Awori
10. Stephen Kalonzo Musyoka
11. William Samoei Ruto - Current.
22. Cont…
1954-75 Vice-Chairman Song
Qingling, China
One of two deputies of Chairman Mao.
She afterwards became acting
Chairperson of the presidium of the
National People’s Congress and thereby
acting Head of State 1968-72 and
perhaps 1976-78. From 1945-54 she vas
Vice-Chairperson of the Council of
Ministers.
1975-76 Deputy Head of State,
Premier Minister Élisabeth
Domitién, Central African Republic
Acted as President on occasions when
President Bokassa was abroad. She
lived (1926-?97).
24. Cont…
1. Sir Charles Njonjo (1963-1979.)
2. James Karugu (1980-1981.)
3. Joseph Kamere (1981-1983)
4. Mathew Guy Muli (1983-1991.)
5. Amos Wako (1991-2011.)
6. Githu Muigai (2011-present.)
25. Cont…
• Janet Wood Reno (the first female AG) served as
the attorney general of the United States, from
1993 to 2001.
• Loretta Lynch was sworn in as the new U.S.
attorney general in 2015. Lynch, the country's
first African-American woman to serve in the
role, had her nomination held up more than five
months over politicking in the Senate.
• Prior to the ICC, Fatuo Bensouda was attorney
General for Gambia.
26.
27. Cabinet secretaries.
• Were previously known as cabinet ministers.
• Their appointed rested on the discretion of
the president and was politically motivated
and often bred sycophancy.
• Many appointments were male due to;
Male dominance in politics.
Patriarchal system of governance.
28. Cont…
• The first regime of African governance in
Kenya had no female members of cabinet.
29. Grace Ogot.
• The first woman to be appointed to cabinet in Kenya
was Grace Ogot as assistant minister of culture and
social services in 1983.
• She was wife to reknown academician
prof. Bethwell Allan Ogot; and was
a literature giant.
• She was shunned by radical feminists
when she refused to touch Harambee
stars players before a game saying it was ill
luck to touch a woman before embarking on a task,
and would only sit after men had.
30. Nyiva Mwendwa.
• Nyiva Mwendwa was the first female minister
in Kenya for culture and social services in
1992.
• She was wife of former chief justice
and political veteran Kitili Mwendwa.
• She sparked controversy in 1995
when she took her hairdresser to a
delegation conference in China.
32. Cont…
1. Raychelle Omamo-defence.
2. Phyllis Kandie-EAC affairs, commerce and
tourism.
3. Anne Waiguru-devolution and planning.
4. Judy Wakhungu-environment, water and
natural resources.
5. Amina Mohamed-foreign affairs.
6. Charity Ngilu-lands, housing and urban
development.
33. Cont…
• The first female cabinet minister in
contemporary times was Aleksandra
Michailovna Kollnta from Russia in 1917 for
people’s commission of social service.
• The South African president, Jacob Zuma,
appointed the country's first openly gay
cabinet minister in 2014, Lynne Brown
becomes the public enterprises minister in
cabinet.
Lynne Brown.
35. Social issues.
• Stereotypes.
Stems from culture, religion etc.
Very evident in patriachal
societies i.e the Maasai and
Islamic states and also individual
even those that are enlightened
and exposed.
It is also is slowly being shunned
by society.
36. Cont…
• Few social networks.
An example is seen in sphere such as clubs
and universities where men are the leaders.
These spheres normally produce
opportunities for recognition and
advancement and are primarily afforded to
men.
37. Cont…
• Scrutiny.
It is as though they are there ceremonious or
are expected to fail.
Nyiva Mwendwa in 1995 for taking her
hairdresser to a delegation meeting in China,
or the rumours surrounding Anne Waiguru.
Victoria Woodhull whose ‘open marriage’ was
a cause of controversy.
38. Cont…
• Underepresentation.
Despite the legal provisions, women are still
undervalued in politics. Various international and
regional instruments are rarely adhered to especially in
countries in South Africa such as Zimbabwe.
Many national instruments such as the Constitution is
what is used to implement such provision. Still, it is not
enough to only adhere to these obligations because
there are vast experience women in say, Kenya, to
occupy more than just the stipulated six seats.
39. Vs.
• Aping the man.
Women tend to utilize men’s method of
leadership due to;
Connotation of female species as weak.
Advancement of gender based attitudes such as
participatory leadership is seen as a hindrance to
development.
Sarah palin, was controversial for refusing to
disregard her femininity in favour of more
masculine roles associated with politics.
Margaret
Thatcher.
Sarah Palin.
40. Cont…
• Associations and privileges.
Most female leaders are from privileged
backgrounds or have political associations and
are likely not to relate to other marginalized
groups.
41. Cont…
• Lack of unity.
Lack of unity because all women are
competitors as they are vying for the same
limited resources.
43. Cont…
Top positions which were the stepping stone
to national leadership were viewed as
masculine oriented.
Women were often relegated with trustee
tasks such assistant ministers like Wangari
Maathai was appointed as Assistant minister
of Environment and natural resource by the
Kibaki administration in 2002 while a less
qualified Kalonzo Musyoka was minister.
45. Cont…
There is reluctant by women to apply for such
posts or even enter into the political arena. This is
due to the depiction of politics as a dirty game
and the concept of public exposure.
It was historically dangerous to enter into politics
during the KANU regime for fear of political
assassinations, detentions, attacks and exile.
This was completely demoralizing even to men
who were viewed as being politically inclined.
Even in recent times, many women have been
attacked during campaigns.
46. Cont…
• Non-formal methods of address.
They instead relied on the societal view of
them as sex objects, motherhood and tools of
oppression.
Examples are the 1992 mothers of political
prisoners who stripped and went on hunger
strike and the April 2009 coalition comprising
of ten influential women went on a one week
sex strike to withhold ‘conjugal rights.’
47. 3. Economic issue.
• Subjectivity.
Women are subject to male authority so as to
obtain economic resources under certain laws
such as customary laws, Islamic laws and some
marital laws.
As of 2008, in Gabon women needed the
husband’s consent to open an account; and in
Ivory Coast, men can limit the professional life of
the wives.
This permission connotes subjectivity and
inferiority.
48. Cont…
• Lack of resources.
Lack of economic stability constrains women’s
opportunities to accumulate political finances,
forge alliances and build political networks.
49. Cont…
• Clientelistic politics.
In clientelistic political systems where ‘self-
financing’ is required (such as most African
countries) to show distributive patronage and
demonstrate largesse, women are
disadvantaged.
51. Cont…
• Women have a participatory approach in
leadership and engage the public due to social
sensitivity of their nurturing self. This increases
democracy or the illusion of it.
• Studies show that women are more inclined to be
transparent and accountable which is likely to
increase public confidence. This is obviously
subject to exceptions. This is probably influenced
by how closely a female political personality is
scrutinized.
52. Cont…
• Many gender-friendly agendas are commissioned
by women in power especially those that relate
to women rights and child care and this is
reasonably so due to the concept of issue
sensitivity and specific care.
• Women are not necessarily concerned with
issues of legacy creation because being in said
position is usually a testament to a legacy due to
the rare nature of such opportunities. They
therefore focus mainly on the tasks at hand.
53. Cont…
• Women have shifted focus to economic
development as a form of social change. Many
indigenous programmes have been created to
advance this such as the Uwezo fund facilitated
by Waiguru’s ministry.
• There has also been a shift to scientific and
technological advancements because of the
liberal nature of women’s attitude toward social
reforms. Such normally influence economic
situations and standards.
55. Cont…
• Women should organize themselves into
active interest groups so as to define priorities
and influence politics as there is strength in
the masses.
• There should be more creative mentoring
programmes for younger women so as to
ensure there is perpetuity of participation and
influence in the political sphere.
56. Cont…
• Critical masses should be employed, where one
woman would promote and facilitate fellow
qualified women into their fields as a form of
positive discrimination. One of the greatest
opposition of this was Margaret Thatcher who
was of the view that women need not be given
handouts.
• However, there is already such discrimination
from the male perspective which locks women
out of opportunities. This will therefore not be
tipping the scale but rather balance it.
57.
58. Conclusion.
• The role of women in cabinet has generally been
discriminated upon despite many legal obligations.
• There has been unequal participation in decision making
and implementation process. This has slowly changed
with current times and especially in Kenya.
• Though, there are still many challenges that women
encounter in this field which may be cured by not just
legal instruments but a change in the stereotypical
mindset of society.
• There are many special contributions of women in this
field not despite of being women but because of it. These
achievements have prospects of being advanced if few
suggestions would be implemented.