2. Herbs and Horticulture
Some of the oldest horticultural writings are
about herbs (2700 BC)
Many herbs in medicinal uses from early times
Herbal folk remedies
Fragrance (potpourri)- early air fresheners
Vinegars and sauces
Flavoring agents- used early to flavor bad
foods.
Popular in design and cottage gardens
(kitchen gardens)
3. Herbs and Spices
Introduction
What is an herb?
A plant of which the leaves, or stems and leaves are
used for food or medicine, or in some way for their
scent or flavor
This definition excludes plants used solely for food
Excludes plants used for decorative or utilitarian purposes
How does an herb differ from a spice?
A spice is the dried seed, bark, or root of a plant
Are generally grown in the tropics
4. Culinary Herbs: Herbs used in flavoring
foods and beverages
Pronunciation:
Herb (the ‘h’ is sounded)
erb (the ‘h’ is silent)
Both are correct. The oldest form of the
word is erb but in England and English
speaking nations, the herb pronunciation
is usually used.
5. Herbs In Our Diet
Herbs were originally used in cooking less for their
flavor than for their digestive and preservative
properties.
Anti-bacterial properties were important for preserving
food before refrigeration.
Herbs can provide nutrients and vitamins.
6. Herbs in Our DietUsing herbs in cooking- in
the beginning:
Start slowly using herbs with
care
Each herb has its own subtle
and individual flavor
Each herb’s flavor
compliments a particular
companion food
Basil with tomatoes
Rosemary with lamb
7. Spice Mixtures
Often release a rounded flavor into a dish
Often reflect the flavor of a region
An example of a classic combination of herbs
Bouquet garni:
2 sprigs thyme
2 sprigs marjoram
1 bunch parsley stalks
1 bay leaf
8. Ways To Use Herbs in Cooking
Teas
Marinades or sauces for meat, poultry, and fish
Add herbs to vinegar
Herb butters, cheeses, and stuffings
Herbs can be widely used as garnishes
9. What gives herbs their flavor?
Compounds produced by certain plants known
as ‘essential oils’ ie many properties of oils
Soluble in water
Vaporize or volatilize to produce aroma (flavor)
Concentrated when dried
Can be changed or destroyed with improper
drying/preservation
10. Herbs That Can be Grown in GardensBasil
Caraway
Mints
Chives
Cilantro and Coriander
Dill
Lavender
Oregano
Parsley
Thyme
Rosemary
Sage
11. Herbs can be
annuals (basil, cilantro, dill, parsley)
biennials (grown as annuals) parsley
perennials (lavender, rosemary, sage, tarragon,
mint)
Perennials can be propagated by
cuttings (rosemary, sage, tarragon)
division (chives, mints, sorrel)
Grown for essential oils that are produced in the
leaves. Most are native to hot, dry locations
(Middle east) and produce well in hot, dry
locations with minimal care.
12. Herb Garden: Usually located close
to the house (for immediate use).
Usually consists of a number of
herbs planted together
Herbs in Containers: Can be
cultured in pots indoors or outside
in larger containers.
Can involve elaborate designs for form, texture, and
color
13. Fresh Herbs: Used in cooking immediately after
cutting
Dried Herbs: Dried slowly to preserve the ‘essential
oils’ which are the general flavor compounds. Dried
herbs have more concentrated flavors (requires less).
Usually 1:4 as a guideline for dried vs fresh
Freezing Herbs: Can be readily frozen to preserve the
essential oils but retain the characteristics of fresh herbs.
Use within 3-6 months. Store in a solid container to
prevent contamination of other foods in the freezer.
Most herbs are dried naturally (protecting them from dust
and dirt). Cover in cheesecloth or dry in vented paper
bags. Separate leaves from stems and other debris
later.
16. Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Growing basil
Easy to grow
Requires heat
Is injured below 50 F
Remove flowers to
keep actively growing
Do not store in
refrigerator
17. Caraway (Carum carvi)
Characteristics
Biennial grown for its
seed
Is in carrot family
Only require a few
plants to have enough
seed for a family
Seeds will shatter so
cut off seedstalk when
seeds turn brown and
place inside a bag
18. Mints – Catnip, spearmint,
peppermint
Mints are perennials that
have a square stem and tend
to be very invasive
May want to grow in pots
to slow it invading the
garden
Requires full sunlight for
best production of volatile
oils
Harvest leaves and stem tips
during summer when plant is
in full bloom
19. Cilantro and Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum)
An herb and a spice derived
from different stages of the
same plant
Need to use the correct
cultivar
Cilantro-Mexican parsley
Green rosette of leaves from
immature plant used
Coriander
Dry seeds of the plant
Flowers are a flat umbel
resembling wild carrot
20. Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
Small, perennial,
bulbous plant that
grows in clumps 8 to
12 inches tall
Is in the onion
family
Start plants by
dividing and
planting a clump of
the plant
21. Lavender (Lavendula spp.)
Seven different
species that vary in
their hardiness
Highly scented
plant used in:
Potpourri, perfumes,
flavoring
22. Dill (Anethum graveolens)
A tall, self-seeding,
annual with feathery
leaves and open
umbrella-shaped
seedheads
Easily grown from seed
but seed shatters and
can cause dill to become
a weed
Can use seeds, leaves,
and immature
flowerhead
23. Oregano (Origanum heracleoticum)
Is a hardy perennial
Avoid buying O.
vulgare because it is
rather tasteless and
not good for cooking
Best tasting
cultivars are
generally the least
hardy
25. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Small perennial
evergreen shrub
Narrow leaves have a
spicy, pine-like flavor
Not winter hardy in
many Kansas seasons
Grow in pots
Propagate from stem
tip cuttings
26. Sage (Salvia officinalis)
Shrubby, perennial
evergreen plant
In mint family and
can be propagated
from seed, stem
cuttings or by
divisions
Do a severe spring
pruning to discourage
flower production
Used in poultry
seasoning, pork, and
herbal medicine
27. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Small, mound-
forming, shrub-like
perennial
Thousand of
different cultivars
Select either French
or English cultivars
Start from seed,
dividing clumps, or
cuttings
28. SUMMER SAVORY (Satureja
hortensis)
WINTER SAVORY (Satureja
montana) Winter savory is
smaller and darker
green. Perennial that
can be grown from
cuttings or divisions
(winter). Summer
savory generally
grown as an annual
29. TARRAGON (Artemesia dracunculus)
Often called the “Queen of Herbs”- licorice-like
flavor common in French dishes. (often used with
fish dishes to eliminate fishy odor)
French tarragon is the one used as an herb. Grows
well as a shrub plant in hot, dry locations.
Difficult to grow from
seed- usually
propagated by
cuttings.
Russian version
easier to start but
‘frowned upon’ by
herb enthusiasts for
it’s flavor.
30. MARJORAM (SWEET MARJORAM)
Oraganum majorana
Very similar to
oregano (different
species). Flavor is
milder.
Is perennial-but
usually grown as an
annual (doesn’t hold
through most winters)
Light ‘perfume’ aroma
that has a slightly
sweet scent along
with a mild oregano-
31. Harvesting and Storing Herbs
Harvesting leaves
Sprigs of leaves can be picked at any time during the
season when green and healthy
Place in fresh water like cut flowers
Harvesting flowers
Harvest early in the day and as soon as possible after
they open
Harvesting roots
Harvest roots at the end of the growing season when
the maximum nutrients are stored in the roots for
winter
32. Harvesting and Storing Herbs
Collecting seeds
Seed readiness is determined by the various seed heads
Example
Mint family (Labitae)
Includes mint and thyme
Retain their seeds until after the stem and sepals have turned
brown
Seeds ripen more or less all at once
Seeds are very thin and hard to miss