This document provides an overview of cryptography and several encryption techniques throughout history. It begins with an introduction to terminology used in cryptography. Traditional cryptography techniques are then discussed, including transposition ciphers, Playfair ciphers, and the Vigenere cipher. The document also provides examples of how to implement each of these traditional ciphers. Finally, it discusses modern cryptography and provides a detailed explanation of how the RSA algorithm works, including how to generate public/private key pairs and how the encryption and decryption processes are performed.

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Workshop #1
Inroduction to RSA
Cryptography
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Introduction

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Quantum
cryptography
03
02
01
Mathematical
cryptography
Mechanical
Cryptography
Cryptography Evolution

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Terminology
Ciphertext
•Encryption
•Stéganography
Decryption
•Encode, decode
•Plaintext
•Key
•Cryptography
•Cryptanalysis
•Cryptology

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Traditional Cryptography

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History of cryptography
Transposition Cipher
It is another type of cipher where the
order of the alphabets in the plaintext
is rearranged to create the ciphertext.
The actual plaintext alphabets are not
replaced.
Playfair Cipher
In this scheme, pairs of letters are encrypted,
instead of single letters as in the case of simple
substitution cipher
The Vigenere code
It uses a text string (say, a word) as a key, which
is then used for doing a number of shifts on the
plaintext
.
The code of CAESAR
It is a mono-alphabetic cipher
wherein each letter of the plaintext is
substituted by another letter to form
the ciphertex

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Exemple:Caesar1
DLWFE TNT DYLVP UP GZFD OTD WP XZE AZFC
ALDDPC WP RCZD NSTPY OF QLXPFI NPDLC
DTTZTSLNYPLA
offset is 15
SALUT ICI SNAKE JE VOUS DIS LE MOT POUR
PASSER LE GROS CHIEN DU FAMEUX CESAR
SIIOIHACNEAP

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Exemple: Vigenere2
The sender and the receiver decide on a key. Say ‘point’ is the key. Numeric representation of this key is ‘16
15 9 14 20’.
The sender wants to encrypt the message, say ‘attack from south east’. He will arrange plaintext and numeric
key as follows:
a t t a c k f r o m s o u t h e a s t
16 15 9 14 20 16 15 9 14 20 16 15 9 14 20 16 15 9 14
The Cipher text will be as follows
Q I C O W A U A C G I D D H B U P B H

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Exemple: Playfair Cipher3
T U O R I
A L S B C
D E F G H
K M N P Q
V W X Y Z
HI DE MO NE YZ
T U O R I
A L S B C
D E F G H
K M N P Q
V W X Y Z
T U O R I
A L S B C
D E F G H
K M N P Q
V W X Y Z
T U O R I
A L S B C
D E F G H
K M N P Q
V W X Y Z
The sender and the receiver deicide on a particular key, say ‘tuorials’
Let us say we want to encrypt the message “hide money”. It will be written as:
Using these rules, the result of the encryption of ‘hide money’ with the key of ‘tuorials’
would be:
QC EF NU MF ZV

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Exemple: Transposition Cipher3
The plaintext is “golden statue is in eleventh cave” and the secret random key chosen is “five”. We arrange this
text horizontally in table with number of column equal to key value. The resulting text is shown below.
G O L D E
N S T A T
U E I S I
N E L E V
E N T H C
A V E
The ciphertext is obtained by reading column vertically downward from first to last column. The ciphertext is
‘gnuneaoseenvltiltedasehetivc’.

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Modern cryptography:Case od study RSA

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• Basicly used in e-commerce but it is
also used in bleu cardes and some
softwares like opnessh(secure
communication using ssh protocol)
• Was first created by Ron Rivest,
Adi Shamir et LenAdleman, en 1977 )
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Asymmetric cryptography : RSA

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RSA: How Does it Work?
World of cryptography
 A single key used for
encryption and
decryption
 Called private key
 Ex: Ceasar
 Two keys are used
 One for encryption, known by
every one, called public key.
 The other one for decryption,
known only by the receiver,
called private key .
 Ex :RSA
Symmetric
cryptography
Asymmetric
cryptography

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RSA: How Does it Work?

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RSA: How to create public and private key?
Public Key: (N,C)
• P ,Q: two prime number
• N=P×Q
• M=(P−1)×(Q−1
• C :coprime number with M
Private Key: (N,U)
• Need to calcualte U
• Theory of Etienne Bézout: to prove
that two numbers a and b are
coprime if only existed two
number u and v that for
a×u+b×v=1 ( u and v are integers)
• It existed u v for that for
C×u+M×v=1

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RSA: How to find U?

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RSA: Secure keys
N is the product
of P & Q and it is
public
We construct our
keys only by P Q
Decomposition of
any number into
prime factors is
unique
So it is not thar
secure!!!

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RSA: Real keys exemple
N = 31074182404900437213507500358885679300373460228427275457201619488232064405
18081504556346829671723286782437916272838033415471073108501919548529007337
724822783525742386454014691736602477652346609
P = 16347336458092538484431338838650908598417836700330
92312181110852389333100104508151212118167511579
Q = 1900871281664822113126851573935413975471896789968
515493666638539088027103802104498957191261465571
80 processors Opteron 2.2GHz for 5 months to find P and Q

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RSA: Encryption process?
Alice wants to send to Bob : « Bonjour ! »
Step2
B⇔66⇒66^7
o⇔111⇒111^7
n⇔110⇒110^7
j⇔106⇒106^7
o⇔111⇒111^7
u⇔117⇒117^7
r⇔114⇒114^7
(espace)⇔32⇒32^7
!⇔33⇒33^7
Step1
B⇔66
o⇔111
n⇔110
j⇔106
o⇔111
u⇔117
r⇔114
(espace)⇔32
!⇔33
Step3
(66^7)mod(5141)=386
(111^7)mod(5141)=1858
(110^7)mod(5141)=2127
(106^7)mod(5141)=2809
(111^7)mod(5141)=1858
(117^7)mod(5141)=1774
(114^7)mod(5141)=737
(32^7)mod(5141)=3675
(33^7)mod(5141)=244
"Bonjour !" becomes "386 1858 2127 2809 1858 1774 737 3675 244"

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RSA: Decryption process?
Bob receives from Alice this message : « 386 737 970 204 1858 »
Step2
(386^4279)mod(5141)=66
(737^4279)mod(5141)=114
(970^4279)mod(5141)=97
(204^4279)mod(5141)=118
(1858^4279)mod(5141)=111
Step1
386⇒386^4279
737⇒737^4279
970⇒970^4279
204⇒204^4279
1858⇒1858^4279
Step3
66⇔B
114⇔r
97⇔a
118⇔v
111⇔o

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