Micro-hydropower plants are very applicable in rural and off-grid areas where water resources become
available. This is because they can be installed with fraction of the cost as compared to large hydropower
plants or even grid extension. Also in rural and off-grid areas, the population density is small and very sparsely
distributed which makes it un-economical for the development of large electricity supply projects. In this case
the mini and micro energy projects are the suitable technology to be used to supply power to the consumer
load demand in the rural and off-grid areas. One of the sustainable ways to do is to use the available water
resources like small rivers to develop micro-hydropower plants. The effective use of water from local rivers to
develop micro-hydropower plants have proven to be sustainable way of electricity generation. But despite all
these positive outcomes, studies have shown that many of the available rural areas micro-hydropower potential
sites are facing reduced water volumetric flow due to irrigation activities and also lack high site heads due to
the nature of the landscape. In this case, the development of a micro-hydropower for electricity generation is
limited to specific type of hydro turbine technology called crossflow turbine. This is because this type turbine
technology can accommodate wider range of flow discharge and head values in the micro and mini scale of
hydropower technology range. The crossflow turbines can also be manufactured locally and adapted to the local
rural environments and also have been proven to be very robust with less operational and maintenance costs.
Thus why there is a need to customize this technology in the local rural area in terms of turbine design in order to
standardize the local manufacturing and this is the main motivation that this design study have been addressing.
Development of prototype turbine model for ultra-low head hydro power potenti...iosrjce
Clean source of energy is playing very vital role in today’s eco-friendly environment. Potential
energy available with water can be converted into useful work by maintaining the purpose of clean environment.
Hydro-power plant utilises the energy of water and can produce equivalent mechanical output. Hydro-electric
power plants are much more reliable and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel power
plants. The rivers in Western Maharashtra region flows from Sahyadri mountain towards Deccan platue with
steady gradient. In recent years, the environmental impacts are becoming difficult for developers to build new
dams because of opposition from environmentalists and people living on the land to be flooded. Therefore the
need has arisen to go for the small scale hydro power plants in the range of mini (few MW) and micro hydro
(kW) power plants. This paper discusses the conceptual design and development of a micro hydro power plant.
The developed model can be used at sites having head range of 0.5 to to 6 m. The required information was
collected from meteorological department and irrigation department of Kolhapur division of Government of
Maharashtra, India.
Fuzzy Logic Pitch Control of Variable Speed Wind TurbineIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed and simulated fuzzy logic and PID controllers for pitch control of a variable speed wind turbine. It first provides background on variable speed wind turbines and how pitch control is used to regulate power output. It then describes the mathematical models developed for the wind turbine components and control system. Finally, it details the design and simulation of fuzzy logic and PID pitch controllers, showing that the fuzzy logic controller achieved better control performance than the PID controller.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to generate electricity from daily used water and rain water. The system captures the potential energy of falling water using a turbine connected to a generator. Experimental results showed that terminal voltage and power output increased proportionally with the mass of falling water. Analysis estimated that a 5-story building could generate up to 2855 watts of power per day from its water, sufficient for small home needs. The paper concludes that utilizing wasted water energy in this manner could help meet future electricity demands in Bangladesh.
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farmijeei-iaes
The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.
Optimal power generation for wind-hydro-thermal system using meta-heuristic a...IJECEIAES
In this paper, cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is suggested for determining optimal operation parameters of the combined wind turbine and hydrothermal system (CWHTS) in order to minimize total fuel cost of all operating thermal power plants while all constraints of plants and system are exactly satisfied. In addition to CSA, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight factor (FCIW-PSO) and social ski-driver (SSD) are also implemented for comparisons. The CWHTS is optimally scheduled over twenty-four one-hour interval and total cost of producing power energy is employed for comparison. Via numerical results and graphical results, it indicates CSA can reach much better results than other ones in terms of lower total cost, higher success rate and faster search process. Consequently, the conclusion is confirmed that CSA is a very efficient method for the problem of determining optimal operation parameters of CWHTS.
The modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
11.the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
Development of prototype turbine model for ultra-low head hydro power potenti...iosrjce
Clean source of energy is playing very vital role in today’s eco-friendly environment. Potential
energy available with water can be converted into useful work by maintaining the purpose of clean environment.
Hydro-power plant utilises the energy of water and can produce equivalent mechanical output. Hydro-electric
power plants are much more reliable and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel power
plants. The rivers in Western Maharashtra region flows from Sahyadri mountain towards Deccan platue with
steady gradient. In recent years, the environmental impacts are becoming difficult for developers to build new
dams because of opposition from environmentalists and people living on the land to be flooded. Therefore the
need has arisen to go for the small scale hydro power plants in the range of mini (few MW) and micro hydro
(kW) power plants. This paper discusses the conceptual design and development of a micro hydro power plant.
The developed model can be used at sites having head range of 0.5 to to 6 m. The required information was
collected from meteorological department and irrigation department of Kolhapur division of Government of
Maharashtra, India.
Fuzzy Logic Pitch Control of Variable Speed Wind TurbineIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designed and simulated fuzzy logic and PID controllers for pitch control of a variable speed wind turbine. It first provides background on variable speed wind turbines and how pitch control is used to regulate power output. It then describes the mathematical models developed for the wind turbine components and control system. Finally, it details the design and simulation of fuzzy logic and PID pitch controllers, showing that the fuzzy logic controller achieved better control performance than the PID controller.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to generate electricity from daily used water and rain water. The system captures the potential energy of falling water using a turbine connected to a generator. Experimental results showed that terminal voltage and power output increased proportionally with the mass of falling water. Analysis estimated that a 5-story building could generate up to 2855 watts of power per day from its water, sufficient for small home needs. The paper concludes that utilizing wasted water energy in this manner could help meet future electricity demands in Bangladesh.
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farmijeei-iaes
The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.
Optimal power generation for wind-hydro-thermal system using meta-heuristic a...IJECEIAES
In this paper, cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is suggested for determining optimal operation parameters of the combined wind turbine and hydrothermal system (CWHTS) in order to minimize total fuel cost of all operating thermal power plants while all constraints of plants and system are exactly satisfied. In addition to CSA, Particle swarm optimization (PSO), PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight factor (FCIW-PSO) and social ski-driver (SSD) are also implemented for comparisons. The CWHTS is optimally scheduled over twenty-four one-hour interval and total cost of producing power energy is employed for comparison. Via numerical results and graphical results, it indicates CSA can reach much better results than other ones in terms of lower total cost, higher success rate and faster search process. Consequently, the conclusion is confirmed that CSA is a very efficient method for the problem of determining optimal operation parameters of CWHTS.
The modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
11.the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
The document discusses power generation economics and cost calculations. It covers:
1) Electricity generation requires a power station to transform fuel into electrical energy at a cost, including plant/equipment, fuel, operating costs, and transmission/distribution costs shared by consumers.
2) Cost of electricity has fixed costs like capital investment and variable costs like fuel that change with generation levels.
3) Methods are described to calculate generation costs factoring in parameters like plant capacity and load factors, fuel costs, efficiency rates, maintenance costs, and more.
In this paper, a new technique has been proposed to solve the trade off common problem in hill climbing search algorithm (HCS) to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main aim of the new technique is to increase the power efficiency for the wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed technique has been combined the three-mode algorithm to be simpler. The novel algorithm is increasing the ability to reach the MPPT without delay. The novel algorithm shows fast tracking capability and enhanced stability under change wind speed conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document outlines several areas for potential energy conservation in Pakistan's textile sector, including lack of knowledge, outdated equipment, and inefficient practices. It provides examples of inefficient resource consumption and recommends monitoring consumption of water, steam, gas, and electricity. It also gives estimates for potential savings from improving maintenance, modifying processes, recovering and reusing resources, and upgrading systems for lighting, heating, and air conditioning.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). We proposed a technique of control strategies to have the maximum power from wind turbine (WT). This study deals with the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Takagi Sugeno fuzzy model. The stability analysis is achieved. The gains of the designed controller are calculated by solving Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Domestic Solar - Aero - Hydro Power Generation SystemIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a proposed domestic solar-aero-hydro power generation system. The system uses a single turbine that can operate using both wind and water power to generate electricity. When the water tank is full, the turbine continues operating as a wind turbine. It also includes solar panels to generate additional solar power. The system aims to efficiently supply power to domestic needs using multiple renewable energy sources in an integrated manner to maximize energy production and reduce maintenance needs.
IRJET- Theoretical & Computational Design of Wind Turbine with Wind LensIRJET Journal
This document describes the theoretical and computational design of a wind turbine with a wind lens. The wind lens is intended to increase the power output of the turbine by increasing the wind speed. The wind lens creates a region of lower pressure behind the turbine, inducing more wind flow through the turbine blades. Computational fluid dynamics simulations show that the wind speed increases from 5 m/s to 9 m/s when using a wind lens. This results in the power output increasing substantially from 24.97 Watts to 145.65 Watts, an over 80% increase in power generation. The document outlines the design calculations for an airfoil blade shape and the dimensions of the wind lens to maximize its effect.
Using position control to improve the efficiency of wind turbineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that can be using to generate electricity. Increasing demand for this type of renewable energy for sustainability and accessibility. Environmentally as it does not cause any pollution in addition to the abundance of required equipment and lessmaintenance and long operation life of its parts despite the high cost of the system at its installation but at long term, become cheaper. Wind power generators depend on their operation on wind speed and direction. Therefore,it should be installing in places where the wind speed is adequate and sufficient to rotate its rotor, it knows that wind speed is variable in its speed and direction they change every hour and every season. In this design, many practical and theoretical (simulation) experiments have been done which will be mentioned and explained in details in this research shows that this mechanism raises the efficiency of wind power generators by 80% when the rotor of the wind turbine directed towards the wind than if they were fixed direction.
A Novel Approach Concerning Wind Power EnhancementWaqas Tariq
Being a tropical country, Bangladesh does have wind flow throughout the year. However, the prospect for wind energy in Bangladesh is not at satisfactory level due to low average wind velocities at different regions of the country. The field survey data indicated that the wind velocities are relatively higher from the month of May to August, whereas, it is not so for the rest of the year. Therefore, exploiting the wind energy at low wind velocities is a major predicament in creating a sustainable energy resource for a country with inauspicious forthcoming energy crisis. The scope of this paper concentrates on an innovative approach to harness wind power by installing an auxiliary unit which would only assist the primary turbine unit in case the wind velocity falls under the required value. The auxiliary unit would comprise a secondary turbine, which would be operated by a DC motor connected to a battery system that is charged by a solar panel. A specially designed conduit would encompass both the primary and auxiliary turbine units. A CFD simulation utilizing ANSYS FLOTRAN was carried out to investigate the velocity profiles for different pressure differences at different regions of the prototype conduit. A feasibility analysis of the modified system was eventually carried out for the preferred conduit design.
Designing Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine For Applications In Small H...IJERA Editor
The need of the hour, as we all genuinely know from the global scenario is the production of electricity from the renewable resources of energy. Most widely used among them are the solar and the wind potential. Besides these, the hydroelectric resources also play a remarkable role as hydroelectricity accounts for a major share in the energy sector throughout the world. The trend at present is of the stand alone hydro power plants wherein the turbine used is the Hydrokinetic turbine , which works with the speed of flow of the water stream. Permanent magnet synchronous machines, known for their robust nature, variable speed, and high power to weight ratio are the most suitable ones for the construction of the turbine for low speed operation. This paper presents the design of permanent magnet synchronous machine and the machine has been modeled and simulated in RMXprt and Ansys Maxwell.
This document summarizes an optimization study to maximize the power output of a ducted vertical axis wind turbine. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations coupled with a genetic algorithm to optimize the geometry of the duct surrounding the turbine. The duct geometry is defined by 7 curvature points and optimized at 3 positions relative to the turbine center. The optimized duct configuration resulted in a 20° convergence angle with the throat at the turbine center. This optimized duct increased the tip speed ratio and power coefficient at maximum power output and decreased the torque ripple factor compared to an un-ducted turbine.
Thesis- Cont sys for wind turbines (Sept 2015 revision)Larry Branscomb
This document describes the modeling of a wind turbine power generation system using MATLAB and Simulink. It presents 5 models of increasing complexity:
System 1 models a 600 kW DC generator, gearbox, and inertial components with torque and voltage inputs. State-space equations are derived.
System 2 adds aerodynamic wind torque effects to System 1 for a complete plant model without controls.
Systems 3 and 4 add speed and torque control techniques to maximize power capture in System 2.
System 5 replaces the DC generator with an AC generator, incorporating AC machine equations.
The goal is to demonstrate control methods for maximizing wind power extraction through systematic modeling and evaluation of each system. Validation is emphasized to
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
Implementation and assemplingof a small wind turbineRayan Hameed
This document summarizes a student project to assemble and implement a small wind turbine. It includes the following:
1) The project aims to assemble unlabeled wind turbine components in the lab to understand how wind energy is converted to electricity.
2) Challenges include a lack of documentation for the components and difficulties integrating the mechanical parts.
3) A preliminary simulation of the wind turbine system was developed in Simulink to model the rotor dynamics, induction generator, and wind energy conversion process.
4) While the project faced challenges integrating the unlabeled components, it provides an educational opportunity to learn about renewable energy systems.
The document describes a proposed fuzzy logic controller for maximum power point tracking in a standalone wind energy conversion system consisting of a wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The system uses a boost converter controlled by a fuzzy logic controller to vary the generator speed and extract maximum power from the wind turbine over a range of wind speeds. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic controller is able to track the maximum power point curve and optimize power output from the system as wind speed varies.
Evaluation of the Energy Performance of the Amougdoul Wind Farm, Morocco IJECEIAES
This paper is concerned with the assessment of the the performance of the Amougdoul wind farm. We have determined the Weibull parameters; namely the scale parameter, c (m/s) and shape parameter, k. After that, we have estimated energy output by a wind turbine using two techniques: the useful power calculation method and the method based on the modeling of the power curve, which is respectively 134.5 kW and 194.19 KW corresponding to 27% and 39% of the available wind energy, which confirm that the conversion efficiency does not exceed 40%.
This document discusses case studies of microturbine combined heat and power (CHP) systems providing cost savings and increased security. It provides three examples: 1) A Radisson hotel in California with two microturbine CHP units providing electricity and hot water, saving $66,336/year. 2) An Inns of America hotel in California with a microturbine CHP unit, saving 40% on energy costs and providing power during a wildfire outage. 3) A restaurant in Italy with a microturbine CHP unit that provided power during a multi-hour blackout. In all cases, the microturbine CHP systems provided both economic and security benefits.
Innovative design of crossflow hydro turbine system.pdfdngoma
Micro-hydropower plants are very applicable in rural and off-grid areas where water resources become
available. This is because they can be installed with fraction of the cost as compared to large hydropower plants
or even grid extension. Also, in rural and off-grid areas, the population density is small and very sparsely
distributed which makes it un-economical for the development of large electricity supply projects. In this case
the mini and micro energy projects are the suitable technology to be used to supply power to the consumer load
demand in the rural and off-grid areas. One of the sustainable ways to do is to use the available water resources
like small rivers to develop micro-hydropower plants. The effective use of water from local rivers to develop
micro-hydropower plants have proven to be sustainable way of electricity generation. But despite all these
positive outcomes, studies have shown that many of the available rural areas micro-hydropower potential sites
are facing reduced water volumetric flow due to irrigation activities and also lack high site heads due to the
nature of the landscape. In this case, the development of a micro-hydropower for electricity generation is
limited to specific type of hydro turbine technology called crossflow turbine. This is because this type turbine
technology can accommodate wider range of flow discharge and head values in the micro and mini scale of
hydropower technology range. The crossflow turbines can also be developed locally and adapted to the local
rural environments and also have been proven to be very robust with less operational and maintenance costs.
Thus, why there is a need to customize this technology in the local rural area in terms of turbine design in order
to standardize the local manufacturing and this is the main motivation that this design study have been
addressing.
This document discusses the development of a prototype turbine model for ultra-low head hydro power potential in Western Maharashtra, India. The model was designed to harness power from sites with a head range of 0.5 to 6 meters. Methodology included identifying suitable sites, collecting historical flow rate and rainfall data, and developing an enhanced reaction water turbine model. Calculations were made to determine the turbine's main characteristics like power output, speed, diameters, and performance under different head and discharge conditions. A prototype was built including blades, runner, draft tube, and guide vanes. The 0.2 kW prototype provides a low-cost solution to harness small-scale hydro power from existing irrigation infrastructure like Kolhapur Type Weirs to
This document discusses a study on using 1kW pico Turgo water turbines powered by rainwater collected on the rooftop of a 21-meter high building in Thailand. The rooftop was modified to store up to 60 cubic meters of rainwater annually, providing an adequate head and flow to run a pico turbine. A prototype turbine with 24 buckets and a 430mm diameter runner was tested. With a 21-meter head, theoretical calculations estimated the turbine could generate 1,310 Watts, while experimental results showed 950 Watts of power output, for an efficiency of 72.51%. The study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing otherwise wasted rooftop rainwater to generate electricity for public areas in high-rise buildings.
The document discusses power generation economics and cost calculations. It covers:
1) Electricity generation requires a power station to transform fuel into electrical energy at a cost, including plant/equipment, fuel, operating costs, and transmission/distribution costs shared by consumers.
2) Cost of electricity has fixed costs like capital investment and variable costs like fuel that change with generation levels.
3) Methods are described to calculate generation costs factoring in parameters like plant capacity and load factors, fuel costs, efficiency rates, maintenance costs, and more.
In this paper, a new technique has been proposed to solve the trade off common problem in hill climbing search algorithm (HCS) to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The main aim of the new technique is to increase the power efficiency for the wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed technique has been combined the three-mode algorithm to be simpler. The novel algorithm is increasing the ability to reach the MPPT without delay. The novel algorithm shows fast tracking capability and enhanced stability under change wind speed conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document outlines several areas for potential energy conservation in Pakistan's textile sector, including lack of knowledge, outdated equipment, and inefficient practices. It provides examples of inefficient resource consumption and recommends monitoring consumption of water, steam, gas, and electricity. It also gives estimates for potential savings from improving maintenance, modifying processes, recovering and reusing resources, and upgrading systems for lighting, heating, and air conditioning.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). We proposed a technique of control strategies to have the maximum power from wind turbine (WT). This study deals with the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based on Takagi Sugeno fuzzy model. The stability analysis is achieved. The gains of the designed controller are calculated by solving Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Domestic Solar - Aero - Hydro Power Generation SystemIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a proposed domestic solar-aero-hydro power generation system. The system uses a single turbine that can operate using both wind and water power to generate electricity. When the water tank is full, the turbine continues operating as a wind turbine. It also includes solar panels to generate additional solar power. The system aims to efficiently supply power to domestic needs using multiple renewable energy sources in an integrated manner to maximize energy production and reduce maintenance needs.
IRJET- Theoretical & Computational Design of Wind Turbine with Wind LensIRJET Journal
This document describes the theoretical and computational design of a wind turbine with a wind lens. The wind lens is intended to increase the power output of the turbine by increasing the wind speed. The wind lens creates a region of lower pressure behind the turbine, inducing more wind flow through the turbine blades. Computational fluid dynamics simulations show that the wind speed increases from 5 m/s to 9 m/s when using a wind lens. This results in the power output increasing substantially from 24.97 Watts to 145.65 Watts, an over 80% increase in power generation. The document outlines the design calculations for an airfoil blade shape and the dimensions of the wind lens to maximize its effect.
Using position control to improve the efficiency of wind turbineTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that can be using to generate electricity. Increasing demand for this type of renewable energy for sustainability and accessibility. Environmentally as it does not cause any pollution in addition to the abundance of required equipment and lessmaintenance and long operation life of its parts despite the high cost of the system at its installation but at long term, become cheaper. Wind power generators depend on their operation on wind speed and direction. Therefore,it should be installing in places where the wind speed is adequate and sufficient to rotate its rotor, it knows that wind speed is variable in its speed and direction they change every hour and every season. In this design, many practical and theoretical (simulation) experiments have been done which will be mentioned and explained in details in this research shows that this mechanism raises the efficiency of wind power generators by 80% when the rotor of the wind turbine directed towards the wind than if they were fixed direction.
A Novel Approach Concerning Wind Power EnhancementWaqas Tariq
Being a tropical country, Bangladesh does have wind flow throughout the year. However, the prospect for wind energy in Bangladesh is not at satisfactory level due to low average wind velocities at different regions of the country. The field survey data indicated that the wind velocities are relatively higher from the month of May to August, whereas, it is not so for the rest of the year. Therefore, exploiting the wind energy at low wind velocities is a major predicament in creating a sustainable energy resource for a country with inauspicious forthcoming energy crisis. The scope of this paper concentrates on an innovative approach to harness wind power by installing an auxiliary unit which would only assist the primary turbine unit in case the wind velocity falls under the required value. The auxiliary unit would comprise a secondary turbine, which would be operated by a DC motor connected to a battery system that is charged by a solar panel. A specially designed conduit would encompass both the primary and auxiliary turbine units. A CFD simulation utilizing ANSYS FLOTRAN was carried out to investigate the velocity profiles for different pressure differences at different regions of the prototype conduit. A feasibility analysis of the modified system was eventually carried out for the preferred conduit design.
Designing Of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine For Applications In Small H...IJERA Editor
The need of the hour, as we all genuinely know from the global scenario is the production of electricity from the renewable resources of energy. Most widely used among them are the solar and the wind potential. Besides these, the hydroelectric resources also play a remarkable role as hydroelectricity accounts for a major share in the energy sector throughout the world. The trend at present is of the stand alone hydro power plants wherein the turbine used is the Hydrokinetic turbine , which works with the speed of flow of the water stream. Permanent magnet synchronous machines, known for their robust nature, variable speed, and high power to weight ratio are the most suitable ones for the construction of the turbine for low speed operation. This paper presents the design of permanent magnet synchronous machine and the machine has been modeled and simulated in RMXprt and Ansys Maxwell.
This document summarizes an optimization study to maximize the power output of a ducted vertical axis wind turbine. The study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations coupled with a genetic algorithm to optimize the geometry of the duct surrounding the turbine. The duct geometry is defined by 7 curvature points and optimized at 3 positions relative to the turbine center. The optimized duct configuration resulted in a 20° convergence angle with the throat at the turbine center. This optimized duct increased the tip speed ratio and power coefficient at maximum power output and decreased the torque ripple factor compared to an un-ducted turbine.
Thesis- Cont sys for wind turbines (Sept 2015 revision)Larry Branscomb
This document describes the modeling of a wind turbine power generation system using MATLAB and Simulink. It presents 5 models of increasing complexity:
System 1 models a 600 kW DC generator, gearbox, and inertial components with torque and voltage inputs. State-space equations are derived.
System 2 adds aerodynamic wind torque effects to System 1 for a complete plant model without controls.
Systems 3 and 4 add speed and torque control techniques to maximize power capture in System 2.
System 5 replaces the DC generator with an AC generator, incorporating AC machine equations.
The goal is to demonstrate control methods for maximizing wind power extraction through systematic modeling and evaluation of each system. Validation is emphasized to
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
Implementation and assemplingof a small wind turbineRayan Hameed
This document summarizes a student project to assemble and implement a small wind turbine. It includes the following:
1) The project aims to assemble unlabeled wind turbine components in the lab to understand how wind energy is converted to electricity.
2) Challenges include a lack of documentation for the components and difficulties integrating the mechanical parts.
3) A preliminary simulation of the wind turbine system was developed in Simulink to model the rotor dynamics, induction generator, and wind energy conversion process.
4) While the project faced challenges integrating the unlabeled components, it provides an educational opportunity to learn about renewable energy systems.
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Micro-hydropower plants are very applicable in rural and off-grid areas where water resources become
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or even grid extension. Also, in rural and off-grid areas, the population density is small and very sparsely
distributed which makes it un-economical for the development of large electricity supply projects. In this case
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This paper describes the design and fabrication of runner blades for cross flow turbine is presented. In this paper, the cross flow turbine's runner is designed to produce 100 W electric powers from head of 4 m and the flow rate of 0.004 m ^3 s. For the given capacity and head of the turbine, the dimensions of runner diameter and width 265 mm and 132 mm is obtained respectively. The detail design calculation of the runner is described in this thesis. It is applicable to wide range of flow rate adjusting the runner length. The term hydropower refers to shaft power generated by converting potential and kinetic energy of power. By using water power, the generation of electrical power is well known and widely used throughout the world. In hydropower plant, water turbine is one of the most important parts for generating electricity. This paper is to fulfill the required electricity in rural area. Ma Thu Zar Win | Ma Myat Win Khaing | Ma Yi Yi Khin "Design and Fabrication of Runner Blades of Cross-Flow Turbine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27990.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/27990/design-and-fabrication-of-runner-blades-of-cross-flow-turbine/ma-thu-zar-win
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In the pond, there was no ventilation. As time went by, water in the pond had become polluted due to the deduction of the oxygen in the water. There were aquatic lives in the pond such as various fish. Due to this issue, aerators were installed all over the pond areas. This stemmed in significantly huge expenses on a monthly basis electricity cost that they had to bear with in order to maintain and increase the oxygen level in the pond. To overcome that problem it is need to make aerator system using Solar energy use.
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Micro Hydro Electricity Generation in S.T.P, A Case Study of S.T.P, Salawas-J...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of installing a micro hydro power plant (MHPP) at a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Jodhpur, India. It summarizes that a MHPP could be installed at the STP to harness the energy from the water flow. Based on the available flow rate of 0.3-0.6 m3/s and head of 1.5-2 m, a Kaplan turbine with an output of 11.32 kW was selected. It is estimated that this MHPP could generate 73,355 kWh of electricity annually. The investment cost is estimated to be Rs. 9,10,400 with a payback period of 1.5 years and
3kw Propeller Turbine Blade Design Based on Tidal Rangeijtsrd
Tidal energy is a largely untapped, renewable energy source based on lunar gravitation rather than solar radiation. The generation of electricity from tides is very similar to hydroelectric generation. Tidal energy is clean and not depleting. The tidal schemes may be of single pool or double pool or multi pool. Two types of tidal power plant are barrage style tidal power plant and tidal current power plant. Among them, barrage style tidal power plant was chosen to suit local condition and facilities in Myanmar. Several different turbine configuration are possible. The propeller turbine designed is based on tidal head and flow rate of Kanbalar Creek. The maximum and minimum head of tidal range is 5 m and 2 m. The available flow rate is 0.46 m3 s. The type of turbine is chosen by using 2 m head and 0.46 m3 s flow rate. Therefore, 3 kW propeller turbine is designed in this paper. Then, calculated runner diameter is 280 mm, hub diameter is 112 mm and number of blade is four. Two dimensional blade profile is calculated by using MATLAB program software and drawn AutoCAD software. Ei Ei Mon "3kw Propeller Turbine Blade Design Based on Tidal Range" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26365.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/26365/3kw-propeller-turbine-blade-design-based-on-tidal-range/ei-ei-mon
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
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This document describes the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel to generate 400 Watts of power. A Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine that converts pressure head into velocity head. The design calculations include determining the input and output power, number of buckets, speed ratio, belt length, and efficiency. The designed Pelton wheel has a jet diameter of 0.0254 m and runner diameter of 0.254 m. Testing showed the wheel has a hydraulic efficiency of 96.35% and generates an output power of 400 Watts, with only a 1.092% difference from the theoretical calculations. In conclusion, the Pelton wheel design is simple and cost-effective, making it suitable for generating power from small heads of water.
Experimental investigation on effect of head and bucket splitter angle on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the effect of head and bucket splitter angle on the power output of a Pelton turbine. Experiments were conducted on a Pelton turbine model in a laboratory. The power output was measured at different turbine speeds (1700, 1400, 1200 and 1000 rpm) and bucket splitter angles (3°, 10°, 15°, 21°, 25°). The results showed that power output was maximum at a 23° splitter angle and increased as turbine speed increased from 1000 to 1700 rpm. Increasing the head pressure and turbine speed delivered more energy to drive the turbine wheel, compared to lower head and higher flow conditions, thereby increasing the turbine's power output.
This work was aimed at developing a computational model following certain standards that are important to turbo machinery. Numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out on a two bladed savonius rotor by varying certain parameters of the turbine namely blade shape, blade profile, aspect ratio of the turbine and position of vent on the blade. For numerical investigation, commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS-FLUENT has been used. The results obtained have been validated with established experimental results. Investigations involving the variation of Aspect ratio have been done completely through experimentation. For the other cases, the obtained numerical results have been validated with the established experimental values. For the investigation regarding variation of blade shape, the length of semi minor axis has been changed and simulations have been carried out. Also, in the blade a vent has been introduced and its best position determined. Finally, new blade shapes have been designed and simulations carried out to find the optimum one. All these cases were computed at two different Reynolds number specifically 150000 and 80000. The new configurations gave better results than that for the conventional one.
This document is a seminar report on the Mahi Hydel Power Station submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an overview of the power station, including its generators, turbines, transformers, pumps, switchyard, and start/stop sequences. The power station utilizes the Mahi River and has two phases with a total installed capacity of 140MW. It describes the key components and their specifications. The report also includes figures illustrating the components and systems.
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2. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
Page 2 of 8
Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
wider range of head and flow discharge values from low to medium
values, thus why they are mostly applicable to micro- hydropower
systems in developing countries like that of Hhaynu micro-hydropower
plant in Mbulu, Tanzania as shown in Figure 2 below.
Materials and Methods
Turbine transmission
The micro-hydro turbine transmission involved the turbine
rotational speed in RPM and also transmission speed ratio between the
turbine and generator pulleys.
Turbine speed: Cross flow turbines use pulley and belt as the
transmission drive from the turbine to the generator unit which means
that the turbine speed is usually lower than the generator speed. In
calculating the generator speed the following formula (1) is used [4].
0.745
( )
513.25
Hg
N
Pm
= × (1)
Where; N=Turbine speed in RPM, Hg=Gross head (m) and
Pm=Mechanical/Turbine Power (kW)
So, substituting the values we get;
0.745
(25)
513.25 513.25 1.234
79.5
N = × = ×
N=633.30 RPM
Choose the value of the turbine speed to be 635 RPM (satisfying
the condition that turbine and generator speed ratio should be between
2-3) [5].
Turbine- generator speed ratio:
Generator speed
Speed ratio=
Turbine speed
1500 RPM
2.3622
635 RPM
= =
Thus the Turbine- Generator speed ratio is 1:2.3622 (Table 1).
Turbine parameters
Turbine shaft diameter: The turbine shaft diameter is calculated
using the Power- Torque equation (2) as follows;
P=T.W. (2)
Where; P=Mechanical Power, T=Torque, W=Rotational speed in
radians and N=speed in RPM
P
T
W
= and W is given as 2
60
Nπ× ×
So,
3
60 79.5 10 60
1,196.154 NM
2 2 635
P
T
Nπ π
× × ×
= = =
× × × ×
Then, Tma×
=1.25 × T=1.25 × 1196.154=1495.1928 Nm
Also the Torque can be calculated using the following shear stress
equation (3) as follows;
3
16
sd
T
π τ
= (3)
Where: τs=shear stress of steel=42 MPa
Re-arranging the equation gives the following;
3 4
6
16 16 1495.1928
1.814 10
3.14 42 10s
T
d
π τ
−× ×
= = = ×
× × ×
d=0.0566 m=56.61 mm=≈ 60 mm
So, the diameter of the turbine shaft is 60 mm (Figure 3).
Turbine runner outer diameter: The outer diameter of the turbine
runner is calculated using the following equation;
0
40 40 25
0.31496
635
H
D m
N
× ×
= = =
D0
=315 mm
Turbine runner outer diameter is shown in the below Figure 4.
Turbine runner length and runner blade spacing: The turbine
runner length is given using the following equation (4);
50
Q N
L
H
×
=
×
(4)
0.45 635
0.2286
50 25
L m
×
= =
×
Turbine length, L=228.6 mm ≈230mm (Figure 5)
Turbine runner blade spacing:
Blade jet entrance (te)=K. Do (5)
Where; K=constant value=0.087
S/N Parameter Value Unit Remarks
1 Turbine speed 635 RPM Design value
2 Speed ratio 1:2.36
3 Turbine torque 1.5 kNm
4 Turbine shaft diameter 60 mm Design value
Table 1: Summary of main turbine design values.
Figure 2: Turbine selection chart based on water flow discharge and head.
3. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
Page 3 of 8
Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
Figure 3: Turbine shaft diameter.
Figure 5: Turbine runner length.
Figure 4: Turbine runner outer diameter.
te=0.087 × 315 mm=27.405 mm ≈ 28 mm
Take standard blade spacing value of te=≈ 28mm
Turbine runner tangential spacing and runner blade number:
Tangential spacing (tb)=0.174 × Do (1.6) (6)
tb=0.174 × 315 mm=54.81 mm ≈ 55 mm
Take the standard tangential spacing value, tb=55 mm [This is also
called Radial Rim Width (a)]
Turbine runner blade number:
Minimum number of runner blade;
0D
Z
tb
π ×
= (7)
3.14 315
17.98 18
55
Z
×
= = ≈
But, the recommended number of runner blade should be at least
30% more than the calculated value in order to make it effective, so in
this case the design number of runner blades,
1
( 18) 18 24
3
Z = × + =
Thus, the turbine runner blade number is 24
Water jet thickness and nozzle area to the runner:
Water flow jet thickness:
tj=0.29 × Do (8)
tj=0.29 × 315 mm=91.35 mm ≈ 92mm
So, the water jet thickness to the turbine entry is 92 mm (Figure 6).
Nozzle area:
Area=L × W (9)
Area=0.23 × 0.092=0.02116 m2
Area=2.116 × 10−2
m2
Size of penstock pipe diameter to connect the nozzle
The area is given using the following formula,
2
(A)
4
d
Area
π ×
= (10)
Re-arranging the equation gives,
2
2 24 4 2.116 10
2.6955 10
3.14
A
d
π
−
−× × ×
= = = ×
D=0.16418 m=164.18 mm
So, the size of the penstock pipe diameter to connect to the turbine
nozzle is 164.18 mm (take 165 mm) which is equivalent to 6.5” pipe
size.
Inner diameter of the turbine runner and radius of blade
curvature:
Inner diameter of the runner (Di)=Do
– 2 × radial rim width
Di=315 – 2 × 55=205 mm
Radius of blade curvature:
Radius of the blade curvature (Rc)=0.163 × Do
Rc=0.163 × Do
=0.163 × 315 mm
=51.345 mm
Rc=≈ 52mm
So, the diameter of the pipe for blades=2 × Rc=2 × 52 mm=104 mm
Thus, the selected value of the blade curvature should be from class
C steel pipe of size 4”.
Alternatively, Do=Di+2Rc which gives
2
o iD D−
Water jet velocity and turbine arc length: The water jet velocity
is calculated on the impulse turbines (Crossflow and Pelton) using the
following equation (11);
2Vj gH= (11)
4. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
Page 4 of 8
Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
2 9.81 25 490.5 22.147 /Vj m s= × × = =
Vj=22.147 m/s
Thus, the water jet velocity, Vj is 22.15 m/s
Turbine arc length:
The arc length (S1
)=
180
o
Rc Q
rQ
π × ×
= (12)
0
1
3.14 52 72
65.132 mm
180
S
× ×
= =
S1
=≈ 66 mm
Pipe cut for turbine blades:
Size of pipe diameter 104 mm (4”)
Then the pipe circumference is given by;
C=π × D
C=3.14 × 104=326.56 mm
So,
326.56 326.56
4.95 pieces
1 66S
= =
Where: S1=the arc length (equation 12)
Note: Cut 4 full pieces of 4” diameter steel pipe to make the turbine
blades.
Water pressure and force to the turbine nozzle: In water power
systems, the power inside the turbine is given by;
Pt=
pQ (13)
Where: p=pressure (kN/m2
), Q=Flowrate (m3
/s), Pt=Turbine (kW)
Then,
2
3
75.5 kW
p= 166.67 kN/m
0.45 m /
Pt
Q s
= =
But pressure ( )
F
p
A
= when re-arranging this equation gives the
following (14);
F=p × A (14)
But, Area=L × W
A=0.23 × 0.092=0.02116 m2
So; Force (F)=p × A=166.67 × 0.02116=3.5267
kN
Therefore, the Force e×erted to the turbine runner through the
nozzle, F=3.53 kN
Alternatively;
Power (Pt)=Water Force (Fw) × Velocity (Vj)
75.5
( ) 3.386
22.147 /
W
kW
Force F kN
m s
= = (15)
Then the distributed force at the turbine entry=F1=F/L=3,530 N/m
× 0.23
Therefore the distributed water force on the turbine=811.9 N
Penstock pipe calculations
The penstock is the steel pipe that conveys water with pressure from
the forebay to the turbine unit in the power house. The water in the
forebay is stored in a form of potential energy and when delivered to
the turbine through a penstock pipe and produce kinetic energy which
rotates the hydro turbine. On the other hand, the penstock steel pipe
wall thickness depends on the pipe materials, diameter and operating
pressure and is calculated as follows:
Penstock diameter and thickness:
Dp
=2.65 × (n2 × Q2 × Lp/Hg) 0.204 (16)
Where: Dp
=penstock diameter,
n=manning coefficient for the mild steel penstock pipe=0.012
Q=design flow discharge=0.45 m3
/s
Lp
=length of the penstock=162 m Hg=Gross head=25 m
So in this case;
Dp
=2.65 × ( (0.012)2 × (0.45)2 × 162/25) 0.204
=2.65 × (0.000144 × 0.2025 × 6.48) 0.204
=2.65 × (1.88956 × 10-4) 0.204=0.460918 m
Dp
=460 mm
Therefore, the size of the penstock pipe selected to supply the design
discharge to the turbine is 460 mm dimeter (18”) [6].
From literature, the minimum wall thickness is given by the
following equation (17) [7]
460 508
1.2
400
p
mm
t mm
+
= + (17)
tp
=minimum penstock thickness (mm)
Dp
=penstock diameter=460 mm
So,
460 508
1.2
400
p
mm
t mm
+
= + tp
=2.42 mm+1.2 mm
tp
=3.62 mm=~ 4 mm
Therefore the thickness of the steel penstock pipe selected is 4 mm
Water flow velocity in the penstock: The water flow discharge
Figure 6: Turbine nozzle area.
5. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
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Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
to the turbine passes through the penstock pipe and is given by the
following equation (18):
Q=AV (18)
Where;
Q=water flow discharge, A=penstock pipe area and V=water flow
velocity
Making V the subject from the above equation gives (19);
2
4Q Q
V
A dπ
×
= = (19)
2
4 0.45 1.8
2.7091
(0.46) 0.664424
V
π
×
= = =
×
Water flow velocity V in the penstock is 2.7 m3
/s [Recommended
water flow velocity in the penstock pipe range
between 1 m/s – 2.8 m/s] [8].
Area of the penstock pipe: Area of the penstock pipe is given by the
following equation (20);
2
( )
4
d
A
π ×
= (20)
2
(0.46)
0.166
4
A
π ×
= =
Therefore, the computed area of the penstock is 0.166 m2
Penstock head loss: Head loss in the penstock can be calculated
using the following equation (21):
2 2
5
10
Head loss=
p
n Q
Lp
D
× ×
×
(21)
Where; n=Manning value, Q=Design flow discharge, Dp
=Diameter
of the penstock and Lp
=Length of the penstock
2 2
5
10 (0.012) (0.45)
Head loss= 162
(0.46)
× ×
×
=0.014158 × 162 m =2.294 m
Head loss=2.29 m
Therefore, the net head is given;
Net head=Gross head – head loss=25 m – 2.29 m=22.71 m
Net head is 22.71 m.
Percentage of head loss:
Head loss
%Head loss=
Gross head
(22)
2.29
%Head loss= 0.0916
25m
mm
=
Head loss=9.16 %
Therecommendedeconomicalheadlossformostsmallhydropower
schemes should be below 10% (Table 2) [9].
Pulley and belt design
In order to calculate the pulley and belt parameters, the following
standard values have been selected based on the turbine and generator
design calculations:
Turbine design parameters:
(a) Turbine speed=635 RPM
(b) Turbine Power=79.5 kW
(c) Turbine operation time 24 hours
Generator design parameters:
(a) Generator speed=1500 RPM
(b) Generator Power=75.5 kW
(c) Synchronous, 3 phase, 90 KVA with power factor 0.8
(d) Generator pulley diameter=150 mm (OK because >140)
(e) Generator operation time 24 hours
Turbine pulley design:
Turbine pulley diameter using speed ratio
In calculating the turbine-generator speed ratio the turbine and
generator speed and diameter ratios need to be considered as follows
(23);
1 2
2 1
Speed ratio=
N d
N d
= (23)
1 2
2 1
635 150
Speed ratio=
1500 1
N d
N d d
= = =
150 1500
1 354.33
635
d mm
×
= =
Therefore the pulley diameter d1
of the turbine side is 354.33 mm as
shown in Table 3 below.
Sizing of the belt length
The belt length is determined using the following relation (24);
2
( ) ( )
Belt length(L)= 2C+
2 4
D d D d
C
π + −
+ (24)
Where: C=centre distance and d=diameter of pulley
2
(505 150) (355 150)
2 505
2 4 505
L
π + −
=× + +
×
L=1802.85 mm+20.8045 mm
L=1823.654 mm
The closest standard v-belt length is SPB wedge belt SPB1825 with
17 mm top width and 13 mm height (Figure 7).
S/N Parameter Value Unit Remarks
1 Penstock diameter 460 mm 18” Standard value
2 Water velocity in the penstock 2.7 m/s 1 m/s-2.8 m/s so, OK
3 Area of the penstock pipe 0.166 m2
4 Penstock head loss 2.29 m
5 Percentage of head loss 9.16 mm <10% so, OK
Table 2: Summary of penstock pipe design values.
6. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
Page 6 of 8
Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
Turbine pulley belt speed
The turbine velocity is given with the following equation (25):
Velocity=
2
d
W× (25)
Where;wis the rotational turbine speed given as (26);
2
60
N
W
π
= (26)
0.355 633.80
Velocity= 11.77 /
2 30
m sπ× × =
(OK because <40)
Therefore the belt velocity of the turbine pulley is 11.17 m/s.
Belt centre distance
Centre distance C is calculated as follow;
C=d+D=150 mm+355 mm=505 mm
But the e×actly centre distance can be calculated using the following
formula (27);
2
C A A B=+ − (27)
But ( )
4 8
L
A d D
π
=− +
and
2
( )
8
D d
B
−
=
Taking L=1825 mm and substituting the values to the above A and
B equations gives;
1825
(150 355) 258.0375
4 8
A mm
π
= − + =
2
(355 155)
5253.125
8
B mm
−
= =
Then, 2
258.037 (258.037) 5253.125 505.6869C mm= + − =
Therefore the actual centre distance for the belt is 505.69 mm.
Power per belt
Interpolating from the given Table [10]
-Rated power per belt=(20.75+23.56)/2=22.155 kW
-Additional power=(1.50+1.75)/2=1.625 kW
Therefore the basic power per belt=22.155 kW+1.625 kW=23.78
kW
Correction power per belt
From Table the combined correction factor is 0.85 [10]
Therefore correction power per belt=23.78 kW × 0.85
Correction power per belt=20.213 kW
Number of belt
Number belt for the belt design is given as follow;
Total power 75.5kW
Number of belts= 3.735
Correction power per belt 20.213kW
= =
Therefore choose 4 belts as standard
Net driving force
The net driving force from the turbine pulley is given from the
following equation;
Fd=Ff-Fb
The above equation can also be derived from the torque formula
(28) as;
Torque=Fd × r (28)
where r=radius of the turbine pulley (177.5 mm) and T=Torque
(1,495 nm)
Then,
1495.185
8423.58
0.1775
d
T nm
F N
r m
= = =
Therefore, the driving force for the turbine pulley system is 8.423
kN (Table 4).
Electrical system components
The electrical components consist of the generator system and
transmission system. These components are related to the electrical
power produced and transmission to the consumers.
Generator system: The generator system will be operated with the
following rated design values:
Frequency, f=50 Hz
Rated power, Pe=75.5 kW Efficiency, eff=95%
Rated speed, N=1500 RPM Number of poles, p=4 Power factor,
p.f.=0.8
The generator power is calculated based on the available turbine
mechanical power using the following equation;
Pe=turbine mechanical power × generator efficiency
(Refer to the turbine mechanical power, Pm=0.45 m3
/s × 9.81 m/s2
× 25 m × 0.72=79.46 kW) Therefore, Electrical Power,
Pe=79.46 × 0.95=75.49 kW
Generator Pulley
diameter (mm)
Turbine pulley
diameter (mm)
Closest standard Turbine
pulley diameter (mm)
Turbine
speed
(RPM)
150 354.33 355 635
Table 3: Generator and Turbine pulley dimensions.
Figure 6: Turbine nozzle area.
Figure 7: Designed V-belt sectio
Figure 8: Efficiency range with d
Figure 7: Designed V-belt section.
7. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
Page 7 of 8
Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
S/N Parameter Value Unit Remarks
1 Turbine pulley diameter 355 mm
Standard value
2 Generator pulley diameter 150 mm
3 Length of the belt 1825 mm SPB1825
4 Belt velocity 11.7 m/s <40 so,OK
5 Belt centredistance 505.69 mm
6 Number of belts 4 pcs
7 Net driving force 8.42 kN
Table 4: Summary of pulley and belt drive design values.
Pe=75.5 kW (Figure 8) [11].
The generator power output will be supplied to the consumer load
through the local grid connections in the area. The generator design
output value is very much influenced by the turbine output power. The
synchronous speed, ws
of the generator is related to the speed N and is
given as (29):
2
60
s
N
W
π
= (29)
At the rated condition N=1500 RPM
So, synchronous speed
2 1500
157 rad/s
60
sW
π ×
= =
This can also be calculated using the following equation;
4 4 50
157 rad/ss
f
W
p p
π π ×
= = =
In the actual speed of the generator changes due to load changes
and this affects the actual speed of the generator. This speed value is the
difference between the actual speed and synchronous speed and is the
one that determines the instantaneous generator speed under different
loading condition as shown in Table 5 below.
Therefore, the difference in speed (RPM) from the above three
scenarios can be calculated as follows (40);
60
2
N W
π
∆ = ∆ (40)
At low power demand,
60
(156.37 157) 6.01 RPM
2
N
π
∆ = × − =−
(this indicate a generator speeds up which is over speed during low
demand)
At high power demand, (this indicate a generator slows down
which is under speed during high demand)
Discussion and Conclusion
In designing hydro turbines, many parameters need to be
considered on which most of them are obtained from a particular site.
Two of the most deterministic parameters to be considered are the
design flow discharge (Q) and site head (H) which are obtained from
the particular site during feasibility study and data measurements. In
Figure 8: Efficiency range with design flow discharge for different turbines.
Generator Power
(kW)
Generator speed
(RPM)
Generator speed
(rad/s)
Remarks
75 1500 157
Rated
capacity
40 1520 159.09 Minimum load
101.8 1494 156.37
Maximum
load
Table 5: Generator power and speed at different rated capacity.
additional to that, the two measured parameters can also be used to
determine the type of turbine technology to be used in a particular
hydropower project by using standard turbine selection charts. On the
other hand, when turbine design capacity need to be determined, the
value of flow discharge (Q) and site head (H) are also used as inputs
to determine the turbine power using the standard formulas. Thus,
using the results from the currents study for the turbine design, the
flow discharge for Hhaynu micro-hydropower plant is 0.45 m3
/s with
the site head of 25 m and based on the turbine selection charts, the
selected turbine type falls under the crossflow turbine technology.
The crossflow turbine technology has wider values of flow discharge
and head in the medium range which make them to be widely used
for micro- hydropower projects in off-grid rural areas. The crossflow
turbines can also be adapted locally with a simple design which results
to low in maintenance cost hence makes the micro- hydropower project
sustainable.
Acknowledgement
This turbine design project was funded by the Rural Energy Agency (REA) in
collaboration with Arusha Technical College-(ATC) as part of the Hhaynu Micro-
hydropower project development in Mbulu, Tanzania and my research study at
Newcastle University in the UK.
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8. Citation: Ngoma DH, Wang Y, Roskilly T (2019) Crossflow Turbine Design Specifications for Hhaynu Micro-Hydropower Plant-Mbulu, Tanzania. Innov
Ener Res 8: 225.
Page 8 of 8
Volume 8 • Issue 2 • 1000225Innov Ener Res, an open access journal
ISSN: 2576-1463
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