Agriculture is the cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock. It is the largest employment sector in India and contributes significantly to the country's GDP and exports. There are different types of farming practiced in India such as subsistence and commercial farming. Major crops include rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables. Technological and institutional reforms have helped improve agricultural productivity and ensure food security. However, Indian agriculture still faces challenges like low yields, water scarcity, and shift of labor to other sectors due to globalization.

1. LESSON 4
AGRICULTURE

2. What is Agriculture?
• The art or science of cultivating the ground or
producing varieties of food (Browne)
• The word originated from two Latin words
“agri”which means field
“Cultura”which means to till or act

3. Importance of agriculture
• Largest employment provider
• Helps in the economic development of
the country
• Providing raw-materials to industrial
sector
• Food supplier
• Integral part of Indian culture

4. Types of farming
• Primitive subsistence farming
• intensive subsistence farming
• Commercial farming

5. • Used small patches of
land
• Adopted traditional
methods of cultivation
• Depends on monsoon,
fertility of land and
other environmental
factors
• Low productivity
• Cultivated mainly for
self consumption
• Practiced in areas of high
population pressure on
land
• Labor intensive farming
• High doses of
biochemical inputs are
used
• Well irrigation facility
• High productivity
Primitive subsistence farming Intensive subsistence farming

6. Commercial farming
• Used modern farming methods like
machines,HYVs,fertilizers and pesticides
• Produced for commercial purpose
• Degree of commercialization is different in different
parts of the country
• Capital intensive method of production
• Plantation is a part of commercial farming
• It helps in the development of
transportation,cummunication and processing
industries

7. Cropping pattern in India
•Rabi
• Sown from October to December and harvested in
April to June
• Important rabi crops are wheat, barley ,peas ,gram …
• Rabi crops grown in large parts of our country
(Punjab,Haryana,uttarpradesh,jammu and Kashmir…)
• Climate is an important factor to rabi crops
• Green revolution has contributed much to this sector

8. kharif
• grown with onset of monsoon and harvested
in September –October
• Important kharif crops in India are
paddy,maize,jowar,bajra, cotton ,jute,
• Different kharif crops are grown in different
states of India
• Paddy-Kerala-Punjab-Haryana-Assam-
• Jute-west Bengal

9. Zaid
• Season in between rabi and kharif.
• It is a short season in summer
• Crops like watermelon, muskmelon ,cucumber,
vegetables are produced in this season

10. Major crops in India
Rice
Wheat
Millets
Pulses
Tea
Coffee
Sugarcane
Oil Seeds
Cotton
Jute

11. RICE
• Staple food
• Second largest producer in the world
• It is a kharif crop
• Requires high temperature(above 25 c °)
humidity and 100 cm rainfall to grow
• Grown in the plains of north ,north eastern
states , coastal areas and deltaic regions

12. wheat
• Second most important cereal crop in India
• It is the main rabi food crop of north and
north western parts of the country
• Required cool growing season ,bright sunlight
at the time of ripening and 50-75 cm rainfall
• Two important growing zones are Ganga-
Sutlaj and black soil region of Deccan
• Cultivated in Punjab,Haryana,UP, Bihar ,MP etc

13. Millets
• Jowar,Bajra and Ragi are the three important
millets grown in India
• High nutritional value
• Grown in moist areas which hardly need
irrigation
• Grow in sandy soil and shallow black soil
• Millets are cultivated in different parts of the
country
• Jowar-maharashtra,karnataka,AP and MP
• Bajra-Rajasthan-UP, maharashtra,gujarat and
Haryana
• Ragi-karnataka,TN ,Sikkim,Himachal Pradesh…….

14. maize
• Used as food and fodder
• Grow in kharif and rabi season
• Best result from alluvial soil
• Requires temperature from 23-27 ° c
• Maize producing states are,karnataka,AP ,UP MP
and Bihar

15. PULSES
• Largest producer and consumer of the world
• Source of proteins
• Pulses need less moisture and they survive
even in dry condition
• They restore fertility of soil by fixing nitrogen
from air
• They grown in rotation with other crops
• Major pulse items grown in India are
tur,urad,moong,masure,peas and gram
• Cultivated mainly in
MP,UP,Rajasthan,Maharastra

16. Other food crops
Sugarcane
→second largest producer in the world
→Grows well in hot and humid climate
→requires21-27 °temperature and 75-100 cm rainfall
→ Grown in variety of soils
→needs manual labor for sowing and harvesting
→cultivated in UP,TN,AP,maharastra,Bihar,Punjab….
Sugarcane

17. → India is the largest producer in the world
→ Cultivated 12% of total cropped area
→Groundnet,mustard,cocunut,sesamum,soyabeancas
tor seeds, cotton seeds and sun flower are the
important oil seeds found in India
→ Mainly it is used for cooking purpose
→used as a raw-material in detergents , cosmetics
and ointments
→cultivated in AP,TN,karnataka,Gujarat,maharashtra…
Oil seeds

18. Tea & Coffee
→ India is the leading producer and exporter of tea
→they are Plantation and Beverage crops
→4% of worlds total coffee production is from India
→ Grows well in tropical and sub tropical climates
→ requires deep and fertile well drained soil and
Warm and moist free climate
→cultivated inkerala,TN,WestBengal,Assam,Himachal
Pradesh,AP Uttaranchal and Meghalaya………..
→Indian coffee is very famous in the world market
with its quality
Tea & Coffee

19. • India is the largest producer of fruits and
vegetables in the world
• India produces 13% of world,s vegetables
• All types of vegetables are produced in India
• Indian fruits are very famous in world market
• They are cultivated in different states of India
• World famous Indian fruits
• Mangoes of Maharashtra,AP,UP and west Bengal-------grapes of AP
• Oranges of Nagpur and Meghalaya- ----- guava of UP and Bihar
• Bananas of Kerala and Mizoram ----apples and apricots of Jammu
Horticulture crops

20. Non- food crops
Rubber
1 Fifth largest producer in the world
2 An important industrial raw-materials
3 Grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas
4 Requires moist and humid climate with rainfall
of 200cm and temperature above 25 c
5 Cultivated in kerala,TN,karnataka,meghalaya
and Andaman and Nichobar islands

21. Fiber crops
cotton
• India-original home of cotton
• Third largest producer
• Raw-material to cotton textile
industry
• Grows well in black soil
• Requires high temperature
• Need low rainfall,210 frost free
days and bright sunshine
• It is a kharif crop
• Grows in Gujarat, MP,AP,TN
,Maharashtra,punjab,Up etc…..
jute
• Second largest producer
• High temperature required
• Environmentally products
• Produced in WestBengal, Bihar,
Assam,Orissa and meghalaya
−Obtained from cocoons of the
silkworms
− Rearing of silkworms for the
production of silk fiber is called
sericulture
silk

22. Contribution of agriculture to economy,
employment and output
• It is the backbone of our economy
• 63% of people are engaged in agricultural sector
• Contributes 25% of GDP
• Brings foreign exchange to the country
• Feeds the people of India
• Raw materials to agro-based industries
• Major part of our export is from agricultural sector

23. Drawbacks of Indian agriculture
• Low productivity
• Seasonal and disguised unemployment
• Lack of irrigational facilities
• Used traditional methods of agriculture
• Leads to degradation of land area
• Inadequate facilities like storage and markets
• Presence of mediators
• Ignorance of farmers about modern farming
methods

24. Yes,
If there is a problem, there is a solution
How
it is through institutional and
technological reforms

25. Institutional reforms
• Zamindhari system has been abolished
• Consolidation of holdings through co-operative
societies and other measures
• Enacted land reform act
• New schemes like Kisan Credit Card(KCC) and
Personal Accident Insurance Scheme(PAIS)
• Facilities for crop insurance against natural
calamities
• Setting up of credit facilities
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural
programs has been broadcasting through radio
and television channels
• Announcement of minimum support price,
remunerative and procurement prices from time to
time

26. Technological reforms
Technological reforms refers to use of systematic improved and
scientific methods
• Introduced new machines in agricultural fields
like Tractors,Tillers,sowing and harvesting
machines etc….
• New methods in irrigation like electric motor
pumbs,drip and sprinkle irrigation
• Introduction of chemical fertilizers ,pesticides and
insecticides
• Provided New seeds and other technological
facilities to farmers

27. Food security
• It refers to every citizen of the country should
have access to food which provides minimum
nutritional level
• Two components of National food security system
• Buffer stock: it is the inventory of inputs
held as a reserve against short term
shortages and to dampen excessive prices
of commodities.FCI is the responsible
body for procuring and stocking food
grains
• Public distribution system: it is a program

28. Threats to food security
• Shift of farmers from cultivation of food grains to
other crops like fruits,vegetables,rubber etc….
• Increase in population
• Reduction in net sown area due to different reasons
• Decline in the productivity of land
• Scarcity of water
• Migration of people from agricultural sector to
other sectors
• High price of inputs which are used in cultivation

29. Impact of Globalization on Agriculture
What is globalization?
“It is the integration of the domestic economy with the
world economy through trade, capital flow,
investment, migration etc….”
Impacts:-
• It creates unemployment in agricultural sector
• It brings modern methods of production and technologies to our
country.
• It improves quality and competency of Indian agriculture
• It leads to the migration of labors from primary sector to other
sectors.
• Easy access to Indian products in the world market
• Adversely affect bio-diversity
• Decline of agricultural sector

30. Do you know?
• Green revolution-to increase agricultural production
• White revolution- to increase milk production
• Blue revolution- to increase fish produce
• Red revolution- to increase meat production
• Dry farming- type of cultivation by maintaining moisture
• Wet farming- way of cultivation practiced in high rainfall
or well irrigated area

31. The end
by
sainuddeen
zainuiisj912@gmail.com