This document discusses various aspects of critical thinking, including perception and presuppositions, cognitive biases, logical fallacies, types of reasoning, problem deconstruction, and building strong arguments. It provides information on how perception is formed through a perceptual process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting external and internal stimuli. Factors that influence perception, like the target object and perceiver characteristics, are examined. Methods for increasing perception through critical thinking and awareness of thinking patterns are presented. The document also explores concepts like attribution theory, perceptual grouping, shortcuts in judging others, and working to identify presuppositions.

1. 1) Perception and Presuppositions
2) Cognitive Biases
3) Logical Fallacies
4) Deductive, Inductive and Abductive reasoning
5) Problem Deconstruction
6) Building a Strong Argument
7) Decision making

2. Perception And
Presuppositions
Meetup Workshop – Diana & Karina
Critical
Thinking for IT

3. “We don’t see things as they
are, we see them as we are.”
– Anais Nin

4. 4
Can we increase our Perception?
To become better problem solvers,
when it comes to taking a decision in a
non deceived manner.
Why would we want to increase
our perception?
All you need is some will power and
an open mind, which permits you to
think outside the box.
What do you need to change your
perception?
You will start to understand others‘
reasons and actions and this will give
you a more objective image of reality.
What if the enhancement of your
perception will make you get rid of
some frustrations?
You can increase your perception by
using Critical Thinking and becoming
more aware of your thinking patterns.
How do you actually increase your
perception?

5. 5
How to define Perception
THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Is the process by which people
translate sensory impressions into a
coherent and unified view of the world
around them …
After the internal and external stimuli
are received the selection comes into
place, followed by the organization of
these stimuli and their interpretation,
converting everything into a response.
INFORMATION
Selecting stimuli
External factors: location, size, contrast
Internal factors: needs, interest, learning
Organizing
Figure background, perpetual
organization (perceptual grouping)
Interpreting
Attribution, Projection, Stereotyping
Response
Attitude, motivation,
feeling

6. 6
Factors that influence PERCEPTION
Target/Object: novelty, motion, sound, size,
background, proximity, similarity
Perceiver: attitudes, motives, interests,
expectations, personal experience, self-concept
Situation/Context: time, work setting, social
setting

7. 7
PERCEPTUAL Grouping
THE NEED OF PATTERN RECOGNITION
Bad Team Good Team

8. 8
PERCEPTUAL Grouping
THE NEED OF PATTERN RECOGNITION
Proximity: things that are near
each other seem to be grouped
together
Enclosure: areas surrounded
by a barrier give a sense of
grouping
Similarity: similar things tend
to appear grouped together
Closure: the law of closure tells
us that forms are grouped
together if they seem to define
an entity
Continuity: points connected by
straight or curving lines are seen
in a way that follows the
smoothest path
Connection: shapes are linked
one to another and give the
impression of continuity
Bad
Team
Good
Team

9. ATTRIBUTION Theory
HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN THE CAUSE OF A BEHAVIOUR?
Dispositional (internal cause) vs Situational (external cause)
Attribution
When we decipher behavior, we take into
account 3 kinds of evidence:
Distinctiveness: If Tom only laughs at this
comedian, the distinctiveness is high. If Tom
laughs at everything, then distinctiveness is
low.
Consistency: If Tom always laughs at this
comedian the consistency is high. If Tom
rarely laughs at this comedian, then
consistency is low.
Consensus: If everybody in the audience is
laughing, the consensus is high. If only Tom
is laughing consensus is low.

10. 10
Shortcuts in judging OTHERS
Selective Perception:
People selectively
interpret what they see on
the basis of their interests,
background, experience
and attitudes.
Halo Effect: Drawing a
general impression
about an individual on
the basis of a single
characteristic.
Contrast Effect: Evaluation of a person’s
characteristics that are affected by
comparison with other people recently
encountered who rank higher or lower on the
same characteristics.
Projection: Attributing
one’s own characteristics
to other people.
Stereotyping: Judging
someone on the basis of one’s
perception of the group to
which that person belongs.
13% 87%
The British Science Association made a study on how
many individuals judge their colleagues at work.

11. “There are things known and
there are things unknown, and
in between are the doors of
perception.”
– Aldous Huxley

12. Practical application for awareness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubNF9QNEQLA

13. 13
WORKING ON Presuppositions
Working on Presuppositions to improve Perception
A presupposition is a
thing tacitly
assumed
beforehand at the
beginning of a line of
argument or course
of action.

14. Question 1 of 5
Where does this road end?
1.Presupposes nothing.
2.Presupposes there is a road and it has an end.
3.Presupposes I am familiar with this road.
4.Presupposes that all roads have end-points.

15. Question 2 of 5
When do I get to see the money?
1.Presupposes that there is money.
2.Presupposes that I can see.
3.Both 1 and 2.
4.Neither 1 nor 2.

16. Question 3 of 5
How can I replace a flat tire?
1.Presupposes that there is a flat tire.
2.Presupposes that this is an appropriate or reasonable
question in the context.
3.Presupposes that there is a spare tire.
4.None of the above.

17. Question 4 of 5
Should Fred take math?
1.Presupposes nothing.
2.Presupposes that Fred wants to take a class.
3.Presupposes Fred can enroll in a math class.
4.Both 2 and 3.

18. Question 5 of 5
Which of you likes pizza?
1.Presupposes some of us like pizza.
2.Presupposes that pizza exists (i.e., that there is a food
called pizza).
3.Presupposes that at least some of us know what​ pizza is
(i.e. presupposes that some of us have eaten pizza
before).
4.All the above.

19. THANK YOU
Haufe-Group