Critical Information Infrastructure Systems Worldwide

Critical Information Infrastructure Systems Worldwide
Introduction In modern society, most (if not all) countries have Critical Infrastructure (CI) sectors
that manage the security, management and distribution of imperative resources for the survival of
the country. Examples of these critical infrastructure sectors are water and sanitation, energy and
utilities, transportation and Information Technology Communications among others. Critical
Information Infrastructures (CII) systems are used for controlling and managing the respective CI.
The critical information infrastructure systems worldwide are evolving from traditionally being
stand–alone, isolated, non–connected systems to being interconnected via networks and the internet
(Valdes, 2014). This implementation was a manifestation of numerous advantageous reasons
including data sharing amongst critical infrastructure systems, improved efficiency, quality reporting
and the ability to remotely control and monitor Critical Infrastructure plants. The increase in
connectivity, however, has given rise to disadvantages as well. The internet is a public global
platform and thus, the security vulnerabilities that can potentially disrupt, substitute, eavesdrop on
Critical Information Infrastructure have also increased. These issues become paramount to a country
due to the nature of the operations that are at stake. This paper entails a discussion about Intrusion
Detection and Prevention Systems. An explanation with reference to what they are, what they are
used for, where, why and
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Implementation Of The Sdn Switch Core, Interconnection Of...
This section contains information about the implementation of the SDN switch core, interconnection
of multiple SDN switches with the SDN controller (PowerPC) and the attacker nodes (Microblaze).
The main functionality of the SDN switch is to modify packet header fields based on the flow table
and forward it to the next port(s). The SDN controller is responsible for programming the flow table
in each switch and monitor these switches to observe each packet flow. The Microblaze processor,
acting as attacker nodes plays the role of an outside network and transmits packets at different
programmable rates to the SDN switch network using an array of packet drivers. The big picture
showing the connection between different components is given in Figure 3.1. The chapter is divided
into two main sections. Section 3.1 describes the details of hardware implementation and section 3.4
describes the software implementation. 3.1 SDN Switch The Figure 3.2 shows the implementation
of a 4 × 4 programmable switch implemented with store and forward architecture. It contains
multiple internal registers for software access to provide insight about the traffic flowing through the
switch. This switch is a simplified version of NetFPGA's 1G Switch [21]. The logic is customized so
that multiple switches can fit in to one FPGA. This switch provides 10–tuple matching to identify a
flow and can support 32 flows at a time. The flow lookup table is implemented in a hash table which
is programmed by

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Power factor monitor & control 63. PROCURE SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE USING CAN
PROTOCOL 64. TCP/IP BASED STUDENT ATTENDANCE LOGGING SYSTEM 65. SECURE
SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE 66. CARGO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 67. Temperature
Data Logger 68. SMS Enabled Industrial Networking 69. Digital Anemometer 70. Mobile car
Security System 71. ETHERNET BASED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM 72. Electricity theft
Identification using RF Modems 73. Security Integrated System Based On WAP For Remote
Monitoring and Control of Industrial Process 74. Railway Gate Management using GPS and GSM
75. Priority for Emergency Vehicles in Traffic Signals 76. WIRELESS SENSORY BASED

ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTEM 77. Programmable Hopper Controller 78. TCP/IP BASED
ENERGY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICITY BOARD 79. Wireless Temperature
Monitoring and Controlling Using Embedded System 80. GPS GSM based patient monitoring 81.
Security System for Remote Access using Telephone Line 82. I2C EPROM Programmers 83.
Multi>channel Temperature Monitor & controller 84. RF Based Embedded Virtual Highway Patrol
85. Mail Transfer System 86. Lift control System 87. Tyre pressure monitoring system 88.
WIRELESS SECURE POLLING SYSTEM USING GPRS 89. Accident identification system 90.
Pc to Microcontroller communication Through USART. 91. Wireless Water Level Controller 92.
Traffic Priority for Ambulance 93. Telephone interface security system 94. VOICE BASED AUTO
RECEPTIONIST FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Network-Based Network Essay
1. Introduction
As the number of modules in Systems–on–Chip (SoCs) increases, bus based interconnection
architectures may prevent these systems to meet the performance required by many applications. For
systems with intensive parallel communicat–ion requirements buses may not provide the required
bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. A solution for such a communication bottleneck is the
use of an embedded switching network, called Network–on–Chip (NoC), to interconnect the
modules in SoCs. NoCs design space is considerably larger when compared to a bus–based solution,
as different routing and arbitration strategies can be implemented as well as different organizations
of the communication infrastructure.
A network–on–chip is composed of three main building blocks. The first and most important one are
the links that physically connect the nodes and actually implement the communication. The second
block is the router, which implements the communication protocol. The last building block is the
network adapter (NA) or network interface (NI). This block makes the logic connection between the
cores and the network, since each core may have a distinct interface protocol with respect to the
network.
A communication link is composed of a set of wires and connects two routers in the network. Links
may consist of one or more logical or physical channels and each channel is composed of a set of
wires. A NoC link has two physical channels making a full–duplex connection between

Implementing Complex Protocols On The Network System
Introduction:–
In the present computer networks are being built by implementing complex protocols on an array of
network devices such as routers, switches and middleware like ISD intrusion detection systems and
firewalls systems. In order to allow the network to be modified to the changing environment, the
network Administrator have to manually configures all new configuration policies by converting
them into the low level commands that are supported by the system. Companies need to depend on
the network vendors in order to deal with the problems related to security, scalability, manageability
and other issues. Many efforts have been done to make the network programmable even before the
SDN. Some of those are Forces (2003), Routing Control Platform (2004), Ethane (2007), and Open
Flow (2008).
Main body:–
Network technology passed many stapes to reach the advance level it is now a days. The first step
was how to control a packet–switched network which started the project Forces which was
implemented in 2003. It has Protocols for multiple control elements and forwarding elements, the
project failed because it requires standardization, adoption, deployment of new hardware. After the
failure of Forces a new project have been applied called Routing Control Platform (RCP) which was
implemented in 2004.The RCP computes routes on behalf of routers, the RCP uses existing routing
protocol (BGP) to communicate routes to routers. The RCP Convert the best route of internal
routing

Sjaq
.‫الفرا‬ ‫ماجد‬ :‫‫الدكتور‬
‬
‫أبودية‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫إياد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫‫اسم‬
‬
202240021 :‫الجامعي‬ ‫‫الرقم‬
‬
The controlling : ‫‫الموضوع‬
‬
What is Controlling
Controlling consists of verifying whether everything occurs in conformities with the plans adopted,
instructions issued and principles established. Controlling ensures that there is effective and efficient
utilization of organizational resources so as to achieve the planned goals.
Controlling measures the deviation of actual performance from the standard performance, discovers
the causes of such deviations and helps in taking corrective actions.
Process of Controlling
:
Process control is extensively used in industry and enables mass production of consistent products
from continuously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Financial Controls: Financial controls focus on income, expenditures, cash flow, asset mix, and
acquisition of funds and investment of funds.
Informational control: This control helps managers and others get the information they need to make
lamely and intelligent decisions. It focuses on collection processing, storage, security and
dissemination of data at the right time and place, in suitable quantity quality and format.
Operational Controls: This monitors production, marketing finance, and staff process; inventory
control; effectiveness of planning abilities and method used to meet customer needs.
Different Internal Controls:
Generally speaking there are two types: preventive and detective controls. Both types of controls are
essential to an effective internal control system. From a quality standpoint, preventive controls are
essential because they are proactive and emphasize quality. However, detective controls play a
critical role by providing evidence that the preventive controls are functioning as intended:
Preventive Controls are designed to discourage errors or irregularities

Pisces : A Programmable, Protocol-Independent Software...
We propose a mechanism to dynamically move an existing firewall from one switch to another
switch. We design a service in the P4 Controller, that can detect and prevent a DOS attack using a
multi–layer firewall approach and the packet counters available inside the P4 firewall. This service
is also leveraged to enable a Honeypot intrusion detection–prevention system. We provide an
evaluation of the packet–processing capability of the P4 firewall and a comparative study between
an NFV based firewall [1] and P4Guard. Current State–of–the–Art Paper [4], paper [5] "PISCES: A
Programmable, Protocol–Independent Software Switch" and paper [6] "DC.p4: programming the
forwarding plane of a data–center switch" demonstrates the mechanism of dynamic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A simple python based framework is designed which can dynamically inject rules to this firewall, by
sending control messages to the switch, which is then forwarded to the virtual firewall. The firewall
framework proposed here could be dynamically created and destroyed, dynamically updated with
new states and also dynamically moved to any part of the virtual network without the firewall state
being destroyed. Design and Demonstration of SDN–Based Flexible Flow Converging with
Protocol–Oblivious Forwarding (POF) [2] This paper proposes a mechanism to avoid the protocol–
independent nature of OpenFlow. It introduces Protocol–Oblivious Forwarding based flexible flow
converging (F–FC) scheme, that allows the user to reconfigures the data plane with a protocol
independent instruction set. This increases the scalability of the switch feature–set and thus widen
the horizon of SDN framework. User–defined actions for SDN [3] This paper focusses on the need
of including user–defined actions inside the switch. As the vendors support different feature–set they
need to include vendor–specific headers to OpenFlow protocol. This solution does not scale. Thus
this paper introduces TagFlow, a mechanism of defining user–defined actions inside the switch.
High speed packet forwarding compiled from protocol independent data plane specifications [4]
This paper proposes a high–level programming language called

Architecture Of Automated System Systems
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE NO
Figure 1 : Architecture of Automated System 02
Figure 2 : Block diagram of Project 04
Figure 3 : LabVIEW contains several valuable components 06
Figure 4 : LabVIEW connects to almost any hardware device 07
Figure 5 : (A) and (B) are Block diagram of PLC 09
Figure 6 : Design of PLC operation 11
Figure 7 : Different types of PLC 13
Figure 8 : Capacitive sensors 14
Figure 9 : Inspection Camera 16
Figure 10 : Single–acting cylinder 17
Figure 11 : Symbols of 3/2 solenoid valves 18
Figure 12 : Schematic 3/2 NC solenoid valve single acting cylinder 19
Figure 13 : Pneumatic Valve 19
Figure 14 : Classification of Air compressor 20
Figure 15 : Reciprocity(Piston type) Air Compressor 21
Figure 16 : USB RS–485 Converter 22
Figure 17 : Conveyor–Belt 23
Figure 18 : Single–Phase Synchronous Motor 25
Figure 19 : Empathy Mapping Canvas 26
Figure 20 : Ideation Canvas 27
Figure 21 : Product Development Canvas 29
Figure 22 : AEIOU Summary 31
Figure 23 : Block Diagram of Automated System 32
Figure 24 : Project Hardware 33
Chapter 1: Introduction
In today's fast moving, highly competitive industrial world, a company must be flexible, cost
effective and efficient if it wishes to survive. In Process and Manufacturing Industries, this has
resulted in a great demand for industrial automation in order to streamline operations in terms of
speed, reliability, and product output. Industries involve many products to be manufactured and
should be divided into different

Assessment of the Scada, Stuxnet Worm on US and Global...
Assessment of the SCADA/Stuxnet Worm on U.S. and Global Infrastructures
The rapid proliferation of malware and sophisticated computer viruses capable of electronically
interrupting and dismantling nuclear sites, key elements of infrastructure to the Programmable Logic
Controller device level while "learning" or accumulating knowledge at the same time is becoming
more pervasive. The well–known Stuxnet worm, which experts theorize was originally funded and
supported technologically by one or more nations to attack Iran's Bushehr reactor (Greengard, 2010)
is one of the most strategically lethal cyberweapons in existence today. What makes the Stuxnet
worm so lethal is its ability to traverse and navigate Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) networks, targeting specific devices and programmable controllers down to the
manufacturer and operational block level (Network Security, 2010). The Stuxnet worm is widely
believed to be designed to quickly navigate the Microsoft–based platform of the Iranian Bushehr
reactor and disable it from operating, as this nation is widely believed to be using the reactor to
produce uranium for their weapons program (Network Security, 2010). The stealth–like nature and
speed of the Stuxnet worm has also been problematic to catch even in controlled SCADA–based
infrastructure systems. The level of sophistication of this threat is at a level not seen before by many
organizations and national security agencies (Greengard, 2010). The intent of

My Training At Finetech Controls Pvt
ABSTRACT
The focus of my training at Finetech Controls Pvt. Ltd. was Industrial Automation and its
applications in the modern era of industries, be it in manufacturing, quality control, or material
handling processes. During this period I was made aware about the fundamentals and components
involved in the field of automation, from manual switches to sophisticated sensors, along with their
operating principles, powering circuits and application based installation. Training was also
provided on the operation of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) in order to control each of the
various components involved in a process with a purpose to remotely control, troubleshoot and
manipulate that process in accordance with the need of the industry, all with the help of a computer
device. It also comprised of the basics about Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and their
applications in speed and rotational direction control of motors.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Topic Page
1. Abstract i
2. Introduction 1
3. Components of Industrial Automation:
1. Switches
a. Mechanical Switches
b. Electromechanical Switches
c. Electronic Switches – Sensors
2. Controllers : Timers and Counters 2
2
7
12
19
4. DRIVES
1. VFDs
2. Fundamental Function Codes 23
24
26
5. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS

1. Components of a PLC
2. Fundamentals of PLC
3. Programming
4. A Scaled Conveyor System 27
28
29
31
35
6. Conclusion and Scope 38
7. References 39 INTRODUCTION
Automation is a term which is used widely

The Controller Of Sdn Architecture : Stronger New Heart...
The Controller in SDN architecture:
Stronger new heart for Broadband Network
Tian Mei
Illinois Institute of Technology
Computer Science college
Stuart Building 10 W 31 ST
Chicago, United States tmei1@hawk.iit.edu Abstract–Software–Defined Networking (SDN) is a
new intelligent architecture which is composited by several kinds of network technology aimed at
making the network as agile and flexible as possible. The SDN Controller is one of the most
important components in the SDN architecture. The SDN Controller can help the network
architecture to reduce hardware limitations, and allowing network engineers and administrators to
respond quickly to changing business requirement. It indicates the perfect relationships between
software ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SDN architectures decouple network control and forwarding functions, enabling network control to
become directly programmable and the underlying infrastructure to be abstracted from applications
and network services. Figure 2. SDN Architecture
II. SDN CONTROLLER
1. At first, the SDN Controller is designed as the following functions：
(1) "Translating the requirements from the SDN Application layer down to the SDN Data paths."
(2) "Providing the SDN Applications with an abstract view of the network (which may include
statistics and events). "
An SDN Controller consists of one or more NBI Agents, the SDN Control Logic, and the Control to
Data–Plane Interface (CDPI) driver. As in Figure 3 shows, an SDN controller will command the
switches, the switch will do what actions they should take by the southbound API. Open Flow is the
only way between an SDN controller and switches. Anther need to point out is that the
programmability of SDN controller is by implementing a northbound API. The
Figure 3. SDN and Switch & Open flow
2. The Functions of SDN controller.
The SDN controller have ten factors totally. As fig.4 shows, there are 1. Open Flow Support, 2.
Network Virtualization, 3. Network Functionality, 4. Scalability, 5. Performance, 6. Network
Programmability, 7. Reliability, 8. Security of the Network, 9. Centralized Management and

Visualization, 10. The SDN Controller Vendor.
For example, for the security of the Network, the SDN

The Uk Manufacturing Industry Is The Third Largest Of The...
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION OF THIS RESEARCH
The UK manufacturing industry is the fifth largest in the world [1] and it is a significant contributor
to the UK's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As examples, the UK aerospace and defence industry is
the second largest in the world, accounting for $40bn of annual sales and the UK has the third
largest automotive industry in Europe, with total sales of around £9bn (11% of the UK's total
exports) [2].
In manufacturing, automation has replaced some dangerous, mundane, arduous and routine manual
operations, for example, transportation of heavy parts, stamping of large parts, repetitive welding
and bolt fastening. However, skilled operators still carry out critical manual processes in various
industries such as aerospace, automotive and heavy–machinery. Most of these processes are
complex because operators receive a high number of inputs or because the relations among inputs
change dynamically over time (or both). These inputs are; ‎
parts, tools, ‎
information cues, ‎
stimuli,
data or ‎
procedure [3]. In addition, if these inputs are affected by variability, the complexity of the
process will increase.
In the context of manufacturing, variability is suggested as a main cause of lack of robustness in
‎
‎
production processes. It can be defined as any unwanted deviation from some pre–determined
requirements [4]. As manufacturing processes are not perfect, some manufactured parts have
uncontrolled geometric variations from the nominal values.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a single–chip microcomputer that contains all the components such as the CPU,
RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers.
Unlike a general purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a micro controller
is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system. Micro controllers are sometimes
called embedded microcontrollers, which just means that they are part of an embedded system. A
microprocessor is a general–purpose digital computer with central processing unit (CPU), which
contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), a program counter (PC), a stack pointer (SP), some
working registers, a clock timing circuit, and interrupts circuits.
The main disadvantage of microprocessor is that it has no on–chip memory. So we are going for
micro controller since it has on–board programmable ROM and I/O that can be programmed for ...
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The series of diodes used is IN4007.
ii) Filters:
The output of a rectifier contain d.c component as well as a.c component. Filters are used to
minimize the undesirable a.c., i.e. ripple leaving only the d.c.an inexpensive filter for light load in
the capacitor filter, which is connected directly across the load for high pass filter resistance should
be connected in parallel with capacitor and output is taken across capacitor. When low pass filter is
required output is taken across the resistance.
iii)Voltage regulators:
In an unregulated power supply, the output voltage changes whenever. The input voltage or load
changes. A voltage regulator is an electronic component that provides a stable d.c voltage
independent of the load current, temperature and a.c. line voltage variations. Component series used
as voltage regulator is 78xx and 79xx. Since it is required to connect capacitor before the voltage
regulator in order to block a.c current totally. For 12v output, operating range of capacitor should
around of 25v, which is quite sufficient to drive

Annotated Bibliography On Import Java
import java.io.*; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner;
public class Processor { // Register variables
static int IR, AC, X, Y, timer; static int PC = 0; static int SP = 1000; static int instructionCount = 0;
static int userStack = 1000; static int systemStack = 2000;
// turns to false on interrupts static boolean userMode = true; // avoid nested interrupt execution
static boolean interrupt = false;
public static void main(String args[]) {
String file = null; // check argument length if (args.length == 2) { // checks and sets interrupt timer
file = args[0]; timer = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); } else { // throws error for wrong input argument
System.out.println("Invalid argument."); System.exit(0); }
try { // create child processor and pipe Runtime runTime = Runtime.getRuntime(); Process process
= runTime.exec("java Memory");
OutputStream outputStream = process.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter printWriter = new
PrintWriter(outputStream);
// maps input stream to scanner to read from memory InputStream inputStream =
process.getInputStream(); Scanner memoryScanner = new Scanner(inputStream);
// function to send file name to memory sendArgumentToMemory(printWriter, inputStream,
outputStream, file);
while (true) {
//checking interrupt timer if (instructionCount > 0 && (instructionCount % timer) == 0 &&
interrupt == false) { interrupt = true;// if true then

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Energy Automation
Today, it has become necessary to control energy consumption. The main aim of energy automation
is to protect the energy. To minimize the risks. Basic principles of automation;
1 Calculation of energy costs
2 Provision and reporting of energy sustainability
3 Timely detection of possible failures
4 Determination of energy consumption points
ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY AUTOMATION
We use energy automation energy in the most economical way, life and property do not risk. Energy
saving to keep us under control. The fault is detected most easily by the system. Much safer and safe
operation is provided.
STRUCTURE OF ENERGY AUTOMATION SYSTEM
It consists of 3 basic parts.
1. Control and Control System
Control system usually uses plc (Programmable Logic Controller). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By means of operator screens in the control center, the operation of the plant is controlled and
automatically executed, and the operator also has the possibility of controlling and controlling the
computer. For more efficient operation of the system, computer automation is required for more
reliable, more economical operation. System control and monitoring software has been implemented
for this. Monitoring of the system in the computer environment makes the control and control of the
system more flexible.
We can sort out the benefits in the following way
1.Save time and work power by reducing maintenance time
2.Detection of energy consumption points and energy saving measures
3.Prevention of suspended situations (Demand and compensation)
4.Move in such a way as to not allow human error
5.Registration of system interventions
6.Instant notification and recording of alarms in the

Education And Success Levels Of All Students On Their Campus
Introduction and Background The main idea of ELCC Standard One is the role the administrator
takes to influence the education and success levels of all students on their campus. It is imperative
the administrator works with all stakeholders to help facilitate the development, articulation, and
implementation of a vision that everyone can agree on. The principal must embrace and support
their vision before they can expect others to share their vision. It is important for the administrator to
build relationships with the staff and community before they expect their vision to be excepted.
They need to not only tell they community and staff their vision, but they must lead their
stakeholders to collaboratively build the school's vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The school must re–state the importance of the vision every time there is an opportunity. The school
must remind faculty and students of the vision, and communicate the vision to students, parents, and
the learning community through our school newsletter, our school Web site, and any other available
outlets.
When talking about student achievement at Bernal Middle School Mr. Mendez stated the struggling
students were in the special education program. One way Bernal is trying to reach the parents of
these students is by newsletters, phone calls and meetings that discuss our special education
programs. Recently, the school created an outreach program that showed parents of special
education student our collaborative model of learning. The parents were invited by phone, email and
newsletter to attend a meeting that focused on the achievement of their student. The meeting
introduced them to the learning techniques that were being showcased in a collaborative model
classroom. The program was not as successful as intended but more than twenty–five parents
attended and were able to share this vision with the school.
PLCs Not an Ordinary Planning Period Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) are slowly
becoming more relevant in public education. Any school that wishes to improve their

Fpgas Advantages And Disadvantages
I. INTRODUCTION With the advent of modern controls theory and in the semiconductor
technology, the use of high sophisticated technologies, advance digital controllers and embedded
systems which include microprocessors, DSPs (digital signal processors), ASICs (application–
specific integrated circuits), and FPGAs (field–programmable gate arrays).in the area of AC power
control have become global challenges nowadays[1]. Recently FPGAs have become a good
alternative answer and have been generally accepted as a tool for the controller`s platform in high
performance embedded control system[2]. This device completely give inventors the ad–liberty to
use their design customs adapted to their area of applications, by allowing both hardware and
software to be customized at very low cost[3], it has a key impact on hardware or software co–
design and they are used as devices for rapid pro–to typing, and for final products[4]. This find
application in sophisticated motor drive systems, such as fully integrated controllers, sensor less
control, sensor less control with an extended Kalman filter algorithms, and adaptive fuzzy based
controller[5]. Also in some application like Intelligent maximum power point trackers for
photovoltaic applications, Realization of active power filter based on indirect ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, these devices belong to the so called semi–custom Application Specific Integer Circuits
(ASICs). The latter low cost devices consist of predesigned (by the manufacturer) elementary cells
and interconnections that can be programmed and interconnected by the user. This has the credit to
allow rapid–prototyping solutions and make the design process more flexible and cheaper. This is
not the case for full–custom ASICs, which are manufactured for a specific application and cannot be
user

Mobile Networks : The New Norm For Networks
Latest trends such as mobiles, IT–as–a–Service, Server Virtualization and the requirement to
respond rapidly to developing business conditions are placing demands on the network, which
cannot be handled by today's conventional network architectures. Software–Defined Networking
proposes new approach to avoid the traditional vertically integrated networking stack in order to
improve the present basic network architecture by improving architectural flexibility and
manageability. SDN enables "mass customization" of network operations to better support
differentiated services. With this technology a single program can control the behavior of entire
networks.
Networking in future will rely completely on software, which will help increase the ... Show more
All these transformation of high level policies into low level configuration commands with adaption
to changing network conditions is done manually. Frequently, they likewise need to finish these
exceptionally perplexing errands with access to extremely constrained instruments. As a result,
system administration and execution tuning is very testing and subsequently slip inclined. The way
that system gadgets are generally vertically–coordinated secret elements worsens the test system
administrators and chairmen face.
An alternate practically unsurmountable test system professionals furthermore analysts face has
been alluded to as "Internet ossification". Due to its tremendous organization base and the actuality
it is viewed as a major aspect of our societies critical infrastructure (much the same as transportation
and force frameworks), the Internet has gotten to be greatly difficult to develop both as far as its
physical framework and in addition its conventions and execution. Then again, as present and rising
Internet applications and administrations get to be progressively more unpredictable and requesting,
it is basic that the Internet have the capacity to advance to address these new difficult.
The thought of "programmable networks" has been proposed as an approach to encourage system
development. Specifically, Software Defined Networking (SDN) is another systems administration
ideal

Industrial Process Monitoring By Using Raspberry Pi And...
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS MONITORING BY USING RASPBERRY PI AND WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION 1ANJALI V. PATIL, 2A.M.PATKI 1Final Year M.E Communication Systems,
ICEM Pune 2Prof. and HOD of Electronics and Telecommunication, ICEM Pune E–mail:
1anjali.patil2503@gmail.com, 2anjali511964@gmail.com Abstract–Wireless communication is
widely used in various fields like automation, military etc. The advanced technologies in wireless
sensor network (WNS) lowers he data rate failure and increases its productivity in automation. This
paper proposes a design and implementation of industrial process monitoring by using raspberry pi
and wireless communication. The system consists of a single master and multiple slaves with
wireless communication based on WSN and a raspberry pi system that can either operate on
raspbian linux operating system. The parameters that can be tracked are current, voltage,
temperature, and water level. The Android app is made to control industrial automation
automatically using cloud. Manager manages this app with specific username and password.
Manager can control this app automatically or manually.
Keywords– Wireless communication, raspberry pi, industrial, Internet of Things (IoT).
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is the best technology and it is widely used in industry

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Miniature Circuit Breaker
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition : Water is important resource for all the livings in the earth. In that
some people are not getting the sufficient amount of water because of unequal distribution of water.
So we implement this project. This project is used to distributing the water equally. So that everyone
gets the equal amount of water. It also used to prevent the water theft during the distribution period.
In past time person in charge will go to that place and open the valve for a particular time period.
Once the time over again the in charge person will go to the same place and close the valve. It is
wastage of time. The proposed system is fully automated. Here human work and time is reduced.
Water wastages such as leakages and operating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fast operation. High reliability. Long service life. Compact design. Disadvantages: Control signal
must stay on during operation. CHAPTER : 9 MCB INTRODUCTION MCBs or Miniature Circuit
Breakers are electromechanical devices which protect an electrical circuit from an over current as
well as overload condition. MCB is a better than Fuse since it does not require replacement once an
overload is detected. In the case of tripping because of a current overload, MCBs are very easy to
reset, which is much simpler to do that having to replace blown fuses. MCBs also trip to stop the
current from flowing much faster than fuses can operate. When the current exceeds its pre–
determined value, solenoid forces the moveable contact to open and the MCB turns off and
discontinuing the current to flow in the circuit. To resume the flow of current; the MCB needs to be
turned on manually. Fig. 9.1 MCB Advantages: MCB is quick work against short circuit. MCB is
work quickly on overloading and under voltage. MCB is reliable. Disadvantages: The cost of MCB
is greater than fuse. The cost of on MCB distribution board is greater than rewire able fuse

Automatic Punching Machine
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Synopsis
3. Block Diagram
4. Block Diagram Description
5. Circuit diagram
6. Circuit description
7. Component details
8. Working of project
9. Fabrication of PCB
10. Application
11. Future development
12. Cost estimation
13. Conclusion
14. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
The automation is now carried on not only industries but also houses. The automation of a particular
system avoids the total care about the system. Nowadays lot of components and techniques are
available to automate the particular field. Here we are going to automate the necessary things in
houses. To carry on the automation process PLC based technique is ... Show more content on
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Regulator 5. Indicator
The ordinary low power E & I core transformer is used to get required voltage. It is basically step
down transformer, which reduce the voltage from mains supply depending upon the output voltage.
The rectifier sections convert AC into DC. The rectifier is designed using four 1N 4007 diode. It is a
bridge type rectifier, which give full cycle conduction output. The capacitor based filter section
smooth the rippled DC and make it as pure DC. The smoothing level is increased by increasing filter

capacitor value. The regulator block is designed using 78 XX series.
The regulator is selected to get constant voltage at output side. We can give input voltage up to 30V.
The LED indicates circuit is on live. This circuit arrangement gives constant voltage output.
Power Supply Design Concept:
Transformer Selection:
Voltage Rating = DC output voltage +5V Current Rating = required current +1/2 required current.
Type: Ordinary Transformer = Half wave & Bridge rectifier
Control Tape Transformer = Full wave rectifier.
Example:
For +5v @ 1A RPS Transformer Voltage Rating
Voltage = 5V + 5V = 10V
Transformer Current Rating
Current = 1A + 0.5A = 1.5A
Type:
Ordinary Transformer = 0–10v @ 1.5A Center Tapped Transformer = 10 – 0 – 10V@ 1.5A
Practical Selection of Transformer:
0 –9V @ 2A (Or) 9V–0–9V @ 2A
Diode Selection for Rectifier (Based on Load Current):
1N 4007 – 1A 1N 5408 – 2A 6A 4 Mic – 3A

Application Of Sdn And Its Architectural Principle
Emerging new trends in information and communication technologies domain, in particular mobile,
social, cloud and big data are urging computer networks for high bandwidth, ubiquitous accessibility
and dynamic management. However, traditional approaches based on manual configuration of
patented devices are unmanageable and error prone. Also traditional approaches cannot fully utilize
the capability of the physical network infrastructure and its resources. In response to the
aforementioned requirements of computer networks, one solution would be to make additional
investment in the network. In this paper, we survey the SDN literature and aim at presenting the
definition of SDN and its architectural principle. We also discuss about research ... Show more
Since 2012, however, many companies have moved away from OpenFlow protocol, and have
embraced different techniques for the purpose of determining the path of network packets across
network switches. These include Cisco Systems ' Open Network Environment and Nicira 's network
virtualization platform. Google had big problems like high financial cost managing their data
centers, delayed caused by rebuilding connection after link failure. Google went ahead and
implemented SDN. In 2013, they built their hardware and wrote their own software and surprised
the industries by announcing that SDN is possible in production. They named it B4, a private WAN
connecting Google's data centers across the planet. B4 has a number of unique characteristics like
Massive Bandwidth requirement, Elastic traffic demands and full control over edge servers and
network. We compared the performance of various workloads between SDN (OpenFlow and
ProGFE), running in the user space of Linux, and non–SDN (dedicated application that executes the
networking tasks directly, e.g., pure Linux forwarding) running in the user space (for comparison),
and in the kernel space (to explore the PC potential). The following workloads were examined: IP
routing, as a rather simple Forwarding Element task, and VLAN tagging, which represented a more
complicated task for an FE. In order to evaluate performance, we ignored the indirect

Reactor Process Parameter Monitoring Using Plc And Hmi
Reactor process parameter monitor using PLC and HMI Abstract –our paper outlines the basic stage
of operation required to automate the reactor. Over the years demand for high quality, better
efficiency and automated machines has increased in this globalized world. It briefly explains the
process followed by the industry to automate an entire plant. This project basically focuses on the
primary part of monitoring the parameters namely the temperature and the pressure. As the reaction
proceeds in the reactor the temperature and pressure of the same varies. The temperature and
pressure are measured using various temperature sensors like RTD and pressure sensors like pt100
respectively. Our aim is therefore to monitor them on HMI which is connected to PLC via a
communication cable. (Keywords–PLC–Programmable logic controllers, HMI–Human machine
interface,RTD–Resistor temperature detector ,pt100–pressure transistor 100 pascals) 1.
INTRODUCTION Automation is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such
as machinery, processes in factories,boilers and heat treating ovens,switching on telephone
networks,steering and stabilization of ships,aircraft and other applications with minimal or reduced
human intervention. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical,
hydraulic, pneumatic,electrical,electronic devicesand computers , usually in combination .
2.LITERATURE REVIEW A. control of boiler operation

Stuxnet Worm
STUXNET Worm Webster University SECR–5080 Information Systems Security Author Note
Certificate of Authorship: This paper was prepared by me for this specific course and is not a result
of plagiarism or self–plagiarism. I have cited all sources from which I used data, ideas, or words
either quoted or paraphrased. Abstract Discovered in June of 2010, a computer worm called Stuxnet
was designed to attack programmable–logic controllers or PLCs that are used to control switches
and values in industries that operate a specific type of on Siemens PLC device using Step7 software
running on a Windows operating system. The worm was successful because it was able to exploit a
of four zero–day flaw of Windows operating system. Stuxnet ... Show more content on
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Figure 2: Flash Drive Then the virus hid itself and become dormant once it enters the host system
using digital signatures, from trusted computer companies that are encrypted data bits that notify
computers that the software is legitimate, allowing for free travel of the virus from computer system
to computer system. Most viruses use hacked or forged digital signatures to gain access to
computers. The digital signatures used in Stuxnet was unique in that it used real signatures obtained
from Realtek, a trusted name in the semiconductor business, the new virus had unlimited access to
any computer system it entered. Figure 3: Realtek Semiconductor Corp Logo (RealTek, n.d.). Figure
4: Realtek Certificate (Symantec, 2010). How Stuxnet Works Using Windows operating system the
Stuxnet worm attacks computer systems by using four separate zero–day attacks via Windows.
Stuxnet uses vulnerability in the way Windows handles shortcut files to spread to new systems. The
worm was designed from the bottom up to attack Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) systems, or those used to manage complex industrial networks, such as systems at power
plants and chemical manufacturing facilities (Broad, W., Markoff, J., & Sanger, D., 2011).
Stuxnet is spread initially via removable flash drive to use exploits such as peer–to–peer RPC to
infect and update other

My Experience As An Intern:. Reflection Paper.. Mohammed
My Experience as an Intern: Reflection Paper Mohammed A. Ali Texas A&M University Commerce
For my internship, I had the pleasure of working at HCM Systems Inc which is located in the west
suburbs of Chicago. HCM is a leader in complete material handling systems integration for the
distribution and manufacturing industries. HCM Systems, specializes in package and unit load
handling, automatic single line and multi–line palletizing, accumulation conveyor systems,
sortation, identification and special custom devices to fulfill specific material handling applications.
I had the opportunity to serve as software engineer/ Qualitative Analysis. I worked very closely with
the senior developer to work on various projects and perform ... Show more content on
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He advised me not to call myself an intern because it lowers the expectations both that I have of
myself and that others have of me. I had a few other encounters with Michael and he continued to
strike me as a very powerful and impressive man. From him I learned the importance of appearance,
confidence, competence, and leadership which I plan to implement in both my professional and
personal life from here on. In general, I am pleased to say that my goals were largely fulfilled. From
my very first day on the job, I was very keen to know as many employers as possible in the firm and
scheduled a number of informative interviews during lunchtime throughout my internship. In
addition to attending all the scheduled talks and team meetings, I assisted the project manager with
the documentation of project requirement. As for experiencing the great work environment, I
achieved the goal by default by treating myself as a full–time employee, doing all of my assigned
work in good faith and accepting responsibilities. In regards to specific skills that I developed on the
job, my interpersonal and research skills improved the most. As an intern, I had to interact with
different people every day, from senior managers to all the engineers and this experience has
enabled me to develop and employ different modes of communication based on the specific
circumstances. As for my research skills, I had to do extensive research

Micro Controller At Mega
Micro Controller AT Mega – 328 In the area of control and automation, the need for some
processing unit became indispensable in a wide variety of applications. Among these,
microcontrollers stand as a lower cost alternative, satisfactory reliability, simplicity, reduced
consumption energy, however, with limited memory capacity and processing.
A microcontroller contains a processor, memory access and peripheral input / output. It is a
microprocessor that can be programmed for specific functions, in contrast to other general purpose
microprocessors (such as those used in PCs). Basically, the use of a microcontroller is in the
processing of data from one of your peripherals, with the set of output data. For example, send data
via serial port or generate a reaction in system as an LED light.
The architecture of a microcontroller generally consists of a core processing, bus and Peripherals:
Processing core consists of the data processor (calculations, flow control program, etc.) and
administration of peripherals.
Bus is divided into data and address, is on the lines of communication between the processor and
peripherals.
Peripherals characterize the set of features available by the microcontroller and are controlled by the
processor. For example, memory, serial port, parallel port and AD converter.
Microcontrollers are typically used in automation and control products and peripherals, such as
control systems of automotive engines, remote controls, machines, etc.

The Choice Of Two Districts
The Choice of Two Districts
Depending on what is already in place and what needs to be created in school A I would want to
make sure implement a PLC is in place. I would also ensure the vison and mission statement were in
place and being utilized. I would want to make something my own in school A, as it is harder to
follow a great leader. If a PLC was in place and being utilized correctly as well as the vision and
mission statement, I would create a plan that would take this good school into a great school. In year
one I would start the foundation for my five year plan that will involve student achievement, highly
trained and effective teachers, family and community involvement, and creating a 21 century
learning environment. It would be easier to follow bad leadership and come out looking like the
hero. In District B before the school year officially started with the students, I would meet with the
administrative teams and the teacher to teams to identify concerns. Then I would map out positive
solutions to the problems that seem the most evident with the culture and climate. I would also set
up the first faculty meeting to start looking at a mission and vision and how it could be followed.
Even if district B already has a mission and or vision in place, I would want to collectively agree on
a new vision and mission that will transform the school. I will also discuss with my administrative
teams the power players in each building and start discussing the forming

Advantages And Disadvantages Of SCADA
SCADA
SCADA is an acronym for 'Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition'. It can be defined as 'is a
system operating with coded signals over communication channels so as to provide control of
remote equipment"
SCADA is one of the oldest methods to control data across a network. Unlike many other software's
used in the industry, SCADA can be used in any field, be it in electrical power control, mechanical
machinery, civil projects, data managements etc. This versatility means more than one type of
system, for example both electrical and mechanical systems can be controlled by one software from
the same place at the same time.
A basic SCADA layout is as shown in the figure. The SCADA has three main components
1. RTU
2. Communication Network ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data Acquisition: It should collect information from RTU and display it to the operator
2. Control: The SCADA should allow the operator to control the devices directly from the SCADA
control room.
3. Data Processing: The SCADA should have the ability like collecting data, check its quality and
integrity, check for the limits etc.
4. Tagging: The SCADA allows the operator to tag certain specific operation restrictions to prevent
from unauthorized operation.
5. Alarms: The SCADA systems have the capability to alert the operator of fault conditions and
undesirable operating conditions in order of their criticality and severity.
6. Logging: SCADA should log all operator entries, alarms and selected entries
7. Trending: This are graphs that the SCADA plots continuously on the selected items in the selected
scale
8. Archiving: The SCADA software typically saves all the information for later review and research
purpose. Usually the reports are transferred to an external database for permanent archiving if so
desired.
Project

The Uk Manufacturing Industry Is The Third Largest Of The...
1.1 MOTIVATION OF THIS RESEARCH
The UK manufacturing industry is the fifth largest in the world [1] and it is a significant contributor
to the UK's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As examples, the UK aerospace and defence industry is
the second largest in the world, accounting for $40bn of annual sales and the UK has the third
largest automotive industry in Europe, with total sales of around £9bn (11% of the UK's total
exports) [2].
In manufacturing, automation has replaced some dangerous, mundane, arduous and routine manual
operations, for example, transportation of heavy parts, stamping of large parts, repetitive welding
and bolt fastening. However, skilled operators still carry out critical manual processes in various
industries such as aerospace, automotive and heavy–machinery. Most of these processes are
complex because operators receive a high number of inputs or because the relations among inputs
change dynamically over time (or both). These inputs are; ‎
parts, tools, ‎
information cues, ‎
stimuli,
data or ‎
procedure [3]. In addition, if these inputs are affected by variability, the complexity of the
process will increase.
In the context of manufacturing, variability is suggested as a main cause of lack of robustness in
‎
‎
production processes. It can be defined as any unwanted deviation from some pre–determined
requirements [4]. As manufacturing processes are not perfect, some manufactured parts have
uncontrolled geometric variations from the nominal values. These

Gsm Based Remote Patient Monitoring System
GSM BASED REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
Mrs. M. V. PatH, Mrs. M. S. Cbavan Department of Electronics Bbarati Vidyapeetb University
College of Engg. Pune. Email: mv14patil@gmail.com.meenacbavan2007@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the methodology for monitoring patients remotely using GSM network & Very
large scale integration (VLSI) technique. Patient monitoring systems consist of equipment, devices
and supplies that measure, including blood pressure, body temperature, heart activity,
display and record human physiological
characteristics,
various bodily substances (e.g. cholesterol, glucose, etc.), pulse rate, respiration rate and other
health–related criteria. A patient monitoring system for providing continuous ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
[1,2,]. Micro–controllers don't make the
transducers
used
bioelectrical signals. The signals obtained from the transducers are weak signals,
which are then amplified and converted into digital form using Analog to Digital
world go round, but they most certainly help us get around in the world Micro monitoring controller
system, which based has patient several
Converter (ADC). ADC output is fed to the FPGA device.
form of variables and compares with desired values stored m processor. Processor
continuously displays these variables on the LCD Display. FPGA continuously does this work, thus
providing a real time monitoring and control of temperature Field programmable Logic array is

another way to extend the density of the simple PLD's. The concept is to have a few paths can be
implemented within a single block, where a lot of inputs and outputs are u ...
CIS
a ... ...
~ ~ a..
"0 0
.8
0.
u
=
~ .... ...
X Figure.l.l
0
as
required. Processor continuously does this work, thus providing a real time monitoring and control
of these variables .
E 0
m
iii
0
Block diagram of remote patient monitoring system.
III. IMPLEMENTATION This system is to monitor information of multiple patients in ICU/CCU
via 3G mobile
Field programmable gate array receives digital form of variables then compares with desired hard
coded values stored in the processor

In The Description Of The Hack Machine Language In Chapter 4
Q1. In the description of the Hack machine language in chapter 4, it is stated that in well–written
programs a C–instruction that may cause a jump should not contain a reference to M, and vice versa.
Discuss why this should be avoided.
In order to access the value of M in a C instruction, the A register is used to contain a pointer /
address of the location of the value of M, in memory (RAM). In a jump instruction, the A register is
used to contain the pointer / address of the next C instruction in the instruction ROM, should the
jump be triggered (Nisan & Schocken, 2005, p. 69)
@10 Set A equal to 10.
M:JEQ If the value of M at address A (10) in the data RAM) is equal to 0 then Jump to the C
instruction at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This interrupt takes the form of a memory address of code needed to handle the interrupt (in this
case print a file). Alternatively a simple pulse can be sent over the signal line. This results in
additional processing for the CPU prior to step 4 to pole the devices and find the one responsible. In
this case the device id becomes a pointer to an array containing the address of the event handler for
that device (Zaks,1980, p. 506).
3. When the CPU receives the interrupt it suspends processing and saves off all data and registers
associated with it's current processing tasks.
4. The CPU then loads the first line of the event handling code and sends the required data to print
following the event code instructions.
5. When the processing is complete the CPU reloads the previously suspended program's
registers/commands/data, and processing continues from where it left off.
This is a basic view of standard interrupt handling. Additional or alternative solutions continue to be
developed and added across many different platforms. Here are some additional approaches.
Concurrent Events: Since it takes time to process an event, other events may stack up. In this case a
software stack using push and pop is often used to track events. Alternatively where few events are
expected and speed is of essence a hardware stacks using registers could be used to accomplish the
same task.
Event Priorities: Some systems might

The Advantages Of Top Down Approach To Engineering Problems
PART 1
*QUESTION;
*Research, describe and explain in your own words the advantages of using 'TOP DOWN' approach
to engineering problems.
*ANSWER;
Top Down Approach
There are many strategies available to solve the engineering problems. One of the most famous
strategies is Top Down approach. The strategy, in which the complex engineering problem is solved
by dividing it into many sub small problems, is called Top Down approach in problem solving. At
below part, four advantages are described which are related with the top down approach of problem
solving.
Advantages of Top Down Approach;
If the problem is divided into the parts, it is easier to understand clearly what should to do.
Reproduce the parts to new parts reduces the level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smaller size: In alike capabilities, electrical actuators generally have a lesser footmark than either
pneumatic or hydraulic actuators because of the lesser number of components but in the all
implementation or designs, the lesser dimension results are more intensive so, is gained more
elasticity due to including the actuator.
8. Cleaner: Pneumatic and hydraulic devices may have some failure probability. Pneumatic ones
count on compressed air and if failures occur, it may cause an environmental pollution with blow
contaminants. In the same way, hydraulic ones may danger for every kind of thing that next to it
because, it may leak and contaminate the area and product as well, especially workers may be at risk
as life hazard. In contrast, an electrical actuator utilises just efficient, clean and safe electricity to run
that's why is much better than

Case Study Of Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of Schneider Electric industries, a globally
known company whose energy efficient solutions are benefitting major population of the world and
also (( is a global specialist in energy management. )) The company's dynamic performance has
already set a standard in the global market and in India its plan to meet the energy standards as well
as corporate social responsibility is ambitious. Schneider has been in India for more than 50 years
and since inception its focus on sustainability and CSR has been aligned to its business process. In
India the company stepped into its first project with a joint venture between Merlin and Gerin with
Tata sons and Voltas in 1963 and in 1995 it became a 100% ... Show more content on
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The purpose of this policy is to ensure total satisfaction for all of our customers, shareholders and
employees through the continuous development and improvement of products, services and the
skills of our employees. Our policy of dynamic quality is built on seven principals Constantly
listening to our customers to ensure the sustainable improvement of their satisfaction. Commitment
from all levels of management and employees. Openness of communication. Systematic
measurement and communication of performance. Control and improvement of processes, products
and services. Recognition of exemplary actions. Sharing our quality policy with our internal and
external partners. Dynamic quality is planned Specific plans are deployed through our Annual
Quality Assessment and the progress is measured

Vlsi Based Accident Information and Car Security System
Abstract:
VLSI based Accident information and car security system deals with the concern of saving the
victim , who get trapped in accident and also about the car security. Accident of the car is detected
using pressor sensors which are fixed in car. Accident information to the nearest hospital is carried
out with the help of RF communication. The location of the car is found using the GPS technique.
The security of car is ensured by using password. The theft information is sent to the owner's mobile
using GSM module. The ultimate design of the project is in VLSI. FPGA is used to interface these
modules.
Keywords: Very Large Scale Integration, Global Positioning System, Global System for Mobile
Communication.
I.INTRODUCTION:
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By comparing the codes, the time difference between the satellite generated the code and the
receiver generated the code can be determined. This interval is the travel time of the code.
Multiplying this travel time, in seconds, by 186,000 miles per second gives the distance from the
receiver position to the satellite in miles.
D. Increased accuracy by using differential gps: A technique called differential correction is
necessary to get accuracies within 1 –5 meters, or even better, with advanced equipment.
Differential correction requires a second GPS receiver, which is a base station, collecting data at a
stationary position at a precisely known point (typically it is a surveyed benchmark). Because the
physical location of the base station is known, the correction factor can be computed by comparing
the known location with the GPS location determined by using the satellites.The differential
correction process takes this correction factor and applies it to the GPS data collected by a GPS
receiver in the field. Differential correction eliminates most of the errors listed in the GPS Error
Budget discussed earlier.
III.GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS The Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. GSM service
is used by over 2 billion people across more than 212 countries and

The Faults Of The Power Grid
Chapter: 1 Introduction
In today's modern world is heavily dependent on continuous and reliable power supply. Many of the
industrial processes, manufacturing, production, repairing, maintenance and not to forget a whole
city is heavily dependent on this continuous supply. It is a harsh reality to live in system without
problems is next to impossible. This problems in general are called 'faults' in the power grid
language.
On daily basis many faults occur on the power grid and steps are to be taken to eliminate/remove
this faults as quick as possible. If the fault persists for long it could result in a havoc and loss of
huge amount of money, which is unacceptable.
The faults mainly occurring on a power grid includes over–current, over–voltage and short circuit. It
is also a harsh reality that this problems cannot be to some extent kept in mere attention of humans,
whose capability and speed to some extent are limited.
Hence a fast acting mind is required that takes care of this problem. To solve this problem PLC
(Programmable logic controller) comes into the picture. It is used to operate relays (a type of switch)
which in turn assists the CB (circuit breaker) to isolate the faulty part from the healthy one as quick
as possible. It operates as per the logic stored in the mind of the PLC by the user. The program
language used in PLC is very much simple and user–friendly as compared to other previously used
software i.e. micro–controller. The programs can be fed to the brain

Software Defined Networks : Cloud Administrations
3. SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS
Cloud administrations are blasting and organizations are uniting their server farms all together to
exploit the consistency, coherence and quality of the service. As the demand of network challenges
and traffic increases network operator require new solutions. Software Defined Networking has
emerged as the major player with potential solution.
3.1 WHAT IS SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK
In the SDN architecture, the control and data planes are decoupled, network intelligence and state
are logically centralized, and the underlying network infrastructure is abstracted from the
applications [1]. This is the definition of SDN given by Open Network Foundation (ONF).
Basically, in SDN the Network plane is divided into data plane, control plane and management
plane. It focuses on the separation of control plane from the data plane. By separating the control
logic out from the switch we are able to use a centralized controller that can view and control the
network and routing. SDN gives us a more programmable and customize freedom to the network. It
also leads to creation of open interfaces between the control and data plane devices. fig 1 : a)
Traditional Network b) SDN controlled Network. [2]
3.2 SOFTWARE DEFINED ARCHITECTURE
In software defined architecture the data and control planes are separated. The Controller carries out
the forwarding of data packets whereas the forwarding elements such as switches and routers are
only used for only moving

The Internet Of Things Connecting The Unconnected
Andy Pye's article "The Internet of Things connecting the unconnected" evaluates the impact,
application and prospective future of connecting machines to machines. With this connection Pye
discusses the potential for industry automation and improvement. The article addresses several
points relevant to this change: Big Data, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), scientific exploration,
and environmental impact. The reader is left with the philosophical question; what will be the
impact on humanity as smart technology becomes more and more advanced. The Internet of Things
(IoT) is the interconnected network of sensors, machines, and devices via wireless transmission. The
challenge with this concept is that it requires an abstract definition of a concrete process. Connecting
devices together to enhance their potential and to increase proficiency is the theory behind the IoT.
The data created, complied and used by sensors, machines and devices is the application of IoT.
Pye's article takes these concepts and further defines the impact on industrial and scientific
applications.
Industrial automation is one of the key points Pye focuses on when defining some of the benefits the
IoT will bring to manufacturing. The ability to monitor, control, and query in real time to enhance
production while reducing cost can only be achieved through IoT (Pye 2014). The goal of this is to
allow manufacturers or bakers the opportunity to use data to determine the most effective

The Importance Of Teachers And Classmates At The...
The author would like to acknowledge the contribution of lecturers and classmates in the
Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering. Great appreciation goes to my Supervisor
Eng.W.M Goriwondo who helped me through the project. The author wishes also to express her
sincere gratitude to Marange Resources team for its support. Author's family also provided material
and spiritual support that helped her through life. Finally, the acknowledgement is due to the
Almighty who has blessed the author with the knowledge, required for doing this project.
ABSTRACT
During diamond recovery process, Ferrosilicon density control is very crucial. It determines the end
product quality. Density of Ferrosilicon should be kept high (2.45–2.65 SG) so that there will be less
fraction of unwanted material on the end products and high percentage of diamond. The project
highlights the aims, objectives, and background related to the design of the design of a density
control system and optimisation system of Ferrosilicon on a Dense Medium Separation (DMS)
plant. Literature review included an in–depth look into dense medium separation (DMS) plant
process, Ferrosilicon density control, Ferrosilicon recovery system and Genetic Algorithm. The
various concepts for the density control system were developed. Each presented and its associated
advantages and disadvantages in case of implementation. The best control concept selected uses the
programmable logic controller (PLC). The sections to form

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