Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
A Study of Competitive Sport Anxiety in Young Soccer PlayersIOSR Journals
Abstract : Competitive sport anxiety, is common in young soccer players, It is the state of uneasiness and
apprehension, about competitive sport events. Competitive sport anxiety is a distrustful response that takes
place when a player undermines his or her capability in dealing with demanding circumstances. Competitive
sport anxiety affects player’s ability to perform effectively in any sport competition. The purpose of the current
research is to evaluate the competitive sport anxiety difference between Fijian and I-Taukei young soccer
players. Participants consisted of sixty young soccer players ranging from ages 14 – 19 years who participated
in district youth soccer competition. A t-test was applied to measure the significance level between district level
young\ soccer players. The result of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between Fijian and
the i-Taukei players. The Fijian players had higher mean anxiety scores than the I-Taukei players. Findings
may assist coaches’ understanding of the degree to which competitive sports anxiety exists in sports.
Keywords: Soccer, Young Players, Sports Anxiety, Level of competition.
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task...Maciej Behnke
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers ( N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to investigate the effects of a Psychological Skills Training(PST) program on mental toughness of skillful female volleyball players. The statistical population used in the study consists of two league 1 female teams in Tehran province, Iran with total members of 22 individuals. From them, 11 individuals were selected randomly for each control group and experimental group. The data related to mental toughness were collected using Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire of Sheard and Golby (2009). The subjectsof the experimental group performed psychological practices for 8 weeks, 2 sessionsa week or total of 15 sessions such that each session included 30 minutes of the program. No program for psychological skills was delivered to control group. After the 15th session, an after-test was taken through SMTQ from experimental group based on the pre-test. Statistical methods in two descriptive and inferential levels and Kolmogorov– Smirnov statistical tests and T-test were used for analyzing data. The obtained results indicated that volleyball players who participated in Psychological Skills Training program have earned meaningfully higher scores in all subscales compared to the control group. Finally, it can be concluded that a course on Psychological Skills training has a meaningful effect on mental toughness of female volleyball players.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
A Study of Competitive Sport Anxiety in Young Soccer PlayersIOSR Journals
Abstract : Competitive sport anxiety, is common in young soccer players, It is the state of uneasiness and
apprehension, about competitive sport events. Competitive sport anxiety is a distrustful response that takes
place when a player undermines his or her capability in dealing with demanding circumstances. Competitive
sport anxiety affects player’s ability to perform effectively in any sport competition. The purpose of the current
research is to evaluate the competitive sport anxiety difference between Fijian and I-Taukei young soccer
players. Participants consisted of sixty young soccer players ranging from ages 14 – 19 years who participated
in district youth soccer competition. A t-test was applied to measure the significance level between district level
young\ soccer players. The result of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between Fijian and
the i-Taukei players. The Fijian players had higher mean anxiety scores than the I-Taukei players. Findings
may assist coaches’ understanding of the degree to which competitive sports anxiety exists in sports.
Keywords: Soccer, Young Players, Sports Anxiety, Level of competition.
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task...Maciej Behnke
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers ( N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to investigate the effects of a Psychological Skills Training(PST) program on mental toughness of skillful female volleyball players. The statistical population used in the study consists of two league 1 female teams in Tehran province, Iran with total members of 22 individuals. From them, 11 individuals were selected randomly for each control group and experimental group. The data related to mental toughness were collected using Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire of Sheard and Golby (2009). The subjectsof the experimental group performed psychological practices for 8 weeks, 2 sessionsa week or total of 15 sessions such that each session included 30 minutes of the program. No program for psychological skills was delivered to control group. After the 15th session, an after-test was taken through SMTQ from experimental group based on the pre-test. Statistical methods in two descriptive and inferential levels and Kolmogorov– Smirnov statistical tests and T-test were used for analyzing data. The obtained results indicated that volleyball players who participated in Psychological Skills Training program have earned meaningfully higher scores in all subscales compared to the control group. Finally, it can be concluded that a course on Psychological Skills training has a meaningful effect on mental toughness of female volleyball players.
I made this presentation for my psychology course. My chosen topic was "Effects of Psychology on Sports & Exercise"
Institution: North South University, Bangladesh
Course: Introduction to Psychology
Course code: PSY 101
Instructor: Sarah Fardeen (FDN)
Many athletes and coaches are confused about the role of sports psychology in improving athletic performance. Sports psychology is part of the larger field of sport science and studies human behavior in the sport environment and the benefits of mental training on enhancing sports performance. The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams perform their best by improving the necessary mental skills to excel in a sporting endeavor. Sports Psychology is not about working with problem athletes or abnormal behavior.
Mental Stress Evaluation using an Adaptive ModelIDES Editor
Chronic stress can have serious physiological and
psychological impact on an individual’s health. Wearable
sensor systems can enable physicians to monitor physiological
variables and observe the impact of stress over long periods of
time. To correlate an individual’s physiological measures with
their perception of psychological stress, it is essential that
the stress monitoring system accounts for individual
differences in self-reporting. Self-reporting of stress is highly
subjective as it is dependent on an individual’s perception of
stress and thus prone to errors. In addition, subjects can tailor
their answers to present their behavior more favorably. In
this paper we present an adaptive model which allows recorded
stress scores and physiological variables to be tuned to remove
biases in self-reported scores. The model takes an individual’s
physiological and psychological responses into account and
adapts to the user’s variations. Using our adaptive model,
physiological data is mapped efficiently to perceived stress
levels with 90% accuracy.
Sport and exercise psychologists identify principles and guidelines that professionals can use to help adults and children participate in and benefit from sport and exercise activities.
Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important
factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving
various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was
very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi
players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the selfconfidence
level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level
Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study.
Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List
significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The
result indicated there was a mean significance difference in self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho
and Kabaddi players of North Bengal University. The researcher was concluded that Kho-Kho players are more
confident than the Football and Kabaddi players before attending the respective inter university tournaments.
Key Words: Self-Confidence, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi.
Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement, applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation, communication, team building, and career transitions.
Duaa M. Bani-Irshid1
, Dr. Abdullah M. Bani-Rshaid2
1 Master of Sport Science, Yarmouk University,
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Abu Dhabi
University, UAE
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of s port injuries on the level of confidence and
anxiety among athletes in different games. Participants were (121) athletes (M-81, F-40) were selected randomly
from different sports. Descriptive data was collected through the use of a questionnaire established by the
researcher, which included personal information (age, years of experience, gender and place of living), and a
questionnaire of psychological effect of sport which consisted of (50) items, divided into four subscales.
(Confidence, Anxiety, Physical abilities). The results showed relationship between sport injuries and physical
abilities in reducing or increasing injuries among athletes, also the results showed that self-confidence and anxiety
(trait, state) did not affect in increasing or reducing in percentage of injuries among athletes, meanwhile the results
showed a significant relationship between the effect of sport injuries and (self-confidence, anxiety and physical
abilities) among athletes in different games. A significant difference between male and female in favor of female in
trait anxiety, significant differences between trait anxiety and different sports a significant differences showed
between psychological variables and effect of sport injuries (between different sports, also a significant difference
between sport injuries and physical abilities according to sport variable; between basketball players and tennis
players in favor of basketball, and a significant difference between sport injuries and trait anxiety between football
players and basketball players in favor of basketball.
I made this presentation for my psychology course. My chosen topic was "Effects of Psychology on Sports & Exercise"
Institution: North South University, Bangladesh
Course: Introduction to Psychology
Course code: PSY 101
Instructor: Sarah Fardeen (FDN)
Many athletes and coaches are confused about the role of sports psychology in improving athletic performance. Sports psychology is part of the larger field of sport science and studies human behavior in the sport environment and the benefits of mental training on enhancing sports performance. The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams perform their best by improving the necessary mental skills to excel in a sporting endeavor. Sports Psychology is not about working with problem athletes or abnormal behavior.
Mental Stress Evaluation using an Adaptive ModelIDES Editor
Chronic stress can have serious physiological and
psychological impact on an individual’s health. Wearable
sensor systems can enable physicians to monitor physiological
variables and observe the impact of stress over long periods of
time. To correlate an individual’s physiological measures with
their perception of psychological stress, it is essential that
the stress monitoring system accounts for individual
differences in self-reporting. Self-reporting of stress is highly
subjective as it is dependent on an individual’s perception of
stress and thus prone to errors. In addition, subjects can tailor
their answers to present their behavior more favorably. In
this paper we present an adaptive model which allows recorded
stress scores and physiological variables to be tuned to remove
biases in self-reported scores. The model takes an individual’s
physiological and psychological responses into account and
adapts to the user’s variations. Using our adaptive model,
physiological data is mapped efficiently to perceived stress
levels with 90% accuracy.
Sport and exercise psychologists identify principles and guidelines that professionals can use to help adults and children participate in and benefit from sport and exercise activities.
Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important
factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving
various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was
very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi
players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the selfconfidence
level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level
Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study.
Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List
significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The
result indicated there was a mean significance difference in self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho
and Kabaddi players of North Bengal University. The researcher was concluded that Kho-Kho players are more
confident than the Football and Kabaddi players before attending the respective inter university tournaments.
Key Words: Self-Confidence, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi.
Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement, applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation, communication, team building, and career transitions.
Duaa M. Bani-Irshid1
, Dr. Abdullah M. Bani-Rshaid2
1 Master of Sport Science, Yarmouk University,
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Abu Dhabi
University, UAE
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of s port injuries on the level of confidence and
anxiety among athletes in different games. Participants were (121) athletes (M-81, F-40) were selected randomly
from different sports. Descriptive data was collected through the use of a questionnaire established by the
researcher, which included personal information (age, years of experience, gender and place of living), and a
questionnaire of psychological effect of sport which consisted of (50) items, divided into four subscales.
(Confidence, Anxiety, Physical abilities). The results showed relationship between sport injuries and physical
abilities in reducing or increasing injuries among athletes, also the results showed that self-confidence and anxiety
(trait, state) did not affect in increasing or reducing in percentage of injuries among athletes, meanwhile the results
showed a significant relationship between the effect of sport injuries and (self-confidence, anxiety and physical
abilities) among athletes in different games. A significant difference between male and female in favor of female in
trait anxiety, significant differences between trait anxiety and different sports a significant differences showed
between psychological variables and effect of sport injuries (between different sports, also a significant difference
between sport injuries and physical abilities according to sport variable; between basketball players and tennis
players in favor of basketball, and a significant difference between sport injuries and trait anxiety between football
players and basketball players in favor of basketball.
Research Proposal OutlineSelf-Regulating strategies used by athl.docxdebishakespeare
Research Proposal Outline
Self-Regulating strategies used by athletes to regulate mood
Title Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to the study and problems to be investigated
Problem statement
Overview of the study
Background of the study
Literature review
Design and procedure
Data analysis
Results
Conclusion
Introduction and Problem to be investigated
Although there have been a lot of research on the effects of mood on the performance of athletes, there have been little research done to investigate the antecedents of mood and the ways in which athletes tend to deal with deep mood states that may deter performance in the field. Mood is s very importance predictor of the performance of athletes in sports. Thus, this research aims at investigating the ways in which athletes use the self-regulation methods to enhance positive mood and improve their performance.
Purpose: to investigate how athletes use self-regulation methods to regulate their moods to improve performance
Justification: There has been plenty of research on the links and relationship between mood and performance in athletes. However, there is limited research on the antecedents of mood and how athletes tend to deal with issues of deep states of mood that may hinder their performance. Mood is an essential factor in performance of athletes, hence need for the study.
Problem Statement
There are various strategies which are used by athletes to promote positive mood and reduce bad mood. States of depression, anger, fatigue, vigor. tension and confusion impair performance of athletes in the field. However, athletes have developed several strategies of eliminating these states to enhance their performance while they are in the field. However, there have been no substantial study on the various ways which employees used to eliminate bad mood and promote positive mood. The objective of this study is investigating the strategies used by athletes in regulating their intense moods to enhance their performance in sports. Understanding these strategies is essential for sports behavioral psychologists. It can be used to design various interventions. These interventions can be applied to improve performance in the field. The assumption of existence of the relationship between performance and mood is obvious. However, the level of the relationship should be examined since there are other major factors that influence the performance of an athletes apart from mood. The study also aims to investigate the existence of causal relationship between performance of athletes and mood. It will also examine the relationship between the factors that cause bad behavior and the strategies that are used by employees to reduce negative moods
Overview of the Study
The research will employ the statistical analysis tools to analyze the data that will be collected. The research will collect data from two hundred and seventeen athletes sampled from the general population of athletes in various sporting events. This wi ...
Influence of personality traits and self concept on performance as an individ...Sports Journal
Sports psychology is of recent origin. There is a great advancement of games and sports now-a-days
which was not prevalent in the past. Cratty confirms that intellectual involvement and intelligent
decision-making on the part of an athlete is a matter of experience. Morton Prince described, “Personality
is the sum total of all the biological innate dispositions, impulses, tendencies, attitudes and instincts of
the individuals and the dispositions and tendencies acquired by experiences. Gordon W. Allport said
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that
determine the individual’s unique adjustment to the environment”
Sample of study: Twenty male subjects were selected from S.G.G.S Khalsa College, Mahilpur (Pb). Ten
subjects from individual games and ten from Team games who had represented state level in their
respected games. The age level of the subjects ranged from 17 – 25 years.
Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that there shall not be any significant differences between means of
Self-Concept and Personality Traits among the individual and team games at the college level.
Statistical Analysis: To compare the Self-Concept and Personality Traits among individual and team
games players, mean, standard deviation and uncorrelated t-test was applied. The level of significance
was set at 0.05 levels.
Every athlete at some time during their athletic career has experiBetseyCalderon89
Every athlete at some time during their athletic career has experienced a physical injury that holds them back from partaking in the sport that they love, if it's from practice or competitive play it's a thing every athlete in the world wishes they could prevent. Even if you have been fortunate enough to train without a critical injury, all things considered, you know somebody who has had a physical injury that requires quite some time of professional rehabilitation before they can get back to training. These injuries and rehabilitation are regularly joined by abiding mental consequences, affecting the competitors' prosperity just as their probability of getting back to the sport. An anticipated result indicated that athletes with a high internal locus of control tend to recover faster than others. There is a fine line between being psychologically ready to return to a sport and being physically cleared for athletes with injuries. Some individuals possess specific personality traits that can forecast one's rate of psychological and physical recovery from an injury. This paper will elucidate the correlation between injuries' effect on mental health and the psychological health of an athlete.
When athletes at any level face an injury, it puts them in a dilemma on how to face adversity; the athlete either chooses to overcome and grow or fold and eventually wash out of the sport. When one experiences an injury, there is a tendency that the athlete will have more of a negative than positive impact on one's psyche. Athletes have tended to use various negative terms (e.g., anger, bitterness, confusion, depression, fear, frustration, helplessness, shock) to characterize their emotions after injury (W. Brewer, 2017). Evidence shows that athletes who report higher levels of emotional disturbance after sustaining an injury than before being injured and that athletes with injury tend to report higher levels of emotional disturbance than athletes without injury (M. Rice, 2016).
Relationship Between Stress and Injury
Stress is a broad term; many underlying factors come into play, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, when stress (psychological, academic, training, or performance-related) overloads an athlete's stress-coping ability, the susceptibility to performance decrement increases, as does the risk of injury and illness (J. Hamlin, 2019). Those who have a high-stress factor in their life are more likely to be prone to injury. When looking at stress-based injuries, there are two factors: muscle tension and attentional disruption. Attentional changes may include increased muscle tension, narrowing of the visual field, and increased distractibility, which may have a negative impact on the stress-injury response (L. Lavallee, 2019). A notable example to best relate to is Anderson and Williams stress injury model. According to this model, personality, coping resources, and history of stress have impacted competitors’ reaction to distressing at ...
College Athletes: MH relation to SP
BRADSHAW
1
College Athletes: Mental Health in Relations to Sports Psychologists
Research Topic Selection Assignment
Tia Bradshaw
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
PSY6064: PRO SEMINAR ADV PSY
Fall 2021
Tuesday, September 28, 2021
College Athletes: MH relation to SP
BRADSHAW
2
My Research/ Interests
My research involves the relationship between sports psychology counseling and how it
effects athletic performance. I aim to identify how effective sports psychology can be among a
college athletes’ mental health in terms of stress, depression, and anxiety and how that correlates
with their performance in their respective fields. Also, this study will examine how negative
internal factors such as anxiety, depression, and stress can be improved through a sports
psychologist, leading to possible higher levels of performance.
Research Questions
1. What is sports psychology and the benefits it has on college athletes?
2. How many college athletes are effected by negative mental health factors such as stress,
anxiety, and depression and what are the causes of them? (Can be assessed through self
surveys, interviews, etc.)
3. Do levels of performance differ depending on higher or lower levels of anxiety,
depression, and stress assessed?
List of Variables
1. Independent Variable
a. Sports Psychologist- College athlete relation
2. Dependent Variables
a. Progression of mental health factors (anxiety, depression, and stress)
b. Enhancement of performance levels
Methodological Approach
College Athletes: MH relation to SP
BRADSHAW
3
This study will rely on mixed methods that combine both qualitative and quantitative
data. This will allow a combination of interviews and statistics used in the study for the best
possible results.
Outline
Introduction
Sports Psychology (Section 1)
Sports Psychology: What is Sports Psychology? This section will discuss what sports psychology
is, how it can help athletes, and some reasons more individuals do not attend a sports
psychologist.
Foundational knowledge. Discuss the importance of sports psychology. What are positives
to it? What are negatives to not having a sports psychologist? Also how it can affect athletes
mentally as well.
• Look up statistics about the % of College athletes (overall from all levels of competition)
that have been to a sports psychologist vs. not going.
Athletes that Suffer from Mental Health Issues (Section 2)
Discuss an overall review of positive and negative levels of mental wellness in college athletes.
Anxiety, Depression, and Stress. This section will examine what may cause a college
athlete anxiety, depression, or stress and causes of them.
• Discuss feelings of athletes
• Examine why they continue to play or finish their sport
• Review statistics of college athletes that suffer from menta ...
General psychological factors affecting physical performance and sportsSports Journal
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their
performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground.
Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to
Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an
exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general
psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground. Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
Jasmine student athlete mental health portfolio-23_july_jmJasmineMiller23
Mental health is an issue that affects many. A community that often gets overlooked are student athletes. These young adults are going through a pivotal time in their lives all while balancing the stressors of higher education and competing athletically at the highest level. This paper speaks on why mental health in student athletes is so important and how universities, and athletic departments can step up and provide support. This paper also looks into how technology also affects the mental of student athletes.
Compratative Stady on Pre-Competition Anxiety between National and State Leve...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out pre-competition anxiety between national and state level
women athletes. Due to the fact that during competition athletes’ mental state greatly affects their stamina
explosion, which finally influence the result of final competition. Anxiety in sports is considered as an important
issue for many athletes. It refers to a sort of nervous and fear emotion formed by frustration of self-esteem and
self- confidence, or increasing of the sense of failure and guilty, which is resulted by the threat from being
unable to achieve goals or to overcome obstacles at the right time. For the purpose of the study the subjects
were selected randomly from 63rd State Athletic Championships of West Bengal to measure the pre-competition
anxiety by a questionnaire Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) developed by Rainer Marten. 25 national
level and 25 state level women athletes selected randomly from the said Athletic Championships. To find out
pre-competition anxiety between national level and state level women athletes ‘t’ test was applied. The result
showed that there was significant difference on pre-competition anxiety between national level and state level
women athletes. The national level women athletes had less pre-competition anxiety than the state level women
athletes.
Key words: Pre-competition anxiety, National level women athletes, State level women athletes.
Level of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Badminton Competitionijtsrd
Anxiety, as a negative emotional, affect perceptions in sport competitions, where a large majority of athletes consider anxiety to be debilitative towards performance, which may result in decreases in performance. The main purpose of this study was to examine the levels of anxiety of somatic and cognitive, before competition among badminton athletes. The instrument used for the study comprised of a 27 item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. The sample consisted of 41 athletes, with categories of national, state, district and university athletes. The result showed the athletes representing their university exhibited higher cognitive and somatic anxiety levels than those in state and district categories, whereas national athletes showed the lowest level of cognitive and somatic anxiety. Sport psychologists, sport counselors and coaches should use the present findings to recommend coping strategies to university and district level athletes that are appropriate for dealing with their athletes' cognitive and somatic anxiety. Vincent Parnabas | Julinamary Parnabas | Antoinette Mary Parnabas "Level of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Badminton Competition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31231.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/31231/level-of-cognitive-and-somatic-anxiety-on-badminton-competition/vincent-parnabas
Comparative Study of Competitive Anxiety, Aggression, Achievement Motivation ...Tapan Dutta
The purpose of the study was to find out comparison of competitive anxiety, aggression, achievement motivation and self concept among volleyball players of different level of achievement. A Total of 75 Male volleyball players were selected as subjects for the purpose of the study i.e., 25 players each from District, State and National level. The age of the subjects was ranged between 20 to 30 years. The criterion measures chosen to test the hypothesis were: The Anxiety score of the volleyball players were obtained by using sports competition anxiety questionnaire – A form developed by Renier Martin. The Aggression scores were obtained by using Aggression Inventory Developed by Anand Kumar and Prem Shankar Shukla. The Achievement Motivation scores were obtained by using Achievement Motivation test questionnaire developed by V. P. Bhargava. The Self Concept was obtained by using self concept questionnaire developed by Raj Kumar Saraswat. To compare the anxiety, aggression, achievement motivation and self concept of volleyball players of district, state and national level achievements one way analysis of variance, in order to determine the difference if any, among the volleyball players of different level of achievement. When the difference was found significant, the LSD Post-hoc test was applied to assess the significant differences among the group means. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. The result of study showed that in all the selected psychological parameters such as competitive anxiety, aggression, achievement motivation and self concept significant difference was found among the means of three selected level of volley ball players.
Soccer players mental health & Games required to .docxlillie234567
Soccer players' mental health & Games required to play
Martin Beshara
DR. Kota & DR. Brown
Senior Project
APSM- 4315
Introduction
Football has been referred to as "more than just a game." Footballers thus experience psychological suffering despite having great athletic performance. In support of this, more than 25% of professional footballers have signs of sadness and anxiety (Gouttebarge, 2014). In the extremely stressful atmosphere of football, where emotional experiences are intertwined with numerous performance-related factors, aggravating negative emotions can have longer-lasting negative effects. But when does mental discomfort start?
Although professional football is a common career goal for young guys, there is little chance that it will ever happen. Professional football teams sign players as young as 8 years old, and they terminate their contracts up to even when they become 12 years old. The fortunate players are then offered two-year contracts, but between the ages of 14 and 16, players must persevere under pressure to secure a three-year deal. Because professional sports contracts are so hard to get and keep, the pressure that competitive athletes experience may exacerbate their psychological anguish. Although we don't know how common psychological anguish is among young football players, we do know that teenagers can also face mental health problems.
One of FIFPRO's top priorities is raising awareness of the mental health challenges that players in today's game face. The ability to accurately diagnose and treat mental health issues with the same dedication and care as physical illnesses is crucial. Although they are not usually evident, mental health problems can show themselves in many different ways, from anxiety and depression to insomnia, and each of these can have a negative effect on a player's personal and professional life.
Playing too many games is one of the primary concerns with the current soccer environment. There are few opportunities for actual rest because international competitions break conflict with the club seasons of the players. For example, players in the Premier League, La Liga, and Bundesliga frequently do not have access to the same breaks as those in more privileged leagues. Clubs and international teams occasionally require a player to aid them in achieving their objectives.
FIFA proposed holding the World Cup every two years in an effort to increase revenue and "expand the game." In preparation for the 2026 World Cup, FIFA recently increased the number of participating teams to 48. The problem with every two years World Cup might need its own discussion. But with more games available, gamers would be under a lot of stress. In between World Cup years, the majority of players on top European teams participate in continental tournaments like the European Championship or Copa América.
To prevent burnout, players and coaches are requesting a cap on the number of "back-to-back" games. Nearly 9.
Similar to Crimson Publishers-Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance (20)
Summary
Pilates exercise is popular in the general population [1] the clinical and fitness areas (Segal, 2004). The use of the Pilates at least at the end of
training to improve dancers flexibility and trunk mobility was suggested [2]. Flexibility and joints mobility as well as core strengthening is the focal
point of the Pilates exercises [3]. Hamstrimg muscle elasticity is important in many functional and athletic activities, because dancers must show high
amplitude movements with lower extremities and trunk [3]. Aerobic Gymnastics athletes continuously perform complex movements following music
patterns, which require high levels of fitness, strength, flexibility and range of motion in joins [4]. In spite of a growth in gymnastic modalities, we didn’t
find research about Pilates effect to young age Aerobic Gymnastics athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in Aerobic Gymnastics athletes
hamstrings muscles elasticity and trunk mobility after 7 and 14 weeks of Pilates exercises.
Abstract
The goal of any practice or physical education class is typically to enhance and optimize performance in the skills of interest. However, it is sometimes
difficult for students to have a sound understanding of the movement tasks and how to alter their performance based on verbal feedback alone. With
access to portable electronic devices growing rapidly, it is not uncommon for most people to have a cell phone or tablet readily available. Instead of
banishing these devices from the facility, there may be an opportunity to use these devices to better convey points of interest from the instructor to the
student. A single Physical Education class was used to trial the use of video feedback combined with the traditional verbal feedback following a forward
roll sequence for grade. After reviewing the video footage and receiving verbal feedback from their instructor, students not only improved their scores
but also gained confidence in their abilities. The use of personal electronic devices can allow students to see what the instructor sees in order to optimize
their performance. By allowing such devices in the classroom (whether it’s the instructor’s or students’) for instructional purposes only, students can
begin to identify and correct any flaws to their routine or movement skills as early as possible.
Introduction
There is no uniform conception in the literature about what an emotion is and consists of [1,2]. Consensually, essential aspects have been considered to understand emotion: the presence in emotions of physiological changes, the mobilisation of bodily actions or “tendencies of action” and the subjective experience that involves; and emotion has been approached as a result of a system of analysis and processing of information. But taking each of the elements indicated separately has not favoured knowledge of emotion being presented in an integrated manner [3]. Moreover, the investigators have been supported in their work by different a theoretical orientation, which makes it even more difficult to integrate all the knowledge. One perspective that tackles this question is the theories of Embodiment, which have their origin in the French philosopher Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961), according to which psychological processes are based on bodily states. From the perspective of Embodiment, perceiving, recognizing and interpreting an emotion in ourselves or in others requires information from bodily systems. In this way “experiencing emotional states affects somatovisceral and motoric systems” and vice versa. In other words, “bodily states have effects on how emotional information is processed” [4].
Abstract
The aim of this article is to know at which level a club is more efficient and how promotion and relegation affects technical efficiency. The sample consists of clubs that played at least one season in the First Division in Spanish Professional Football League between seven seasons. The method for calculating technical efficiency is Data Envelopment Analysis and this is combined with the study of trend and stability to ensure the correct choice of model and to check the robustness of the results. Our conclusion is that teams that have promoted and relegated are more efficient. These clubs improve their technical efficiency after being relegated and staying in the lower category. It is necessary to pursue its optimal positioning depending on its sporting potential and its economic financial capacity but not necessarily the promotion. We suggest that the Spanish Football League review the conditions and format to promotion.
Abstract
During the lifespan, there are multiple factors influence the longevity including genotype, metabolism, physiology, sociodemographic and environmental factors, nutritional and lifestyle habits. Nutrition during the life time has an effect on the health status. Dietary indexes, certain dietary patterns and dietary guidelines have been used for analysing dietary pattern and life expectancy relationship in many studies. Dietary pattern has an important effect on longevity. The cohort study results indicate that diet quality and Medittarenean diet have potential effects on longevity. The important effects of nutrition on longevity related with quality, quantity, frequency, variety and emotional satisfaction. Therefore, nutritional strategies that provide clear benefits for ageing linked with both physiological and psychological functions to maintain life quality. The aspiration is not only to “live longer” but to “live better,” and to maintain optimal qual¬ity of life during the later stages of life.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to develop test methodology that would allow for an estimation of the relative contributions of buoyancy and hydrodynamics on swim performance.
Methods: One trained swimmer completed three familiarization trials followed by eighteen randomized swim sessions where each condition no wetsuit (NS), low buoyancy wetsuit (LBW), high buoyancy wetsuit (HBW), NS plus pull buoy (NSB), and HBW matched to buoy buoyancy (HBW+) were tested four times each. Buoyancy for all conditions was measured via hydrostatic weighing system. All data are presented as means+SD and change scores (95% CI).
Results: Coefficients of variations with each condition were about 2%. DB decreased by 2.29% for LBW, 2.80% for HBW, 1.93% for NSB, and 1.96% for HBW+, which resulted in an increase in buoyancy lift force. LBW and HBW improved 800-yd swim times over NS -70.6 (-86.2, -55.0) sec, and -69.1 (-84.0, -54.3) sec, respectively. Swim times for 100-yd were also similar between LBW, -9.4 (-10.7, -8.1) sec, and HBW, -7.9 (-11.4, -4.5) sec. Neither stroke rate nor total strokes differed between LBW and HBW, though both appeared significantly lower than NS. In HBW+ trials, the difference in 800- yd and 100-yd times between NSB and NS was -25.2 (-60.3, 10.0) and -1.7 (-19.6, -16.3), respectively, while HBW+ vs NSB 800-yd and 100-yd time differences were -26.6 (-28.3, -24.9) and -5.7 (18.9, 7.5).
Conclusion: The outlined protocol can produce reliable results. These data support earlier assertions that buoyancy may reach a point of diminishing returns, and also indicate that wetsuit hydrodynamics play larger role in swim performance as velocity increases. The protocol outlined could aid in optimal wetsuit design without the need for advanced testing equipment.
Abstract
The present investigation has been conducted to find out the relationship of selected motor fitness tests to percentage of body fat and reaction time (visual) in mid level male footballer players volunteered to participate in this study.16 students of 15 to 18 years of age and having training in BKSP, were recruited as the subjects. The data on the variables such as percentage of body-fat (BF), speed, agility and reaction-time (RT) were collected by using standard tools and techniques. Each subject’s speed, agility, and reaction time were measured, and the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and paired t tests (using SPSS-16). There were no meaningful correlations between reaction time and speed in the subjects .There was a negative correlation between percentage of body fat and reaction time.
Abstract
Go to
The motivation and habits of rock climbers were investigated using mixed methodology in order to better understand exercise participation. Forty-one patrons of a south eastern United States climbing gym completed a demographics form and adapted Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), while thirty-six participants completed the Rock Climbing Motivation Survey (RCMS). Those with higher climbing frequency reported significantly higher levels of identified regulation than individuals who climbed less often (p=0.011). According to a thematic analysis, exercise balance and personal growth and challenges were the most commonly reported themes of motivation for rock climbing. The most frequently cited barriers were injury and time. Participants reported external motivators to climb upon initiation of the sport, but appeared to rely more on internal motivators to continue climbing. These findings, which are supported by current literature on physical activity, may be applicable to promoting exercise participation and maintenance.
Introduction: Partial or complete aplasia of the posterior arches of the atlas is a well-documented anomaly but a relatively rare condition caused by a defect in their closure. This condition is usually asymptomatic so most are diagnosed incidentally.
Case report: We report the case of a patient who presents a defect of the posterior arch of atlas.
Conclusion: There is a variety of the congenital defects of the arch of the atlas. Further studies are required on these lesions in order to take possible protection measures against trauma, and the selection between conservative or surgical treatment.
Abstract
The rehabilitation counsellor works with people with disabilities to assist them in ways to improve their quality of life and vocational outcomes. The types of disabilities among people are diverse, multifaceted, and vary in severity. One such disability group is individuals with cancer. Persons with cancer account for a minimal percentage of the total successfully closed vocational rehabilitation cases. Over the past few decades, the prognosis of many types of cancer has improved, with a resulting increase in the number of cancer survivors who have the ability to resume work after treatment and therapy. This article provides a comprehensive review of rehabilitation counsellors’ involvement in enhancing the lives of individuals with cancer including the employment means, Psychological Impact, and effective interventions to employ these goals.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine and compare the acute effects of basketball-specific fatigue on muscular stiffness and reactive strength in male adolescent basketball players of two age categories. Reactive strength, expressed by means of the reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (LS) as mechanisms associated with the risk of ACL injury were measured in eleven players of the U16 category (age 16.1±0.4 years; body height 185±6.5cm; body mass 74.3±9.9kg) and ten players of the U18 category (age 17.7±0.4 years; body height 187±5.7cm; body mass 79.7±7.4kg) pre and post simulated basketball match play (SBFP28). RSI was determined by a drop jump test, LS by a 20 sub-maximal two-legged hopping test. No significant effects of SBFP28 on the monitored parameters were observed with the exception of RSI in U16 (p=0.013, r=0.53). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the fatigue-related responses to SBFP28 for RSI and LS between the age groups. These results indicated that irrespective of age, the stabilization function of the knee muscles was not impaired and consequently the risk of ACL injury was not increased.
Abstract
Background: Physiotherapy is multi-dimensional and can treat a vast variety of conditions, ranging from musculoskeletal aches, arthritis, joints problems, paraplegia, hemiplegic, sports injuries and frozen shoulder etc. Apart from culture competency and core medical knowledge a physiotherapist must be competent enough in all physiotherapist medical conditions where physical therapy plays a vital role. This study aims to identify the frequency of common clinical conditions among client presented at Habib Physiotherapy Complex (HPC), Hayatabad during 2010.
Methodology: This was a descriptive study; the data were retrieved from record register of HPC (Indoor and Outdoor patients) recording their presenting complaints and known diagnoses. Data was collected on a structure grid. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 15 and presented in term of frequency and percentages.
Result: The majority of clients (1280 (29%)) were suffering from low back pain. The second common condition 891(20%) was osteoarthritis of the knee joint and cerebrovascular accidents 824(18.4%), while cervical pain accounted for 734(16.4%). The rest of clinical conditions included; frozen shoulder, pelvic inflammation, cerebral palsy, polio effected and paraplegia.
Conclusion: The Study reveals the occurrence of Osteoarthritis (Low Back, Cervical Pain, and Knee Joints Pain) were the most common condition which deteriorated the performance of common individuals in our society.
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a dimeric protein found throughout the brain, promotes the survival of nerve cells by playing a role in the growth, maturation, and maintenance of cells [1]. Along with supporting the survival of existing neurons, BDNF encourages differentiation and growth of new neurons and synapses [2,3]. In the brain the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain, which are vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking, are all locations where BDNF is active [4]. A number of stimuli have been found to increase BDNF gene regulation including light in the visual cortex, osmotic in the hypothalamus, electrical in the hippocampus, and exercise in the hippocampus [5].
Introduction
Achilles Tendon, the largest and strongest tendon in the human body is formed by fusion of the tendinous portion of calf muscles; the gastrocnemius and soleus [1,2]. Achilles tendon can largely with stand tensional forces of locomotion. The incidence of Achilles tendon injuries has increased considerably during the pastdecade [1-5]. Such injuries account for 45% of all sports related injuries among athletes and general public. Achilles tendon complaints generally represent most tendon problems in any population and can be divided into “Spontaneous ruptures” (excessive loadinginduced injury/degeneration of tendon without any predisposing systemic diseases); and “Overuse injuries” (traced to sports and exercise-related overuse). Sometimes, a systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis may manifest with Achilles tendon symptoms, but this represents only a minority (~2%) of all cases [1,6].
Abstract
Physical inactivity challenge has been addressed from different approaches in recent years due to the negative effects of its consequences at public health level. However, the number of people who do not perform sufficient physical activity on a daily basis is not decreasing. Surprisingly, it is not common to involve the fitness & wellness industry in interventions to address inactivity in leisure time despite the industry aim to promote a healthy lifestyle through physical exercise and its resources. Whilst the industry seems not to be interested in collaborating with public bodies and research centres. In this manuscript, we discuss the reasons why this industry should get involved in the effort for addressing physical inactivity using community-based intervention
Abstract
Frequent Knee Locking is an incapacitating condition that requires a thorough clinical, radiological and arthroscopic evaluation. The common causes are meniscal injury followed by torn anterior cruciate ligament and osteochondral loose bodies in the joint space. Our case describes an unusual case of frequent left knee locking. After clinical and radiological examinations the provisional diagnoses of medial meniscus tear was done. A diagnostic arthroscopy of the left knee revealed normal meniscus, cruciates and a medial patello femoral plica slipping into the patellofemoral joint causing the locking sensation. The plica was resected. At 6 month follow up there is no recurrence of symptoms.
Abstract
Healthy lifestyle can be defined as controlling all behaviours affecting the health of the individual, managing daily activities to improve health and reducing disease risks. Lifestyle behaviours affect disease risk and life quality. The development of healthy lifestyle behaviours, especially nutrition and Physical Activity is associated with type 2 diabetes, cardio-metabolic diseases and cancer risks. World Health Organization defines life quality as “individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”. Therefore, healthy lifestyle behaviours, especially nutrition and physical activity are related to life quality. Measuring the risk of chronic disease associated with diet quality, healthy lifestyle and life quality is very important in terms of improving public health [1-3].
Abstract
Reductions in O2 delivery (blood flow x O2 content) to contracting skeletal muscle can have adverse effects on physical performance. In this regard, factors that reduce blood flow can promote fatigue by reducing muscle force and/or attenuating the removal of metabolic by products of contraction [1]. Conversely, interventions that enhance O2 delivery at a given work intensity could potentially reduce muscle fatigue or delay its onset, leading to improved Physical Performance. Thus, identification and investigation of such interventions represents an important focus of research in sports science. One possible approach involves the study of dietary factors that may act as ergogenic aids via their actions on cardiovascular function. For example, acute supplementation with beet root juice, which is high in nitrates, has been shown to enhance cardiac output and oxygen utilization and reduce vascular resistance and blood pressure at a given sub-maximal work intensity [2,3]. These effects are indicative of increased O2 delivery to skeletal muscle.
Abstract
Sport behaviour in any situation is culturally defined. The anthropological study of sports can provide a viewpoint of human culture in real sense of the word. Sports as a recreational aspect of culture hold a variety of different meanings across culture. It has been observed that, sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men’s and women’s roles. It has also widely argued that women’s sport has changed a little in the present century. Anthropologists considered this issue that sports are the areas where gender inequalities are strongly evident. The present study is the preliminary observations on the relationship between sports and gender along with how the participation in sports can be invigorating and personally empowering experience for women. It finally throws light on how sports are one of the most important issues in gender inequality
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. How to cite this article: Muhammad K K, Alamgir K, Sami U K, Salahuddin K. Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(1).
RISM.000508: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508
Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine
2/5
Res Inves Sports Med
the effects of anxiety from different perspectives. The findings
of this study may be very helpful to assess the perception of
players regarding effects of anxiety in connection to their sports
participation. In this way they will be able to cope with such
circumstances which lead to the occurrence of anxiety. Similarly,
through this study the coach, managers and players will be able to
educate the inexperience players with special reference to anxiety
in sports. Moreover the recommendations of the study will be
helpful to achieve better results in sports.
Hypotheses of the study
The following Null Hypothesis were tested
HO1 There is no significant effects of anxiety upon physiological
performance as perceived by players.
HO2 There is no significant effects of anxiety upon psychological
performance as perceived by players.
HO1 There is no significant effects of anxiety upon behavioral
perspective as perceived by players.
Methodology of the study
The following procedural steps were taken to reach at certain
findings of the study.
Population of the study: The population of this study
comprised of all the players at different level of sports activities.
Sampling: A complete list of the players obtained from the
Directorate of Sports Gomal University DeraIs
mail Khan. The researcher collected representative numbers of
the sample from both (New Campus and City Campus) by applying
convenient sample technique.
Instrument and mode data collection: The researcher
prepared and used questionnaire consist of three options for the
purpose of data collection regarding effects of anxiety on sports.
The questionnaire was developed under the guidance of research
supervisor and literature review also. The researcher personally
distributed the developed questionnaire and collected back after
getting it filled by the respondents.
Data analysis: The collected data was analyzed through
appropriated statistical tools.
Anxiety and Sports
Anxietyisanaturalhumanreactionthatinvolvesmindandbody.
It is an alarm system that is activated whenever a person perceives
danger or threat. When the body and mind react to danger or threat,
a person feels physical sensations of anxiety. Anxiety, as a negative
emotional, affect perceptions in sport competitions, where a large
majority of athletes consider anxiety to be debilitative towards
performance, which may result in decreases in performance [4,5].
Many researches showed that winning in a competition depend on
how an athlete can control their anxiety level [6]. Anxiety consists
of two subcomponents: cognitive and somatic anxiety, which
influenceperformance[7,8].Thecognitiveisthementalcomponent,
which characterized by negative expectations about success or self-
evaluation, negative self-talk, worries about performance, images
of failure, inability to concentrate, and disrupted attention [6,7].
Contradictory, the somatic is the physiological element, which
related to autonomic arousals, negative symptoms such as feelings
of nervous, high blood pressure, dry throat, muscular tension, rapid
heart rate, sweaty palms and butterflies in your stomach [7,8].
Anxiety is a construct that has consistently been studied in
the field of sport psychology, and has become the most heavily
researched psychological variable that influences athletic
performance [9]. There is a closer relationship of sports and anxiety
because we know that sports is competitive in nature while win and
loss is the part of sports. Any sporting game or contest can give rise
to anxiety when one’s perceived ability does not measure up to the
demands of the task. A great deal of research has been devoted
to the effect of anxiety on sports performance. Researchers have
found that competitive state anxiety is higher for amateur athletes
in individual sports compared with athletes in team sports [10].
Anxiety plays a paramount role in sport. It is the challenge
to sports participation which produces anxiety. How and athlete
handles the anxiety determines how successful he would be. The
degree of anxiety also varies with a number of different conditions.
Anxiety is likely to be greater in higher competitive sports than
in relatively non-competitive sports, because in the competitive
sports, participants are expected to win and great demands are
madeuponthemtosucceed.Theindividualandteamsportspersons
may have to appearance of anxiety. Nobody is without anxiety in the
field of games and sports. It is this important factor which affects
the performance of sports persons in their understandings and
challenges at sports. Hann [11] found “sports psychologist have
long believed that high levels of anxiety during competition are
harmful, worsening performance and even leading to dropout.”
Anxiety may be reduced or it may be increased with circumstances.
Athletes can manage anxiety using techniques such as relaxation,
hypnotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy and positive thinking.
Effect of Anxiety on Sports Performance
Anxiety affects the overall performance through following
ways:
Psychological effects
Concentration towards any external threat takes place in
human body immediately and automatically. Ampofo-Boateng
[12] noted that anxiety disrupted the attention and worries about
the performance in competitive situation. The effect on a person’s
thinking can range from mild worry to extreme terror. In other
research study anxiety was considered one of the main important
psychological factor influences on sports performance [13].
Effect on central nervous system (CNS)
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous
system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous
system is so named because it integrates information it receives,
coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies.
3. How to cite this article: Muhammad K K, Alamgir K, Sami U K, Salahuddin K. Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(1).
RISM.000508: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508
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Anxiety effect directly on sympathetic nervous system and the
link between body parts and CNS is affected and in this regard a
person became unable to perform the mental function effectively
and efficiently which effect directly sports performance of athletes.
Researchers showed that anxiety effect on the mental level of an
athlete and changes the performance in the shape of feelings of
nervous, high blood pressure etc. which are direct related to central
nerves system [7]. In other way Anxiety and stress stimulate the
production of Catecholamine commonly known as epinephrine,
nor epinephrine and dopamine. These chemicals have adverse
effect on memory, both long term memory and short term memory
of the person affected. Person becomes forgetful and irritable can
experience lack of concentration, feeling of fear and decreased
sleep or disturbed sleep pattern.
Following are some of the general mental effects of anxiety:
a. Difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts
b. Trouble learning new information
c. Forgetfulness, disorganization, confusion
d. Difficulty in making decisions
Physiological effects
Physiological effects refer to the changes which take place in the
movements of different organ of the body. Anxiety affects directly
or indirectly different functions of the body in various ways which
include muscles shake, fast heartbeat, sweating fast breathing [14].
Some of the physiological effects of anxiety are discussed below.
Gastrointestinal effects
When a person is feeling anxious or having an anxiety attack
they can experience some gastrointestinal upset which affects
on the performance of athlete. He can have frequent urination or
diarrhea, where needs to use the bathroom more than normal. If
someone has stomach upset, it may be accompanied by dizziness
[15].
Muscular effects
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) noted that anxiety can
also have an effect on individual’s muscles. For example, the anxious
player may have tremors, where he has a shaking movement that
he cannot control. These tremors or twitches can occur when the
individual is still, moving or holding an item. Another muscular
effect of anxiety is muscle tension, where the individual has tight
muscles that can sometimes feel painful [15].
Breathing effects and glandular effects
Rapid breathing is known as hyperventilating. Hyperventilation
can be a normal response when you are anxious. A common
symptom of anxiety, according to the NIH, is sweating; during a
bout of anxiety, the sweat glands produce more sweat than normal.
The player can also experience changes in breathing: she may
have shortness of breath or rapid breathing. When the patient has
shortness of breath, it can feel like she is choking and grasping for
air [16].
Other effects on the body
Anxiety can also affect other parts of the body. For example,
the heart can be affected, resulting in either a pounding heart or an
irregular heartbeat. The player can also have headaches, insomnia
and fatigue. Problems with the mouth and throat can happen, such
as a dry mouth or difficulty swallowing.
Effect on cardiovascular system
Anxiety can lead to increased heart rate, palpitations, increased
blood pressure. All these changes take place in the body by more
production of stress hormones like adrenalin, noradrenalin and
cortisol.
Effect of anxiety on skin and hair
Anxiety can affect the skin badly in terms of loss of glow,
development of acne etc. Certain skin diseases like psoriasis and
eczema are known to appear because of anxiety. Hair fall is also very
common in constantly anxious people. Prolonged anxiety could
trigger under-active thyroid or hypothyroid, which in turn, could
lead to many loss of hair, loss of glow on skin, and other symptoms.
Behavioral effects
Anxiety effects also on the behavior of an individual because
Anger, displeasure, problems in communication and unfriendliness
are the common effects of anxiety.
Personality changes
The term personality is used to describe the consistent
individual patterns of thoughts, emotion, and behavior that
characterize each person across time and situations. Each
individual’s personality is thought to be influenced by both an
inherited “genetic” component (usually called temperament) and
by their interactions with the environment. Some people experience
personality changes in response to stress hormones, which are part
of their internal environment. The following changes in personality
are not uncommon to observe in people who are anxious:
a. displeasure
b. unfriendliness
c. Frustration
d. Anger
e. Aggressive feelings and behavior
f. Decreased interest in appearance
g. Decreased concern with punctuality
h. Obsessive/compulsive behavior (trying to cope with
unwanted repeated thoughts or obsessions, by engaging in
compulsive behavior rituals such as counting, checking, washing,
etc.)
i. Reduced work efficiency or productivity
j. Lying or making excuses to cover up poor work
4. How to cite this article: Muhammad K K, Alamgir K, Sami U K, Salahuddin K. Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(1).
RISM.000508: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508
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k. Excessive defensiveness or suspiciousness
l. Problems in communication
m. Social withdrawal and isolation
n. Impulsivity (expressed as impulse buying, gambling,
sexual behavior, or similar)
Treatment of Anxiety
Anxiety disorders are real disorders that require treatment.
Recovery is not simply a matter of will and self-discipline.
Fortunately, much progress has been made in the last two decades
in the treatment of people with mental illnesses. Although the
exact treatment approach depends on the type of disorder, one or
a combination of the following therapies might be used for most
anxiety disorders:
Medication
Medicines used to reduce the symptoms of anxiety disorders
include antidepressants and anxiety-reducing medications.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) addresses the emotional
response to mental illness. It is a process in which trained mental
health professionals help people by talking through strategies for
understanding and dealing with their disorder.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
People suffering from anxiety disorders often participate in this
type of therapy in which the person learns to recognize and change
thought patterns and behaviors that lead to troublesome feelings.
Presentation and Analysis of Data
H0
1
There is no significant effect of anxiety upon physiological
performance as perceived by players. Table 1 shows that there
is significant effect of anxiety upon physiological performance
as perceived by players because the mean of Agree is 29.25 and
undecided is 4.75 and mean of disagree is 06 (29.25>4.75 & 06)
while null hypothesis stating that there is no significant effect of
anxiety upon physiological performance of the player so hypothesis
No.1 is rejected
H0
2
There is no significant effect of anxiety upon psychological
performance as perceived by players. Table 2 shows that there
is significant effect of anxiety upon psychological performance
as perceived by players because the mean of Agree is 30.25 and
undecided is 4.25 and mean of disagree is 5.50 (30.25>4.25 &
5.50) while null hypothesis stating that there is no significant effect
of anxiety upon psychological performance as perceived by the
players. So hypothesis No.2 is hereby rejected
H0
3
There are no significant effects of anxiety upon behavioral
perspective as perceived by players. Table 3 shows that there is
significant effect of anxiety behavioral performance as perceived
by players because the mean of Agree is 29.16 and undecided is
5.16 and mean of disagree is 5.66 (29.16>5.16 & 5.66) while null
hypothesis stating that there is no significant effect of anxiety upon
behavioral performance as perceived by the players. So hypothesis
No.3 is hereby rejected
H0
4
Thereisnosignificanteffectofanxietyuponsportsperformance
as perceived by the players. Table 4 shows that there is significant
effect of anxiety upon sports performance as perceived by players
because the mean of Agree is 29.55 and undecided is 4.72 and
mean of disagree is 5.72 (29.55>4.72 & 5.72) while null hypothesis
stating that there is no significant effect of anxiety upon Sports
performance as perceived by the players. So hypothesis No 4 is
hereby rejected
Findings
On the basis of data analysis the finding of the study are
following
1. There is significant effect of anxiety upon physiological
performance as perceived by the players because the mean of
Agree is 29.25 and undecided is 4.75 and mean of disagree is 06
(29.25>4.75 & 06) while null hypothesis stating that there is no
significant effect of anxiety upon physiological performance. So
hypothesis No.1 is rejected (Table 1).
Table 1: Showing the effect of anxiety upon physiological
performance.
S. No
Physiological Effects of
Anxiety
Agree Undecided Disagree
1
Anxiety increases the
circulation of blood in body
34 5 1
2
Chest pain and rapid
respiration is the result of
anxiety
31 3 6
3
Due to anxiety an athlete
frequently feel urination
and sweating
34 4 2
4
Loss of appetite is the cause
of anxiety
18 7 15
Mean: 29.25 4.75 6
2. There is significant effect of anxiety upon psychological
performance as perceived by the players because the mean of
Agree is 30.25 and undecided is 4.25 and mean of disagree is 5.50
(30.25>4.25 & 5.50) while null hypothesis stating that there is no
significant effect of anxiety upon psychological performance. So
hypothesis No.2 is rejected (Table 2).
5. How to cite this article: Muhammad K K, Alamgir K, Sami U K, Salahuddin K. Effects of Anxiety on Athletic Performance. Res Inves Sports Med. 1(1).
RISM.000508: 2017. DOI: 10.31031/RISM.2017.01.000508
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Table 2: Mean showing the effect of anxiety upon psychological
performance.
S. No
Psychological Effects of
Anxiety
Agree Undecided Disagree
1
Anxiety directly effects on
the mental function of an
athlete
33 3 4
2
Excessive, ongoing worry
and tension is the effect of
anxiety
32 3 5
3
Mentally disturbed
sportsmen feel difficulty
in concentrating on the
desired targets
28 7 5
4
Sympathetic nervous
system directly affected by
anxiety
28 4 8
Mean: 30.25 4.25 5.5
3. There is significant effect of anxiety upon behavioral
performance as perceived by the players because the mean of
Agree is 29.16 and undecided is 5.16 and mean of disagree is
5.66 (29.16>5.16 & 5.66) while null hypothesis stating that their
no significant effect of anxiety upon behavioral performance. So
hypothesis No.3 is rejected (Table 3 & 4).
Table 3: Mean showing the effect of anxiety upon behavioral
performance.
S. No
Behavioral Effects of
Anxiety
Agree Undecided Disagree
1
Social isolation may cause
of anxiety
26 5 9
2
Anxiety hurt relationships
with friends, family and
colleagues
32 5 3
3
Anxiety makes a person
Angry
36 2 2
4
An anxious athlete performs
Aggressively
27 8 5
5
Conflict takes place due to
anxiety
28 3 9
6
Lose of performance is the
result of anxiety
26 8 6
Mean: 29.16 5.16 5.66
Table 4: Mean showing the effect of anxiety upon sports
performance.
S. No Variables Agree Undecided Disagree
1
Physiological effect of
anxiety
29.25 4.75 6
2
Psychological effect of
anxiety
30.25 4.25 5.5
3 Behavioral effect of anxiety 29.16 5.16 5.66
Mean: 29.55 4.72 5.72
Conclusion
On the basis of findings the researcher arrived at conclusion
that anxiety has a significant effect on the overall physiological,
psychological and behavioral performance of a sportsman. It means
that anxiety has significantly effects the overall performance of
athlete.
Recommendation of the Study
On the basis of findings and conclusion the researcher
recommended that
1. Different awareness program may be conducted about
anxiety and its effects on performance
2. Athlete may be kept aware about different psychological
factors effecting their performance
3. Athlete may be kept aware about different physiological
factors effecting their performance
4. Athlete may be kept aware about different behavioral factors
affecting their performance.
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