The document summarizes a study that examined potential differences in psychological skills between male and female Indian artistic gymnasts. The study assessed 75 gymnasts aged 17-27 years using a psychological skills assessment. Results showed no significant differences between males and females on skills like imagery, self-awareness, confidence, attention, motivation, arousal regulation, goal setting, and energy management. Both females and males displayed similar levels on the psychological variables measured. The findings suggest coaches should not approach training of psychological skills differently for male and female gymnasts in India.
Influence of personality traits and self concept on performance as an individ...Sports Journal
Sports psychology is of recent origin. There is a great advancement of games and sports now-a-days
which was not prevalent in the past. Cratty confirms that intellectual involvement and intelligent
decision-making on the part of an athlete is a matter of experience. Morton Prince described, “Personality
is the sum total of all the biological innate dispositions, impulses, tendencies, attitudes and instincts of
the individuals and the dispositions and tendencies acquired by experiences. Gordon W. Allport said
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that
determine the individual’s unique adjustment to the environment”
Sample of study: Twenty male subjects were selected from S.G.G.S Khalsa College, Mahilpur (Pb). Ten
subjects from individual games and ten from Team games who had represented state level in their
respected games. The age level of the subjects ranged from 17 – 25 years.
Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that there shall not be any significant differences between means of
Self-Concept and Personality Traits among the individual and team games at the college level.
Statistical Analysis: To compare the Self-Concept and Personality Traits among individual and team
games players, mean, standard deviation and uncorrelated t-test was applied. The level of significance
was set at 0.05 levels.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to investigate the effects of a Psychological Skills Training(PST) program on mental toughness of skillful female volleyball players. The statistical population used in the study consists of two league 1 female teams in Tehran province, Iran with total members of 22 individuals. From them, 11 individuals were selected randomly for each control group and experimental group. The data related to mental toughness were collected using Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire of Sheard and Golby (2009). The subjectsof the experimental group performed psychological practices for 8 weeks, 2 sessionsa week or total of 15 sessions such that each session included 30 minutes of the program. No program for psychological skills was delivered to control group. After the 15th session, an after-test was taken through SMTQ from experimental group based on the pre-test. Statistical methods in two descriptive and inferential levels and Kolmogorov– Smirnov statistical tests and T-test were used for analyzing data. The obtained results indicated that volleyball players who participated in Psychological Skills Training program have earned meaningfully higher scores in all subscales compared to the control group. Finally, it can be concluded that a course on Psychological Skills training has a meaningful effect on mental toughness of female volleyball players.
Influence of personality traits and self concept on performance as an individ...Sports Journal
Sports psychology is of recent origin. There is a great advancement of games and sports now-a-days
which was not prevalent in the past. Cratty confirms that intellectual involvement and intelligent
decision-making on the part of an athlete is a matter of experience. Morton Prince described, “Personality
is the sum total of all the biological innate dispositions, impulses, tendencies, attitudes and instincts of
the individuals and the dispositions and tendencies acquired by experiences. Gordon W. Allport said
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psycho-physical systems that
determine the individual’s unique adjustment to the environment”
Sample of study: Twenty male subjects were selected from S.G.G.S Khalsa College, Mahilpur (Pb). Ten
subjects from individual games and ten from Team games who had represented state level in their
respected games. The age level of the subjects ranged from 17 – 25 years.
Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that there shall not be any significant differences between means of
Self-Concept and Personality Traits among the individual and team games at the college level.
Statistical Analysis: To compare the Self-Concept and Personality Traits among individual and team
games players, mean, standard deviation and uncorrelated t-test was applied. The level of significance
was set at 0.05 levels.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on Mental Toughness of...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The present study aims to investigate the effects of a Psychological Skills Training(PST) program on mental toughness of skillful female volleyball players. The statistical population used in the study consists of two league 1 female teams in Tehran province, Iran with total members of 22 individuals. From them, 11 individuals were selected randomly for each control group and experimental group. The data related to mental toughness were collected using Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire of Sheard and Golby (2009). The subjectsof the experimental group performed psychological practices for 8 weeks, 2 sessionsa week or total of 15 sessions such that each session included 30 minutes of the program. No program for psychological skills was delivered to control group. After the 15th session, an after-test was taken through SMTQ from experimental group based on the pre-test. Statistical methods in two descriptive and inferential levels and Kolmogorov– Smirnov statistical tests and T-test were used for analyzing data. The obtained results indicated that volleyball players who participated in Psychological Skills Training program have earned meaningfully higher scores in all subscales compared to the control group. Finally, it can be concluded that a course on Psychological Skills training has a meaningful effect on mental toughness of female volleyball players.
Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement, applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation, communication, team building, and career transitions.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important
factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving
various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was
very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi
players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the selfconfidence
level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level
Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study.
Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List
significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The
result indicated there was a mean significance difference in self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho
and Kabaddi players of North Bengal University. The researcher was concluded that Kho-Kho players are more
confident than the Football and Kabaddi players before attending the respective inter university tournaments.
Key Words: Self-Confidence, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi.
Presentation delivered by Tony S. Reed, Chief Medical Officer, Temple University Hospital at the marcus evans National Healthcare CMO Summit held in Texas.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com .docxrock73
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
Scholars Research Library
Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4) :469-475
(http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html)
ISSN 0976-1233
CODEN (USA): ABRNBW
469
Scholars Research Library
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Coaching Efficacy
in Coaches
Esmaeel AFKHAMI
1*
, Poone MOKHTARI
2
, Farshad TOJJARI
3
, Mahdi BASHIRI
4
and
Mir Hamid SALEHIAN
5
1, 4, 5
Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2, 3
Department of Physical Education, Central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and
coaching efficacy of university coaches. Therefore, 120 coaches (60 male and 60 female) were
selected randomly and completed emotional intelligence (Syberyashring, 1986) and the coaching
efficacy questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential (Pierson
correlation, and single-variable and multivariate regression) with SPSS 16 software (P<0.05).
Suggested hypothesis showed that the scale and subscales of coaches’ emotional intelligence are
associated with the scale and subscales of coaching efficacy. The coaches’ emotional
intelligence was considered as a good predict of coaching efficacy. Generally speaking, there is
a significance relationship between emotional intelligence as a variable affecting the coaching
efficacy.
Key words: Emotional intelligence, coaching efficacy, coach.
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, it is known that the most important necessary condition in training top sportsmen and
sportswomen depends on excellent coaches. Huge investments in the field of coaching as well as
employing effective and efficient coaches for the clubs represent the necessity of great attention
in choosing efficient coaches. An efficient coach should have several characteristics. Coaching
efficacy consists of four main subscales that is creating incentive game strategy, effective
technique and processes in character developing. By creating incentives coaching can influence
their players’ skill and mental states [1]. The game strategy is related to the coaches ability in
guiding their players during the contest toward success [2, 3]. Eventually, the process of
Esmaeel AFKHAMI
et al Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4):469-475
_____________________________________________________________________________
470
Scholars Research Library
character development is related to the coaches beliefs whether he will be able to influence his
player character development as well as to alter view of people toward sport [4, 5]. According to
Chase at al., coachi ...
General psychological factors affecting physical performance and sportsSports Journal
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their
performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground.
Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to
Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an
exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general
psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
Sport psychology is an interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from many related fields including biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology and psychology. It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors. In addition to instruction and training of psychological skills for performance improvement, applied sport psychology may include work with athletes, coaches, and parents regarding injury, rehabilitation, communication, team building, and career transitions.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Comparative Study on Self Confidence among University Level Football, Kho-Kho...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Self-confidence is the belief that one can successfully perform or desired behavior. It is an important
factor to achieve our ultimate goal. Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very famous game in India involving
various physical fitness components like speed, co-ordination, power, strength, agility etc. The Researcher was
very keen to find out the self-confidence level of North Bengal University Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi
players before attending the inter university tournament. The purpose of this study was to compare the selfconfidence
level between Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players. Eighteen each male University level
Football, Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players from North University (Mean Age 23) were volunteered in this study.
Hardy and Nelson (1992) questionnaire was used to measured the self confidence level of the subjects. One way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the overall mean significance difference of three groups. List
significance difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used to measure the paired mean significance difference. The
result indicated there was a mean significance difference in self-confidence level between Football, Kho-Kho
and Kabaddi players of North Bengal University. The researcher was concluded that Kho-Kho players are more
confident than the Football and Kabaddi players before attending the respective inter university tournaments.
Key Words: Self-Confidence, Football, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi.
Presentation delivered by Tony S. Reed, Chief Medical Officer, Temple University Hospital at the marcus evans National Healthcare CMO Summit held in Texas.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com .docxrock73
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com
Scholars Research Library
Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4) :469-475
(http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html)
ISSN 0976-1233
CODEN (USA): ABRNBW
469
Scholars Research Library
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Coaching Efficacy
in Coaches
Esmaeel AFKHAMI
1*
, Poone MOKHTARI
2
, Farshad TOJJARI
3
, Mahdi BASHIRI
4
and
Mir Hamid SALEHIAN
5
1, 4, 5
Department of Physical Education, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2, 3
Department of Physical Education, Central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and
coaching efficacy of university coaches. Therefore, 120 coaches (60 male and 60 female) were
selected randomly and completed emotional intelligence (Syberyashring, 1986) and the coaching
efficacy questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential (Pierson
correlation, and single-variable and multivariate regression) with SPSS 16 software (P<0.05).
Suggested hypothesis showed that the scale and subscales of coaches’ emotional intelligence are
associated with the scale and subscales of coaching efficacy. The coaches’ emotional
intelligence was considered as a good predict of coaching efficacy. Generally speaking, there is
a significance relationship between emotional intelligence as a variable affecting the coaching
efficacy.
Key words: Emotional intelligence, coaching efficacy, coach.
______________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, it is known that the most important necessary condition in training top sportsmen and
sportswomen depends on excellent coaches. Huge investments in the field of coaching as well as
employing effective and efficient coaches for the clubs represent the necessity of great attention
in choosing efficient coaches. An efficient coach should have several characteristics. Coaching
efficacy consists of four main subscales that is creating incentive game strategy, effective
technique and processes in character developing. By creating incentives coaching can influence
their players’ skill and mental states [1]. The game strategy is related to the coaches ability in
guiding their players during the contest toward success [2, 3]. Eventually, the process of
Esmaeel AFKHAMI
et al Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (4):469-475
_____________________________________________________________________________
470
Scholars Research Library
character development is related to the coaches beliefs whether he will be able to influence his
player character development as well as to alter view of people toward sport [4, 5]. According to
Chase at al., coachi ...
General psychological factors affecting physical performance and sportsSports Journal
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their
performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground.
Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to
Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an
exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general
psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground. Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general psychological factors that already affect the athletes’ performance and sports.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
Level of self esteem in men and women north zone Badminton playersIOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to find out self- esteem levels of north zone men and women badminton
players. The tournament was held at Jamia Millia Islamia University 2013-2014. The sample of the present
study comprised of 50 (25 men and 25 Women) badminton players. The questionnaire of self esteem by
Rosenberg (1965) was used in this study. The result of the study showed that men players had much more high
self esteem than their counter part.
Sport and exercise psychologists identify principles and guidelines that professionals can use to help adults and children participate in and benefit from sport and exercise activities.
Frustrations in the GymThe purpose of this assignment is to .docxalisoncarleen
Frustrations in the Gym
The purpose of this assignment is to examine ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology, rehabilitation, and in other professions related to physical activity as a means for maintaining individual health and well-being. Ethical principles and guidelines, previously discussed, will be applied to these various environments for critical analysis and discussion. Despite the differences in environments, the ethical situations exercise psychology professionals face, often, fall within the same parameters as those of other helping professions.
For this assignment, first, read the following article from the Argosy University online library resources:
Pauline, J., Pauline, G., Johnson, S., & Gamble, K. (2006). Ethical issues in exercise psychology.
Ethics & Behavior
,
16
(1), 61–76.
Now, answer the following questions:
Are issues of competency and training more complex for exercise psychology professionals than for applied sport psychology professionals?
What ethical dilemmas are unique to the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional? Are there distinct differences in this relationship compared to a relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional?
Answer each question in 200–300 words. Your response should be in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file SP6300_M4_A1_LastName_FirstInitial.doc and submit it to the appropriate
Discussion Area
by
the due date assigned
.
Through the end of the module
, comment on the posts of two of your peers. In your reviews, check whether the answers given to the second question support their answers to the first one. Discuss any inconsistencies or similarities in your classmates' answers. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum Points
Identified and described the differences in competency and training issues for exercise psychology professionals as compared to applied sport psychology professionals.8Analyzed and described the ethical dilemmas unique to exercise psychology professionals.8Compared the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional with that of the relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional.8Reviewed the posts of at least two peers and pointed out any inconsistencies and similarities.8Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.4
Total:36
Ethical Issues in Exercise Psychology
Jeffrey S. Pauline, Gina A. Pauline, Scott R. Johnson,
and Kelly M. Gamble
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Ball State University
Exercise psychology encompasses the disciplines of psychiatry, clinical and counseling
psychology, health promotion, and themovement sciences. This emerging field involves
diverse mental he ...
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...Sports Journal
The intention of the study was to analysis the effects of physical exercises and minor games on Speed in
mentally challenged Children. To achieve this purpose of the study 45 mild category mentally challenged
Children were selected from SATYA Special School Puducherry. Children chronological age from 15 to
20 and their IQ ranged from 60% to 70%. They were divided into three groups physical exercise group
(PEG) was considered as Group I, minor games group (MGG) considered as group II and control group
(CG) considered as Group III. Group I and II undergone training for 18 weeks. The training was
scheduled for three days in a week for an hour (4pm to 5 pm) and CG was not undergone the training.
Random group design was used for this study. Speed is the criterion variable which was measured by 50
mts dash. The test was taken before and after the training period. The collected data were statistically
analysed by Analysis Covariance (ANCOVA). All the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical
package. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level of significance. From the results of the study it
can be concluded that there is no significant difference between CG and PEG on speed. Thus, the above
result clearly indicates that the speed in the children belonging to the MGG has considerably improved in
comparison to the PEG and CG.
Ukraine Euro Cup 2024 Squad Sergiy Rebrov's Selections and Prospects.docxEuro Cup 2024 Tickets
After securing their spot through the playoff route, Ukraine is gearing up for their fourth consecutive European Championship. Ukraine first qualified as hosts in 2012, but in 2016
Belgium vs Slovakia Belgium announce provisional squad for Euro Cup 2024 Thib...Eticketing.co
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Results for LtCol Thomas Jasper, Marine, for the 2010 Marine Corps Marathon held October 31, 2010, marking the 35th annual marathon known as "The People's Marathon."
An impressive finishing time of 3:46:39, placing 324th in the Male division ages 40-44.
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Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
Euro Cup fans worldwide can book Euro 2024 Tickets from our online platform www.worldwideticketsandhospitality. Fans can book Poland Vs Austria Tickets on our website at discounted prices.
Denmark vs England England Euro Cup squad guide Fixtures, predictions and bes...Eticketing.co
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Turkey's Euro 2024 Squad Overview and Transfer Speculation.docxEuro Cup 2024 Tickets
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Psychological skills differences between male and female indian gymnasts
1. 1
PsychologicalSkills DifferencesBetweenMale And Female Indian Gymnasts
Malika Sharma, Ph.D Research Scholar, Department Of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Delhi University,
India.
Dr. Lalit Sharma, Associate Professor,IGIPESS, D.U.
Meenakshi,Assistant Professor,IGIPESS, D.U
Abstract
Psychological skills play an important role in athletic performance. Practitioners and researchers
in sport psychology have developed numerous psychological interventions for enhancing
performance. When coaches and athletes turn to sport psychology to gain a competitive edge, they
learn ways to manage competitive stress, control concentration, improve confidence, increase
communication skills, promote team unity, and many other mental factors in sport. But does it work
differently with males and females was the question in the mind of researcher, so the aim of the
present study was to examine possible differences in the use of psychological skills between male
and female Indian Artistic Gymnasts. The sample consisted of 75 Indian Artistic Gymnasts (45
males and 30 females), Aged 17 to 27 years, from different universities those who participated in
Intervarsity Championship in Patiala, 2010. The Psychological Skills Assessment scale for
individual sports was adopted which assessed the psychological skills namely imagery, self-
awareness, self-confidence, attention, motivation, arousal regulation, goal setting and psychic
energy management of the gymnasts. The t-test was computed to find out the level of significance
was set at 0.05. The results showed that there was no significant difference between male and
female Indian artistic gymnasts in selected psychological skills. Female and Male displaying same
level in psychological skills. Results of this study could be considered from coaches and sport
psychologists in order to help athletes improve their athletic performance.
Introduction
Sport specialists agree that athletic performance is influenced not only by physical skills but also by
psychological ones. In order to achieve peak performance athletes need a “total package” including
physical skills, psychological skills, fitness and injury prevention. (Christos K, Polyxeni.
A,Athanassia. S, 2009).
Psychological skills are the mental abilities or skills, which can be learnt as we learn the physical
skills to get the perfection over sports movements. There exists Psychological Skill Training (PST)
that is used to enhance performance. PST refers to systematic and consistent practice of mental
skills. PST is important because psychological factors are the primary key in day-to-day
fluctuations in performance (i.e., having a good day or an off day). However, they are often
overlooked because of lack of knowledge about them, misunderstandings about how they are
learned, and a lack of time. The most useful PST topics are Arousal Regulation, Imagery and
mental preparation, increased motivation and commitment, Goal setting, Confidence, Attention and
concentration, Self-talk, Mental Plans.
With respect to the effectiveness of PST - Psychological Skills Training enhances performance.
PST intervention must be tailored to each individual, be practiced over time and use different
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techniques (i.e., combining imagery, self talk and goal setting). However, not much research has
been done to test the Psychological skills of male and females, therefore more studies must be done
to reach more conclusive ideas to find if, any significant difference exist in the use of Psychological
Skills by male and female athletes.
Evidence predicts that people perform differently even when carrying same physical skills. There
can be certain reasons such as physical, physiological, mental, social differences. In the present
study researcher has focussed on the Psychological skills (mental aspects) only. To answer the
question, does women and men different in their choices and behaviour? The popular opinion
focuses on the environmental cues that lead to our distinct behaviours. But is there also an innate
biological basis to the choices and differing abilities between men and women? The characteristic
patteokkmrns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours make each person unique. Cognitive
functioning or brain processing differences in the two genders has been a point of interest and
contention for many years. (Arunjot Singh, 2003).
It is not self-evident that the relation between psychological skills and performance level is similar
for different types of sports or for males and females. Various studies have indicated, for example,
that differences exist in psychological skills between individual and team sports (Feltz and Ewing,
1987; Mahoney et al., 1987; Cox and Liu, 1993) and between the genders (White, 1993; Chantal et
al., 1996; Sewell and Edmondson, 1996; MacIntyre et al., 1998).
The gender differences emerged during the course of human evolution because men and women
often faced different selection pressures. Men have come to acquire systemizing and mechanistic
skills because such skills were necessary for inventing and making tools and weapons. At the same
time, low empathizing ability and aggression necessary for male competition. Similarly, women
have come to acquire empathizing and mentalistic skills because they facilitate various aspects of
mothering, such as anticipating and understanding the needs of infants who cannot yet talk, or
making friends and allies in new environments etc.( Satoshi Kanazawa, 2008) (Baron-Cohen,
Simon, 1999)
The studies on gender differences in memory are mixed and inconsistent, with some studies
showing no difference, and others showing a female or male advantage. And studies investigating
the spatial abilities of men and women have found no significant differences, though metastudies
show a male advantage in mental rotation and assessing horizontality and verticality, and a female
advantage in spatial memory (Ellis, 2008).
Where as, research on gender and psychology investigates cognitive and behavioural differences
between men and women. This research employs experimental tests of cognition, which take a
variety of forms. Tests focus on possible differences in areas such as IQ, spatial reasoning, and
emotion. Most tests score shows differences between females and males. Areas include verbal and
mathematical ability. Because social and environmental factors affect brain activity and behaviour,
Studies on this topic explore the possibility of social influences on how both genders perform in
cognitive and behavioural tests. (Urbina, Susana, 1996).
The study on the gender differences concerning state anxiety levels and Self-Confidence reflects
that self-confidence tends to decrease in females on the day a competitive event is to occur. Male
young athletes typically display lower levels of anxiety and higher self-confidence than female
athletes (Scanlan & Passer, 1979; Wark & Witting, 1979). Where as, Krane and Williams (1994)
found no gender differences for cognitive anxiety.
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A study was done to examine possible differences in the use of psychological skills of Greek track
and field athletes of different gender and level. The results showed that elite level athletes were
significantly better compared to non elite in emotional control, goal setting, imagery, activation,
negative thinking and relaxation. Also, male athletes had better emotional control and used more
relaxation, compared to females. Among elite level athletes, gender differences in psychological
skills remained, with females displaying less effective emotional control and relaxation. (Christos
K, 2009)
Studies of psychological gender differences are controversial and subject to error. Many small-scale
studies report differences that are not repeated in larger studies. So, keeping in mind the
controversies in this field the researcher has tried to find out the difference in the use of
psychological skills by the male and female Indian gymnasts, so that the coaches and the gymnasts
themselves can be benefited to understand the level of psychological skills as sports psychology’s
core attention is to achieve the higher performance, so it may help the planners and the coaches to
understand the individual gymnast’s behaviour patterns, strength, weaknesses and the trigger point.
This will help the coaches and the planners to schedule the training plan and load according to the
level of gymnast’s mental and physical abilities, to achieve the better results.
Therefore, the study of Indian Gymnasts psychological aspect in relation to the gender may be
helpful to understand their mental side and prepare the mental training program to train them to
overcome fears and blocks and perform to their potential under pressure. Keeping in view the above
mentioned aspects it is necessary to assess the psychological skills level of the Indian gymnasts, to
make it possible to understand their psychological skills level and prepare an effective PST program
to enhance their performance.
Procedure & Methodology
A total of seventy five artistic male and female gymnasts were selected as the subjects by
convenient sampling and those who were volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were
selected from Allahabad University, Calcutta university, Lakshmibai National University of
Physical Education, Gwalior, Punjab University, Bareli University, Pune University, Guru Nanak
Dev University, MDU and Delhi university. The age range of the subjects was between 17 to 27
years and the average age was 22 years. Those who participated in the Intervarsity championship
held at Patiala, 2010. In order to assess the psychological skills of the Indian gymnasts, The
Psychological Skills Assessment scale for individual sports developed and authenticated by Sharma
and Tiwari was adopted to assess the psychological skills of the gymnasts. The corabach alpha in
the psychological skills assessment was .94. The scale measures following eight psychological
skills namely, Imagery, Self-awareness, Self-confidence, Attention, Motivation, Arousal
Regulation, Psychic Energy Management and Goal setting.
The research scholar made personal visit to the gymnastics Intervarsity championship held in Patiala,
2010, and distributed the questionnaire to the respondents. The purpose of the study was clearly
explained to the respondent before administering the questionnaire. The respondents were requested to
read the instructions carefully before giving the final response to the questions.
Results & Discussion
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For the purpose of the present study Descriptive statistics and Comparative statistics were employed
step wise.
Table - 1
Descriptive Statistics on the Selected Variables of Psychological Skills
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES GENDER
MALE
M ± SD
FEMALE
M ± SD
Imagery 29.13 ± 2.91 26.17 ± 2.60
Self-Awareness 26.13 ± 3.42 24.90 ± 3.17
Self-Confidence 18.98 ± 3.16 18.47 ± 2.40
Attention 12.15 ± 1.74 11.50 ± 2.01
Motivation 12.18 ± 1.57 11.73 ± 2.07
Arousal-Regulation 9.24 ± 1.99 8.83 ± 1.80
Gaol-Setting 19.80 ± 2.86 19.17 ± 2.63
Psychic Energy Management 15.58 ± 2.93 15.57 ± 2.53
Total 142.98 ± 14.13 136.17 ± 13.14
Note: Male Gymnasts = 45, Female Gymnasts = 30 and total gymnasts in the study i.e 45 + 30 = 75.
Table – 1 indicates that Means values (± SD) and comparisons between the gender groups of Indian
artistic Gymnasts for the psychological skills levels, under dependent variable Imagery, male and
female’s M ± SD is 29.13 ± 2.91 and 26.17 ± 2.60 respectively. Under dependent variable Self-
Awareness, male and female’s M ± SD is 26.13 ± 3.42 and 24.90 ± 3.17 respectively. In Self-
confidence, male and female’s M ± SD is 18.98 ± 3.16 and 18.47 ± 2.40 respectively. Attention has
male and female’s M ± SD is 12.15 ± 1.74 and 11.50 ± 2.01 respectively. Motivation has male and
female’s M ± SD is 12.18 ± 1.57 and 11.73 ± 2.07 respectively. Arousal Regulation has male and
female’s M ± SD is 9.24 ± 1.99 and 8.83 ± 1.80 respectively. Goal setting has male and female’s M
± SD is 19.80 ± 2.86 and 19.17 ± 2.63 respectively. Psychic energy management has male and
female’s M ± SD is 15.58 ± 2.93 and 15.57 ± 2.53 respectively. And under total variables male and
female’s M ± SD is 142.98 ± 14.13 and 136.17 ± 13.14 respectively.
Table – 2
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Significance of Mean Difference between Male and Female Gymnasts On Selected Psychological
Variables.
Dependent Variables Male
Mean
Female
Mean
M D df t- value
Imagery 29.13 26.17 2.96 66.93 4.61
Self-Awareness 26.13 24.90 1.23 65.55 1.60
Self-Confidence 18.98 18.47 0.51 71.64 0.79
Attention 12.15 11.50 0.65 56.05 1.46
Motivation 12.18 11.73 0.44 50.69 1.00
Arousal Regulation 9.24 8.83 0.41 66.40 0.92
Goal Setting 19.80 19.17 0.63 65.80 0.98
Psychic Energy
Management
15.58 15.57 0.01 68.13 0.02
Total 142.98 136.17 6.81 65.35 2.13
Note : SD - Standard Deviation, M – Mean, MD – Mean Difference
- *Significant at 0.05 level
Table -2 indicates that Means values and comparisons between the gender groups of Indian artistic
Gymnasts for the psychological skills levels, under dependent variable Imagery, male and female’s
MD 2.96 and t –value 4.61. Under dependent variable Self- Awareness MD 1.23 and t –value 1.60.
In Self- confidence MD 0.51 and t –value 0.79. Attention has MD 0.65 and t –value 1.46.
Motivation MD 0.44 and t –value 1.00. Arousal Regulation has MD 0.41, DF 66.40 and t –value
0.92. Goal setting has MD 0.63 and t –value 0.98. Psychic energy management has MD 0.01 and t –
value 0.02. And under total variables MD 6.81 and t –value 2.13. None of the variables were found
significant at the set level of 0.05.
Discussion
Eight psychological skills were analyzed namely: Imagery, Self-awareness, Self-confidence,
Attention, Motivation, mental arousal, psychic energy management and goal setting. The data was
collected and analyzed by employing the t- test to obtain the significant differences in the use of
psychological skills between male and female of Indian Artistic Gymnasts. The analysis of data
reveals that there is no difference among the Male and female Gymnasts in imagery, self-awareness,
self-confidence, attention, motivation, arousal regulation, goal setting and psychic energy
management.
Research findings from previous studies, with regard to gender differences in psychological skills
are conflicting. The data analysis in the present study Showed that male and female gymnasts have
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no significant difference in motivation, Harwood, (2004) in his study also supported that there is no
significant difference. The findings of the present study are also in consonance with findings of the
Scanlan & Passer, Wark & Witting, (1979) with regard to the self-confidence and arousal
regulation. In addition, male and females gymnasts in the present study displayed same level of
arousal regulation and have similar function of imagery which is not consistent with results of
Shahrian, Navabi nejad et al, (1997) Hall et al (1380) but consistent with results Hall et al (1985)
and to Thomas et al, 1999. And in Attention, Goal-setting and Psychic energy management was
almost same in the case of male as well as female.
Ickes, W, (1997), have also found no differences in empathy between men and women, and suggest
that perceived gender differences are the result of motivational differences. (Klein K. Hodges S,
2001).
Hyde (2005), has reviewed evidence from studies on: Cognitive variables, Communication, Social
and personality variable, Psychological well-being, Motor behaviours & Miscellaneous. Fully 78%
of the differences between men and women are small or close to zero. The main areas of differences
between men and women are Aggression and Motor performance. So, the differences between men
and women are probably very small or non-existent.
Conclusion
As a conclusion to this study, it is found that there is no difference in the use of Psychological Skills
by the male and female Indian Artistic Gymnasts regardless of performance level.
No gender differences were found in psychological variables namely Imagery, Self-
awareness.
Self-confidence and Attention skills were found at the same level in male and females.
Male and females showed the same level of Motivation, mental arousal and Goal-Setting.
ResearchImplications
The findings of the present study, hopefully, could help track and field coaches and sport
psychologists to design more effective training plans, incorporating psychological skills that need to
be enhanced. The training of the specific performance strategies, along with physical and technical
components, could help the Indian Gymnasts of different level and gender to improve their
performance.
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