The document provides an overview of Argentina including its geography, climate, population, government and politics, and economy. Some key points:
- Argentina has a population of around 40 million people and a land area of over 2.7 million square kilometers including fertile plains and mountainous regions.
- It has a democratic federal republic government with a president and bicameral legislature. Political stability has increased in recent years.
- The economy grew strongly from 2003-2007 after a major crisis in 2001-2002 but high inflation remains a challenge. The balance of payments has improved since 1998.
- Both strengths like natural resources and recent growth, and weaknesses like a history of financial crises and high inequality
1. The document analyzes and compares the economic outputs and growth rates of different regimes in Pakistan from 1947 to 2007, including both elected democratic governments and military dictatorships.
2. It finds that several dictatorships, such as Ayub Khan's and Pervez Musharraf's, achieved relatively high GDP growth rates averaging around 6% annually, while some democratic governments struggled more with lower growth.
3. However, it also notes some dictatorships like Yahya Khan's saw economic difficulties, and democratic governments under Zulfiqar Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto still managed growth rates around 4-5% despite challenges.
4. In the conclusion, the author argues that unelected
1) Unelected regimes in Pakistan have historically implemented reforms to local governance that increased decentralization and granted more power to local levels, which supported economic growth.
2) Economic assessments show that GDP growth was consistently higher under unelected leaders like Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq, and Pervez Musharraf than during democratic periods.
3) The document concludes that unelected regimes in Pakistan have been more powerful at the local level and better for the economy compared to periods of representative democracy, based on their record of reforms and GDP growth under military-led governments.
Democracy Vs Dictatorship: Pakistan's Economic Perspectivehaideralishah
This document discusses a student group project analyzing the economic performance of democracies and dictatorships in Pakistan from 1977 to 2007. It provides background on the two democratic periods and two military dictatorships during this time frame. The economic section analyzes key economic indicators like GDP, inflation, GDP growth, electricity production, literacy, poverty, and unemployment under General Zia-ul-Haq's military rule from 1977 to 1988. Charts and observations are provided showing GDP increased 154% and electricity production grew 200% during Zia's decade-long rule, while inflation averaged 7% and unemployment decreased by 27%.
structure of federal government of pakistanRahat ul Aain
The document summarizes the structure of the federal government of Pakistan. It outlines the three branches of government: the legislative branch including the Senate and National Assembly; the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court; and the executive branch led by the Prime Minister and cabinet. It also describes the various ministries, divisions, attached departments, autonomous and semi-autonomous bodies that make up the federal government administration.
Democracy And Dictatorship in past 38 yearsSheriar Bhatti
This document compares economic indicators like GDP, inflation, unemployment, and electricity production under Pakistan's democratic and dictatorial governments from 1977 to 2013. It finds that GDP and electricity production generally increased more under dictators like Zia-ul-Haq and Musharraf than under democratic leaders like Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari. Inflation was lower under the dictators as well. Unemployment trends were mixed, with Zia-ul-Haq keeping it lowest but Musharraf having the highest. In conclusion, the document argues dictatorship has mostly proved better for the economy based on the analyzed indicators, though democracy has a slight edge on unemployment. It provides sources for further reference.
This document discusses and compares democracy and dictatorship as forms of government. It provides definitions and highlights of democracy, including that it is a form of government by the people through elections. It also outlines some merits and demerits of democracy, such as people having a choice in leaders but the potential for corruption. The document then defines dictatorship as rule by a single individual or group, and provides examples of dictatorial regimes in Pakistan's history. It analyzes periods of economic development under dictators compared to challenges faced by democracies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening democracy through fair elections and an engaged, educated citizenry.
The document discusses migrant workers in India. It provides definitions and statistics on internal and international migration in India. Some key points:
- Nearly half of all international migrants globally are women, and women are increasingly migrating for work.
- India has over 63 million child migrants, 30 million of whom are girls. Many child migrants work in exploitative conditions.
- The states with the highest numbers of migrant workers are Chhattisgarh, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
- The Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act was passed in 1979 to regulate conditions for workers moving between states but has not been effectively implemented.
- During the COVID-19 lockdown in India, at least
Iran institutions of governemnt vision notes (1)Gwyneth Allen
The Iranian government is led by an elected president but ultimate power rests with the Supreme Leader, who is chosen for life by the Assembly of Religious Experts. All laws must conform to Islamic principles as interpreted by the Guardian Council of clerics. The constitution was written in 1979 after the Islamic revolution and establishes Iran as an Islamic republic where elected bodies like the president and Majles coexist with unelected institutions like the Guardian Council and Supreme Leader that ensure conformity with Sharia law.
1. The document analyzes and compares the economic outputs and growth rates of different regimes in Pakistan from 1947 to 2007, including both elected democratic governments and military dictatorships.
2. It finds that several dictatorships, such as Ayub Khan's and Pervez Musharraf's, achieved relatively high GDP growth rates averaging around 6% annually, while some democratic governments struggled more with lower growth.
3. However, it also notes some dictatorships like Yahya Khan's saw economic difficulties, and democratic governments under Zulfiqar Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto still managed growth rates around 4-5% despite challenges.
4. In the conclusion, the author argues that unelected
1) Unelected regimes in Pakistan have historically implemented reforms to local governance that increased decentralization and granted more power to local levels, which supported economic growth.
2) Economic assessments show that GDP growth was consistently higher under unelected leaders like Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq, and Pervez Musharraf than during democratic periods.
3) The document concludes that unelected regimes in Pakistan have been more powerful at the local level and better for the economy compared to periods of representative democracy, based on their record of reforms and GDP growth under military-led governments.
Democracy Vs Dictatorship: Pakistan's Economic Perspectivehaideralishah
This document discusses a student group project analyzing the economic performance of democracies and dictatorships in Pakistan from 1977 to 2007. It provides background on the two democratic periods and two military dictatorships during this time frame. The economic section analyzes key economic indicators like GDP, inflation, GDP growth, electricity production, literacy, poverty, and unemployment under General Zia-ul-Haq's military rule from 1977 to 1988. Charts and observations are provided showing GDP increased 154% and electricity production grew 200% during Zia's decade-long rule, while inflation averaged 7% and unemployment decreased by 27%.
structure of federal government of pakistanRahat ul Aain
The document summarizes the structure of the federal government of Pakistan. It outlines the three branches of government: the legislative branch including the Senate and National Assembly; the judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court; and the executive branch led by the Prime Minister and cabinet. It also describes the various ministries, divisions, attached departments, autonomous and semi-autonomous bodies that make up the federal government administration.
Democracy And Dictatorship in past 38 yearsSheriar Bhatti
This document compares economic indicators like GDP, inflation, unemployment, and electricity production under Pakistan's democratic and dictatorial governments from 1977 to 2013. It finds that GDP and electricity production generally increased more under dictators like Zia-ul-Haq and Musharraf than under democratic leaders like Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari. Inflation was lower under the dictators as well. Unemployment trends were mixed, with Zia-ul-Haq keeping it lowest but Musharraf having the highest. In conclusion, the document argues dictatorship has mostly proved better for the economy based on the analyzed indicators, though democracy has a slight edge on unemployment. It provides sources for further reference.
This document discusses and compares democracy and dictatorship as forms of government. It provides definitions and highlights of democracy, including that it is a form of government by the people through elections. It also outlines some merits and demerits of democracy, such as people having a choice in leaders but the potential for corruption. The document then defines dictatorship as rule by a single individual or group, and provides examples of dictatorial regimes in Pakistan's history. It analyzes periods of economic development under dictators compared to challenges faced by democracies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening democracy through fair elections and an engaged, educated citizenry.
The document discusses migrant workers in India. It provides definitions and statistics on internal and international migration in India. Some key points:
- Nearly half of all international migrants globally are women, and women are increasingly migrating for work.
- India has over 63 million child migrants, 30 million of whom are girls. Many child migrants work in exploitative conditions.
- The states with the highest numbers of migrant workers are Chhattisgarh, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
- The Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act was passed in 1979 to regulate conditions for workers moving between states but has not been effectively implemented.
- During the COVID-19 lockdown in India, at least
Iran institutions of governemnt vision notes (1)Gwyneth Allen
The Iranian government is led by an elected president but ultimate power rests with the Supreme Leader, who is chosen for life by the Assembly of Religious Experts. All laws must conform to Islamic principles as interpreted by the Guardian Council of clerics. The constitution was written in 1979 after the Islamic revolution and establishes Iran as an Islamic republic where elected bodies like the president and Majles coexist with unelected institutions like the Guardian Council and Supreme Leader that ensure conformity with Sharia law.
Towards Establishing Fiscal Legitimacy Through Settled Fiscal Principles in G...Lyla Latif
Rights require resources. We cannot effectively speak of the right to health and its progressive realisation when governments do not utilise to the maximum the resources available to them and do not adequately budget for this right.
Brazil is the largest country in South America with a population of over 200 million people. It has a diverse economy and is considered an emerging market. Brazil has a federal republic government system and maintains strong regional partnerships through organizations like Mercosur and UNASUL. Key industries include technology, automotive, oil and gas, and agriculture. Maintaining political and economic stability while continuing growth will be important for Brazil going forward.
Pakistan has experienced both dictatorship and democracy forms of government since its independence. Political instability in Pakistan can be traced through seven distinct eras since 1947, alternating between military-led and elected governments. The research objectives are to identify the main causes of political instability in Pakistan and find a stable form of government. Literature divides Pakistan's political history into six periods characterized by different dynamics between 1947 and 2007.
MINUSTAH A FINANCIAL OVERVIEW OF PEACEKEEPING IN HAITIStanleylucas
The United Nations (U.N.) has a regular budget and a peacekeeping budget whose expenditure is divided bet- ween member States. Like any peacekeeping operation (PKO), MINUSTAH has a specific budget that the U.N. General Assembly, based on the Secretary General’s and an Advisory Committee’s reports, approves and controls each year. The budgetary cycle of peacekeeping opera- tions goes from July 1st to June 30th (12 months). In this respect, the sum of 576 619 000 US$ has been approved for MINUSTAH operations for the 2013-2014 fiscal year. With this amount, MINUSTAH currently represents the fifth largest budget of 14 peacekeeping operations throug- hout the world. The total funding of worldwide peacekee- ping operations amounts to 7.5 billion US$ in 2013- 2014.1
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandiorizsoomro
Part I provides historical context on the issues of federalism in Pakistan since its inception, noting that repeated centralization of power has deprived smaller provinces of the autonomy they demanded when joining Pakistan. Part II details current issues including the domination of Punjab, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and inter-provincial tensions. Part III recommends constitutional and political reforms to restore a balanced federation through greater provincial autonomy, fair resource sharing, and limits on the central government's authority.
This document discusses vulnerable groups under international human rights law, focusing on women. It outlines the key international agreements and conventions related to women's rights, including the UN Charter, CEDAW, and conferences like those in Mexico City, Copenhagen, Nairobi, and Beijing. CEDAW seeks to eliminate discrimination against women and defines discrimination. It addresses issues like education, employment, health care, economic rights, and equality before the law. State parties report to the CEDAW committee, which monitors implementation. The optional protocol allows individuals to bring complaints. The document also briefly discusses the status of women in India.
Pakistan has experienced varying economic conditions under different rulers since independence in 1947. The early years from 1947-1958 focused on economic planning and development as the new nation took shape. Rapid growth occurred from 1958-1968 under Ayub Khan as the private sector expanded. However, income inequality also grew. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule from 1971-1977 saw a downturn as policies became more restrictive. Zia-ul-Haq from 1977-1988 liberalized the economy and benefited from foreign aid, fueling a second economic revolution. Democracy returned from 1988-1999 but instability remained. Pervez Musharraf oversaw growth from 1999-2007 before economic indicators showed failure by 2000-2003. The current era from
The document compares economic indicators such as GDP, inflation, electricity production, and unemployment under military dictatorships and democracies in Pakistan from 1977-2007. It finds that GDP, electricity production, and inflation were generally better (higher GDP and production, lower inflation) under dictatorships led by Zia-ul-Haq and Musharraf compared to democratic governments of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. However, unemployment was lowest under Zia-ul-Haq's dictatorship and higher under Musharraf, so there is a small advantage for democracy on unemployment. Overall, the document concludes most economic factors indicate dictatorships were better for Pakistan's economy during this period.
FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (CGPA Policy Brief, October 2...fatanews
Urdu version available at: http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/fata-governance-reforms-issues-and-way-forward-urdu-cgpa-policy-brief-october-2014 --- CGPA policy brief for Pakistan lawmakers to inform debate on legal and political reform for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). A timely report when the Senate considers a constitution amendment bill and MNA discussions are underway.
This document provides information on the constitutional mechanisms for implementing international human rights law in India, including the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 which established the National Human Rights Commission of India and State Human Rights Commissions. It discusses the composition, functions, and powers of these commissions. Key points include that the National Human Rights Commission is tasked with protecting rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity as defined in the constitution and international covenants. It can inquire into human rights violations, recommend compensation, and submit reports to central and state governments. Similar State Human Rights Commissions were also established to focus on subjects in the State and Concurrent lists.
The document discusses the challenges facing South Sudan, the world's youngest nation, in consolidating peace and developing its state institutions after decades of civil war. It outlines South Sudan's poor health indicators, humanitarian needs following the 2005 peace agreement, and ongoing ethnic violence and displacement of citizens. It also notes South Sudan's heavy economic reliance on oil revenues shared with Sudan, population census issues, and human rights abuses reportedly committed by both government and rebel forces.
The document discusses women's rights as outlined in the 1973 constitution of Pakistan. It outlines several articles that guarantee equal treatment and protection of women under the law, including non-discrimination based on sex (Articles 25, 26, 27), promotion of local governments that encourage women's participation (Article 32), full participation of women in all aspects of national life (Article 34), protection of the family and motherhood (Article 35), and provisions for women's employment and maternity benefits (Article 37). It also discusses reserved seats for women in the National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies (Articles 51, 106).
The document provides background information on Vietnam, including its geography, history, government, economy, and key industries. It summarizes that Vietnam was under Chinese rule for centuries before gaining independence in the 10th century. It was then colonized by France in the 19th century and divided after the Vietnam War, with a communist victory in 1975. Since economic reforms in the 1980s, Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth and joined international organizations like the WTO. The tourism and manufacturing industries are highlighted as areas of high growth potential. Challenges to business include inflation, currency volatility, commodity price fluctuations, and some protectionist policies.
The document analyzes fundamental rights under the Constitution of Pakistan. It discusses how fundamental rights are incorporated in the first chapter and afford basic facilities for individual growth. These rights include equality before the law, freedom of speech, assembly, religion and more. However, there are also limitations and criticisms of fundamental rights in Pakistan, such as vague language, rights being suspended during emergencies, and an absence of economic rights. Overall, fundamental rights are important as the foundation of democracy and for protecting human dignity.
This document summarizes the process by which the 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted and ratified after the 1986 People Power Revolution. It describes how President Corazon Aquino issued a temporary constitution called the "Freedom Constitution" and then established a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission finished its work in October 1986 and the draft was submitted to and ratified by a public referendum in February 1987, with over 76% of voters approving. The new constitution enshrined key principles like sovereignty residing in the people, civilian authority over the military, and separation of powers among the three branches of government.
The Chin National League for Democracy (CNLD) was formed by merging three Chin political parties with the purpose of building a genuine Federal Democratic Union and achieving equality among ethnic groups. The CNLD drafted a policy manifesto covering political, economic, social and cultural policies. Some key commitments included establishing a federal democratic system, protecting Chin culture and language, creating jobs for youth, promoting women's rights, and implementing anti-corruption measures and development projects with low environmental impact.
There were 82.4 million forcibly displaced people globally by the end of 2020, the highest number on record. Conflicts in places like Afghanistan, Somalia, Yemen, Syria, the Sahel region of Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and northern Mozambique forced millions more to flee their homes throughout the year. The COVID-19 pandemic made it harder for people fleeing conflict and persecution to reach safety, as many countries closed their borders. A total of 11.2 million people became newly displaced in 2020. Solutions like voluntary returns saw limited success due to mobility restrictions and ongoing insecurity.
En este informe de PwC Argentina podrás encontrar información sobre el contexto económico, político, impositivo, de negocios y regulatorios de nuestro país.
The document provides an overview of China's business environment and political system. It discusses China's large population and diverse ethnic groups. Politically, China has a centralized government controlled by the Communist Party, which dominates the legislature, executive branch, and military. The document also summarizes China's economic reforms, growth model, development challenges, and international relations.
Towards Establishing Fiscal Legitimacy Through Settled Fiscal Principles in G...Lyla Latif
Rights require resources. We cannot effectively speak of the right to health and its progressive realisation when governments do not utilise to the maximum the resources available to them and do not adequately budget for this right.
Brazil is the largest country in South America with a population of over 200 million people. It has a diverse economy and is considered an emerging market. Brazil has a federal republic government system and maintains strong regional partnerships through organizations like Mercosur and UNASUL. Key industries include technology, automotive, oil and gas, and agriculture. Maintaining political and economic stability while continuing growth will be important for Brazil going forward.
Pakistan has experienced both dictatorship and democracy forms of government since its independence. Political instability in Pakistan can be traced through seven distinct eras since 1947, alternating between military-led and elected governments. The research objectives are to identify the main causes of political instability in Pakistan and find a stable form of government. Literature divides Pakistan's political history into six periods characterized by different dynamics between 1947 and 2007.
MINUSTAH A FINANCIAL OVERVIEW OF PEACEKEEPING IN HAITIStanleylucas
The United Nations (U.N.) has a regular budget and a peacekeeping budget whose expenditure is divided bet- ween member States. Like any peacekeeping operation (PKO), MINUSTAH has a specific budget that the U.N. General Assembly, based on the Secretary General’s and an Advisory Committee’s reports, approves and controls each year. The budgetary cycle of peacekeeping opera- tions goes from July 1st to June 30th (12 months). In this respect, the sum of 576 619 000 US$ has been approved for MINUSTAH operations for the 2013-2014 fiscal year. With this amount, MINUSTAH currently represents the fifth largest budget of 14 peacekeeping operations throug- hout the world. The total funding of worldwide peacekee- ping operations amounts to 7.5 billion US$ in 2013- 2014.1
This is the vital assignment for IPE239 Comparative Political Systems, IPED Prpgram, Rangsit University. The course part aims at providing an introduction to the field of comparative politics. Various theoretical perspectives and basic concepts within the field are taken up. The political systems of a number of countries - in relation to formal political institutions and informal aspects of the political order - are presented, discussed and compared. Issues of identity as well as the position of nation states in a global context are also dealt with. The course part includes an introduction to comparative method and sources of knowledge about political systems.
Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandiorizsoomro
Part I provides historical context on the issues of federalism in Pakistan since its inception, noting that repeated centralization of power has deprived smaller provinces of the autonomy they demanded when joining Pakistan. Part II details current issues including the domination of Punjab, unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, and inter-provincial tensions. Part III recommends constitutional and political reforms to restore a balanced federation through greater provincial autonomy, fair resource sharing, and limits on the central government's authority.
This document discusses vulnerable groups under international human rights law, focusing on women. It outlines the key international agreements and conventions related to women's rights, including the UN Charter, CEDAW, and conferences like those in Mexico City, Copenhagen, Nairobi, and Beijing. CEDAW seeks to eliminate discrimination against women and defines discrimination. It addresses issues like education, employment, health care, economic rights, and equality before the law. State parties report to the CEDAW committee, which monitors implementation. The optional protocol allows individuals to bring complaints. The document also briefly discusses the status of women in India.
Pakistan has experienced varying economic conditions under different rulers since independence in 1947. The early years from 1947-1958 focused on economic planning and development as the new nation took shape. Rapid growth occurred from 1958-1968 under Ayub Khan as the private sector expanded. However, income inequality also grew. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's rule from 1971-1977 saw a downturn as policies became more restrictive. Zia-ul-Haq from 1977-1988 liberalized the economy and benefited from foreign aid, fueling a second economic revolution. Democracy returned from 1988-1999 but instability remained. Pervez Musharraf oversaw growth from 1999-2007 before economic indicators showed failure by 2000-2003. The current era from
The document compares economic indicators such as GDP, inflation, electricity production, and unemployment under military dictatorships and democracies in Pakistan from 1977-2007. It finds that GDP, electricity production, and inflation were generally better (higher GDP and production, lower inflation) under dictatorships led by Zia-ul-Haq and Musharraf compared to democratic governments of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. However, unemployment was lowest under Zia-ul-Haq's dictatorship and higher under Musharraf, so there is a small advantage for democracy on unemployment. Overall, the document concludes most economic factors indicate dictatorships were better for Pakistan's economy during this period.
FATA Governance Reforms: Issues and Way Forward (CGPA Policy Brief, October 2...fatanews
Urdu version available at: http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/fata-governance-reforms-issues-and-way-forward-urdu-cgpa-policy-brief-october-2014 --- CGPA policy brief for Pakistan lawmakers to inform debate on legal and political reform for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). A timely report when the Senate considers a constitution amendment bill and MNA discussions are underway.
This document provides information on the constitutional mechanisms for implementing international human rights law in India, including the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 which established the National Human Rights Commission of India and State Human Rights Commissions. It discusses the composition, functions, and powers of these commissions. Key points include that the National Human Rights Commission is tasked with protecting rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity as defined in the constitution and international covenants. It can inquire into human rights violations, recommend compensation, and submit reports to central and state governments. Similar State Human Rights Commissions were also established to focus on subjects in the State and Concurrent lists.
The document discusses the challenges facing South Sudan, the world's youngest nation, in consolidating peace and developing its state institutions after decades of civil war. It outlines South Sudan's poor health indicators, humanitarian needs following the 2005 peace agreement, and ongoing ethnic violence and displacement of citizens. It also notes South Sudan's heavy economic reliance on oil revenues shared with Sudan, population census issues, and human rights abuses reportedly committed by both government and rebel forces.
The document discusses women's rights as outlined in the 1973 constitution of Pakistan. It outlines several articles that guarantee equal treatment and protection of women under the law, including non-discrimination based on sex (Articles 25, 26, 27), promotion of local governments that encourage women's participation (Article 32), full participation of women in all aspects of national life (Article 34), protection of the family and motherhood (Article 35), and provisions for women's employment and maternity benefits (Article 37). It also discusses reserved seats for women in the National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies (Articles 51, 106).
The document provides background information on Vietnam, including its geography, history, government, economy, and key industries. It summarizes that Vietnam was under Chinese rule for centuries before gaining independence in the 10th century. It was then colonized by France in the 19th century and divided after the Vietnam War, with a communist victory in 1975. Since economic reforms in the 1980s, Vietnam has experienced rapid economic growth and joined international organizations like the WTO. The tourism and manufacturing industries are highlighted as areas of high growth potential. Challenges to business include inflation, currency volatility, commodity price fluctuations, and some protectionist policies.
The document analyzes fundamental rights under the Constitution of Pakistan. It discusses how fundamental rights are incorporated in the first chapter and afford basic facilities for individual growth. These rights include equality before the law, freedom of speech, assembly, religion and more. However, there are also limitations and criticisms of fundamental rights in Pakistan, such as vague language, rights being suspended during emergencies, and an absence of economic rights. Overall, fundamental rights are important as the foundation of democracy and for protecting human dignity.
This document summarizes the process by which the 1987 Philippine Constitution was drafted and ratified after the 1986 People Power Revolution. It describes how President Corazon Aquino issued a temporary constitution called the "Freedom Constitution" and then established a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution. The commission finished its work in October 1986 and the draft was submitted to and ratified by a public referendum in February 1987, with over 76% of voters approving. The new constitution enshrined key principles like sovereignty residing in the people, civilian authority over the military, and separation of powers among the three branches of government.
The Chin National League for Democracy (CNLD) was formed by merging three Chin political parties with the purpose of building a genuine Federal Democratic Union and achieving equality among ethnic groups. The CNLD drafted a policy manifesto covering political, economic, social and cultural policies. Some key commitments included establishing a federal democratic system, protecting Chin culture and language, creating jobs for youth, promoting women's rights, and implementing anti-corruption measures and development projects with low environmental impact.
There were 82.4 million forcibly displaced people globally by the end of 2020, the highest number on record. Conflicts in places like Afghanistan, Somalia, Yemen, Syria, the Sahel region of Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and northern Mozambique forced millions more to flee their homes throughout the year. The COVID-19 pandemic made it harder for people fleeing conflict and persecution to reach safety, as many countries closed their borders. A total of 11.2 million people became newly displaced in 2020. Solutions like voluntary returns saw limited success due to mobility restrictions and ongoing insecurity.
En este informe de PwC Argentina podrás encontrar información sobre el contexto económico, político, impositivo, de negocios y regulatorios de nuestro país.
The document provides an overview of China's business environment and political system. It discusses China's large population and diverse ethnic groups. Politically, China has a centralized government controlled by the Communist Party, which dominates the legislature, executive branch, and military. The document also summarizes China's economic reforms, growth model, development challenges, and international relations.
The document provides an overview of Myanmar's socio-political and economic situation. Key points include:
- Myanmar has embarked on political and economic reforms but remains under military influence. Elections in 2010 were not free or fair.
- The economy suffers from rural poverty, corruption, and underinvestment. Growth is driven by sectors like gas, construction, and services.
- Myanmar has potential for agriculture and trade due to resources and location but faces challenges around infrastructure, access to services, and poverty.
This document summarizes ecological, political, and socioeconomic trends in South America. It discusses Brazil's large population and rapid industrialization, threats to the Amazon rainforest, and Chile's legislation protecting whales. Politically, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile each have a president who is both head of state and head of government. Socioeconomically, the region has seen economic growth but many still live in poverty, and issues include crime, education funding, and the effects of industrialization on the environment.
Yao li Ps 104-02Country profile BelizeGeneral Indicators..docxjeffevans62972
Yao li
Ps 104-02
Country profile: Belize
General Indicators.
· Capital: Belmopan,16.451(2010)
· Area: 8,867 square Miles (22,966 km2 ) (2014)
· Population: 61,460 people.( 2014)
· Population Growth Rate: 1.92% (2014)
Economic Indicators.
· GDP (PPP): $1.624 billion(2013)
· Per Capital GDP( PPP): 8,800 (2013 Est)
· Distribution of GDP: Agriculture 13%, Industry 23%, Service 64%(2012 Est)
· Urban Population: 44.78% (2011)
· Population below poverty line: 41%(2013 Est)
· Labor force participation rate( Ratio of female to male shares): .656(2013)
· Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Ranking ( and score): 88(50.46)(2014)
Analysis section: Per capital GDP is average about all people’s income in the state. According to number, they have 8,800 for one year and their GDP (PPP) is $1.624 billion. For example, Belize compare with china, Chinese GDP (PPP) is $9.24 trillion, but the Per capita GDP (PPP) only have $6807.43. So, Belize people income is much higher than Chinese, and in the other words, they living standard is higher than Chinese.
Social Indicators.
· Human Development Index( HDI) Ranking (and value): 84(.732) (2013)
· Gender Inequality Index (GII) Value: 043 (2013)
· Infant Mortality Rate: 20.31/1000 (2014)
· Literacy: 76.9% (76.7% Male and 77.1% Female) (2000 census)
· Religions: Roman Catholic 39.3%, Pentecostal 8.3%, Seventh Day Adventist 5.3%, Anglican 4.5%, Mennonite 3.7%, Baptist 3.5%, Methodist 2.8%, Nazarene 2.8%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.6%, other 9.9% (includes Baha'i Faith, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Mormon), other (unknown) 3.1%, none 15.2% (2010)
Analysis section:
Infant Mortality means the rate of baby died before one year old. The Infant mortality in Belize compare to Japan is very low. Which means the medical care is not mature, the environment is not well. Belize is developing country and the territory is very small (22,966 km2) so the country resource is not as well as another country. The area is close to tropic, it is good for agriculture. The people in Belize doesn’t obtain enough educated. The literacy only 76.7%. The education is very important to the country development. This is one of the reason that Belize is a developing country.
Political Indicators.
· Freedom House Rating (Freedom in the World Report) : Free; Political Rights—1, Civil Liberties—2.(2014)
· Corruption Perception Index (CPI) Ranking ( and score) : 62 (3.7) (2005)
· Press Freedom Index ( Reporters Without Borders) Ranking ( and index score) : 30 (18.54) (2015)
· Shares in Parliament, female- male ratio: 0.13 (2011)
· Date of State Formation: 7 September 1822 (from Portugal)
· System Type: Parliamentary Democracy and a commonwealth real monarchy.
· Constitution: Published in 1981
· Administration: Unitary monarchy
· Executive : Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17 November 1993) head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8 February .
A constitution establishes the rules and laws governing a country, including defining the rights of citizens and delineating the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. Slavery was abolished at different times in various countries between the late 18th and early 19th centuries. A constitutional reform modifies existing rules in a constitution to address issues that hinder development or harm society. A state of siege grants special powers to a government during serious situations like natural disasters or civil unrest.
The document summarizes the key differences between a unitary system and federal system of government. In a unitary system, subnational governments are subordinate to the central government, whereas in a federal system there are multiple autonomous levels of government. The document then provides details on features of federalism like division of powers between levels of government and an independent judiciary. It also discusses examples of federalism in India including its three lists of powers and special status for some states.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index for 2018. Some key points:
- The global score for democracy was stable for the first time in three years, though scores varied by region. One country improved from flawed to full democracy, while one declined from flawed to authoritarian.
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1. CRA Assessment- Argentina
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Country Risk Analysis - Argentina
Submitted by :
Bhaskar Tripathi
2. Contents
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Overview
Political analysis
Economy analysis
Balance of Payment
Risk analysis
Strengths & Weaknesses
3. Overview
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
• Area: total: 2,766,890 sq km ; land: 2,736,690 sq km ;water: 30,200 sq km.
• Coastline: 4,989 km.
• Climate: mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest.
• Terrain: Rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of
Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border.
• Natural resources: Fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore,
manganese, petroleum, uranium.
• Land use: Arable land: 10.03% , permanent crops: 0.36% , other: 89.61% (2005).
• Irrigated land: 15,500 sq km (2003).
• Population: 39,921,833 (July 2006 est.)
• Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.2% (male 5,153,164/female 4,921,625)
15-64 years: 64.1% (male 12,804,376/female 12,798,731)
65 years and over: 10.6% (male 1,740,118/female 2,503,819) (2006 est.)
4. Overview (contd..)
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
• Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.1%
male: 97.1%
female: 97.1% (2003 est.)
• Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French.
• Natural resources: Fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore,
manganese, petroleum, uranium
• Natural hazards: San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject
to earthquakes; pampers are violent windstorms that can strike the pampas and
northeast; heavy flooding
• Environment - current issues: environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of
an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification,
air pollution, and water pollution
Note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets
5. Argentina History
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Argentina’s population and culture are heavily shaped by immigrants from
throughout Europe, but most particularly Italy and Spain, which provided the
largest percentage of newcomers from 1860 to 1930.
After a long period of internal struggle Democracy returned to Argentina in 1983,
and has persisted despite numerous challenges, the most formidable of which was
a severe economic crisis in 2001-02 that led to violent public protests and the
resignation of several interim presidents.
Successful negotiations with the IMF allowed Argentina to sidestep some fiscal
discipline measures normally imposed in such circumstances. Since 2003, the
government's efforts to stem the crisis have led to rapid economic recovery.
Argentina has a market-oriented economy with abundant natural resources.
However, high inflation has been a weakness of the Argentine economy for
decades.
7. Politics and government of Argentina
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
• President : Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (since December 10, 2007)
• Government type: Democracy, Presidential, Multi-party system.
• Capital: Buenos Aires.
• Constitution: 1853 Original with reforms in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957.
• Cabinet : Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the President.
• Political Structure :
Argentina is a federal republic formed by 23 autonomous provinces and one
autonomous city, the capital Buenos Aires. The Executive Branch is headed by a
president elected for a period of four years.
The Argentine Constitution allows for one successive re-election. Legislative power
is exercised by a bicameral legislature with a Lower Chamber (254 members
representing the people) and a Senate (72 elected Senators representing the
provinces and the autonomous capital city, 3 for each).
8. PRA – Judicial System and Law
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
• Judiciary and Legal system:
Current legal system is based on the constitutional reforms of 1994 .
The Judiciary is independent and the highest federal court is the Supreme Court,
made up of nine judges.Each of the provinces has its own government and courts.
While substantive law is largely the same at both the federal and provincial levels,
procedure may vary in provincial courts. Under Argentina’s constitution, the
provinces delegate to the federal legislature the power to enact laws of national
scope governing civil and commercial issues, foreign relations, defence and other
matters. Federal employees mandatory retirement age of 70.
• Healthcare:
Health care is provided through a combination of employer and labor union-
sponsored plans, government insurance plans, public hospitals and clinics and
through private health insurance plans. Health care costs amount to almost 10% of
GDP. Argentina has raised life expectancy at birth from 60 years to 76 since 1948 to
2009.
• Corruption Index (In 2002 -> 2.8, In 2009 -> 3.0).
9. Elections and present government
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Seats by Party (2011 elections) President and vice president elected on the same
Justicialist Party
ticket by popular vote for four-year terms.
Front for Victory
Justicialist Front
Legislative power is exercised by the National
Congress, which consists of the Chamber of Deputies
Others
and the Senate
Total Kirchnerism (Left-wing peronism)
Civic and Social Agreement
The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 257
Radical Civic Union
members directly elected for a four-year term of office;
Front for Everyone nevertheless, half the seats are renewed every two
Others years.
Total Civic and Social Agreement (Radicalism center-left) Senate's 72 members are directly elected for a six-year
Republican Proposal (Liberal-conservatism and term of office, but Senate elections are held every two
years for one-third of the seats.
3%
1% 10% 9%
5%
1%
Ever since 2003 elections and the economic
1%
1%
3% policies laid by Kirchner Govt, Argentina has ended
11% its economic crisis, got fiscal and trade surpluses
19% and paid off debts with the IMF and nationalized
18% some previously privatized enterprises. The last 8
12% years have embarked a much needed present
political stability in Argentina.
2% 1% 2%
10. Political Analysis
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Strengths
Since 1984, the democratic framework proved durable through severe economic crisis, despite Argentina’s long history
of dictatorship and military coups. This is remarkable for a democracy.
Political Risk Rating of Argentina is P2- on a scale of P1 (lowest risk), P2+, P2-, P3+, P3-, P4 (highest risk).
Under President Kirchners, economic policy has moved in the direction of greater state intervention and away from
economic orthodoxy.
Combined with the impressive economic growth and fiscal stability in Argentina since last 8 years, investors are likely to
maintain or boost their stake in Argentina.
Weakness
For long term, standpoint, it is unclear what polices will emerge post-election given a history of political instability in
Argentina. Argentina is highly regulated economy
Argentina's ever rising inflation rate (estimates to be 12% in 2011 and uncertainties about electricity supply are limiting
government's ability to implement necessary policy adjustments. This, in turn, might threaten Argentina's economic
recovery since 2003, and even raise doubts about political stability in the medium to long-term.
Argentina ranks 105th out of 178 countries in the Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2010.
Reported problems include both government and private-sector corruption, the latter of which include money laundering,
trafficking in narcotics and contraband, and tax evasion. This creates skepticism for FDI and prospective investors.
11. Economy Analysis
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Argentina Economy - Strengths/Weakness and Risks
12. Economic overview
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Summary : The economy of Argentina is third-largest in Latin America's, with a high quality of life and GDP per
capita.An upper middle-income economy, Argentina has a firm foundation for future growth for its market size, the levels
of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods.
History : Despite such a huge wealth of literate people and natural resources, Argentina's historical economic
performance has been very uneven, in which high economic growth alternated with severe recessions, particularly during
the late twentieth century, and income maldistribution and poverty increased. Early in the twentieth century it was one of
the richest countries in the world and the richest in the Southern hemisphere, though it is now an upper-middle income
country.
Stagflation : Record foreign debt interest payments, tax evasion and capital flight resulted in a balance of payments
crisis that plagued Argentina with severe stagflation from 1975 to 1990.
2001 Economic Crisis : In 2001,Argentine economy suffered its sharpest decline since 1930; by 2002, Argentina had
defaulted on its debt, its GDP had shrunk, unemployment reached 25% and the peso had depreciated 70% after being
devalued and floated.A rgentine debt restructuring offers in 2005 and 2010 resumed payments on the majority of its
almost $100 billion in defaulted bonds from 2001.
Economic Recover since 2003 :
Expansionary policies and commodity exports triggered a rebound in GDP from 2003 onwards. This trend has been largely
maintained, creating millions of jobs and encouraging internal consumption. The socio-economic situation has been
steadily improving and the economy grew around 9% annually for five consecutive years between 2003 and 2007, and 7%
in 2008. The global recession of 2007–10 affected the economy in 2009, with growth slowing to 0.8%.High economic
growth resumed, and GDP expanded by around 9% in both 2010 and 2011
14. Argentina Economy - Basic Indicators
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Expected growth in 2011 is well above the average of the past ten years.
15. Argentina Economy - Basic Indicators
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
16. Argentina Economy - Basic Indicators
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
18. Credit Rating
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Latin America’s Credit Rating Comparison
Standard & Poor's Ratings:
AAA: The best quality borrowers, reliable and stable
AA: Quality borrowers, a bit higher risk than AAA
A: Economic situation can affect finance
BBB: Medium class borrowers, which are satisfactory at the moment
BB: More prone to changes in the economy
B: Financial situation varies noticeably
19. Argentina – Balance of Payment
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Balance of payment has improved since 1998 signifying improved cash flow.
20. Risk Analysis
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Argentina– Risk Strengths/ Weaknesses and Risk Analysis
21. Risk Assesment - Strengths
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Strengths
Relatively stable credit Rating : B. Source : (S&P – March 2012)
Fiscal and monetary policy has been prudent and pragmatic since last 5 years.
Domestic market potential, natural resources and low labour costs have continued to attract
foreign investors.
The democratic framework proved durable through severe economic crisis (2001),
notwithstanding Argentina’s long history of dictatorship and military coups.
External debt restructuring on sustainable terms and moderate debt ratios.
Strong external liquidity position.
The socio-economic situation has steadily improved GDP growth expanded by around 9% in both
2010 and 2011 which will build investor confidence.
Political stability seems to have returned to Argentina and with people’s needs getting satiated by
the state there are low chances of instability.
22. Risk Assesment - Weaknesses
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Weakness
Although restructuring of its bond debt has allowed Argentina to sharply reduce its foreign debt, it
still has very high debt ratios and substantial financing needs.In addition, it cannot remain isolated
by Global recession.
Poor long-term growth record and history of financial crises.
External debt restructuring not fully concluded.
Over dependence on high commodity prices.
Accelerating inflation and lack of credibility of official inflation data. Unofficially, the inflation of
Argentina could be as high as 24%. [source : click here]
Lack of access to international finance.
Adequate but below average Structural Business Environment.
Gini Index (2009- World Bank) for Argentina was 46, indicating high inequality of income.
23. Overall Risk Assessment
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Economic Stability
Short term financial flow indicators also do not point to an imminent crisis.
However, the in past frequently disastrous economic policies and political instability have led to
volatile growth over an extended period, oscillating between boom and bust, despite a rich gift of
agricultural resources. Overall Argentina is projected to ameliorate its power in Latin America with a
positive investor mood. Change of approach of the current government is needed to overcome the
lacks access to international finance and prevent financial isolation from the world.
Social & Political stability Economic growth prospects Domestic financial stability
External Liquidity Inflation Balance Of Payment (BOP)
24. Data Sources
Global Business Environment/ Session: 1
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Euro Monitor
Latin America Monitor
World Bank
The Institute of International Finance (IIF)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Latin Business Chronicle
UNDP
Rating & Investment Information
Standard & Poor’s
Transparency International
Euler Herms
Google Scholars