Electricity generation using solar power

1. 09-02-2024 Side 1
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Electricity Generation Using
Solar Power
Arpit Shukla(2021052025)
Mechanical Engineering
Madan Mohan Malviya University of
Technology Gorakhpur (UP State Govt. University)
Email: 2021052025@mmmut.ac.in

2. 09-02-2024 Side 2
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
• Introduction
• Component to be used
• Solar Panel Specification
• Working of A solar cell
• How to choose a solar panel
• Working of solar power plant
• Advantage
• Disadvantage
• Uses of solar energy
• Future scope
• Conclusion
• References
Content

3. 09-02-2024 Side 3
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Introduction
• Solar power plant is based on the conversion of
sunlight into electricity, either directly using
photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated
solar power ( CSP) . Concentrated solar power
system use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaic converts light into electric current using
the photoelectric effect. Concentrated solar power
plants first appeared in the 1980s.

4. 09-02-2024 Side 4
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Component to be used
• Solar module
• Controller
• Batteries
• Inverters
• Lighting load

5. 09-02-2024 Side 5
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Solar Module
• Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun’s rays as a source
of energy for generating electricity or heating. A photovoltaic (in short PV)
module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells.
• Solar Photovoltaic panels constitute the solar module of a photovoltaic
system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and
residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power
under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 365
watts.
• The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the
same rated output- an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the
area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. There are a few solar panels
available that are exceeding 19% efficiency.
• A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power, most
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically
includes a panel or an array of solar modules, a solar inverter, and
sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring

6. 09-02-2024 Side 6
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
controller
• Controller’s main function is to make solar power system is
always in the vicinity of the maximum power generation in order
to obtain maximum efficiency.
• The charge control usually the PWM (pulse width modulation)
control, so that the whole system is always running at maximum
power point Pm near the area.
• Discharge control mainly refers to when the battery power
shortage, system failures, such as open or reversed when the
battery cut off switch.
• Currently both Hitachi developed a tracking control point Pm,
and can track the sun moving parameter of the “sunflower” type
of controller, the battery components will be fixed about 50%
efficiency.

7. 09-02-2024 Side 7
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
batteries
• As technology and material reasons, a single cell generating capacity is very
limited, practical solar cells in a single cell by series and parallel to form a battery
system, called the battery components.
• Single cell is a silicon diode, according to the electronic characteristic of
semiconductor materials,
• Theoretical studies have shown that the peak power of solar modules Pk, by the
local solar
• Radiation intensity and the end of the average electricity load (electricity
demand) decisions.

8. 09-02-2024 Side 8
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
inverter
• An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells
that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
• Each cell has a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or
anode. The terminal marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy
than is the terminal marked negative.
• The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected
to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device.
• When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to
move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the
separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit.

9. 09-02-2024 Side 9
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Working of a solar cell
• Photoelectric effect
• When a light of certain frequency falls on the surface of a metal
• Electrons will absorb the energy
• If incident light energy is greater than the work function(minimum energy
required to remove the loosely bound valence electrons) of the metal Then
the photo electrons will be emitted and
• The excess energy Is converted to the kinetic energy of electron.

10. 09-02-2024 Side 10
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
How to choose a solar panel
• Selecting the right technology: The selection of solar panel
technology generally depends on space available for installation
and the overall cost of the system.
• Selecting the right manufacturer for better warranty.
• Check operating specifications beyond STC ratings
• -Negative Tolerance can lead to a lower system performance and
reduced capacity
• Solar Panel efficiency under different conditions and over time.

11. 09-02-2024 Side 11
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Working of a solar cell
1) Photovoltaic Electricity – This method uses photovoltaic cells that
absorb the direct sunlight just like the solar cells you see on some
calculators.
•
1) Solar-Thermal Electricity – This also uses a solar collector: it has a
mirrored surface that reflects the sunlight onto a receiver that
heats up a liquid. This heated liquid is used to make steam that
produces electricity.

12. 09-02-2024 Side 12
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Photovoltaic electricity
• As light hits the solar panels, the solar radiation is converted into
direct current electricity (DC).
• The direct current flows from the panels and is converted into
alternating current (AC) used by local electric utilities.
• Finally, the electricity travels through transformers, and the
voltage is boosted for delivery onto the transmission lines so
local electric utilities can distribute the electricity to homes and
businesses.

13. 09-02-2024 Side 13
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Advantages
• Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
• Solar energy can be produced free of charge. -
• Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the
world's oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years.
• Solar energy causes no pollution.
• Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. On the other hand, the
giant machines utilized for pumping oil are extremely noisy and
therefore very impractical.
• Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running.

14. 09-02-2024 Side 14
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Disadvantage
• Solar panels can be expensive to install resulting in a time-lag of
many years for savings on energy bills to match initial
investments.
• Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure
to sunlight; this could be limited by a countries climate.
• Solar power stations do not match the power output of similar
sized conventional power stations; they can also be very
expensive to build.
• Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered
devices can be used at night.

15. 09-02-2024 Side 15
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Uses of solar energy
• Heaters
• Green houses
• Cars
• Water pumps
• Lights
• Desalinatio
• Satellites
• Chilling
• Solar ponds
• Calculators
• Thermal
• Commercial use
• On an office building,
roof areas can be
covered with solar
panels.
• Remote buildings such
as schools, communities
can make use of solar
energy.
• In developing countries,
this solar panels are
very much useful.
• Even on the highways,
for every five
kilometres,solar
telephones are used

16. 09-02-2024 Side 16
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Future scope
• As the technology has advanced, we now have started making
use of electric vehicles too. Such vehicles have started becoming
readily available and are operated using battery technology as
well as solar energy. Their costs are now dropping and such
vehicles are becoming readily available to the masses. Electric
vehicles have a wonderful future for sure as they do not pollute
the environment. They are also cheap in their usage

17. 09-02-2024 Side 17
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
Conclusion
• Use of solar energy is efficient in nature as it is a renewable
energy source. By using such type of energies to generate and
environment can be protected from global warming. Solar energy
right now is minimal and does not make enough difference to
justify the costs, in the future it probably has the greatest
amount of potential because it does not have to be manually
produced, extracted or burned. And it can also be used in outer
space

18. 09-02-2024 Side 18
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
References
• [1] Shruti Sharma, Kamlesh Kumar Jain, Ashutosh Sharma a review
on “Solar Cells: In Research and Applications”,Materials Sciences
and Applications, 2015, 6,
• 1145-1155 Published December 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.612113
• [2] Askari Mohammad Bagher, Mirzaei Mahmoud Abadi Vahid,
Mirhabibi Mohsen. “Types of Solar Cells and Application”. American
Journal of Optics and
• Photonics.Vol. 3, No. 5, 2015, pp. 94-113. doi:
10.11648/j.ajop.20150305.17
• [3] Book of “Wind and Solar Power Plants” by Mukund Patel, CRC
Press

19. 09-02-2024 Side 19
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur