This document discusses the poultry industry in Pakistan. It provides an overview of the development and growth of the poultry sector from the 1960s to present day. It describes the types of poultry farms and breeds commonly raised in Pakistan. Challenges facing the industry such as disease outbreaks and high feed costs are also summarized.
Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, is an intestinal parasite that infects humans. It lives in the large intestine, primarily in the caecum and appendix. The adult worms are whip-shaped, with males measuring 30-40mm and females 40-50mm. Females can lay 5000-7000 eggs per day. The life cycle is completed within a single human host. People become infected by ingesting soil containing embryonated eggs. Treatment involves administering mebendazole orally for 3 days.
The practise of breeding domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, and turks is known as poultry farming. Large numbers of poultry, particularly hens, are raised. Over 60 billion chickens are slaughtered for human food each year.
This document discusses various diseases, parasites, and health issues that can affect poultry. It provides descriptions of several common poultry illnesses including avian influenza, blackhead disease, coronaviral enteritis, bumblefoot infection, botulism, coccidiosis, fowl cholera, pox, infectious bronchitis, roundworm infection, cecal worm infestation, and chicken mite infestation. The document is intended to educate readers about important poultry health topics.
Disease prevention in desi chicken PPT by Dr chandra shekhar Godara DVM Chandra Godara
Disease prevention in desi chicken PPT by Dr chandra shekhar Godara DVM BIKANER CVAS , bikaner AND PPT submitted to prof. (Dr.) Basant bais mem , Head of LPT DEPARTMENT
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: HUMANS AND OTHER SPECIES - PRO INTENSIVE ...George Dumitrache
Livestock intensive farming involves rearing animals like cattle, chickens, and pigs in concentrated areas to maximize output. While it significantly contributes to the global economy and food security, intensive farming raises animal welfare, public health, and environmental issues. Animals are susceptible to disease in crowded conditions and antibiotic overuse leads to drug-resistant bacteria. Intensive farming also generates greenhouse gas emissions and animal waste pollution exceeds environmental capacities in some areas. Sustainable intensification aims to address food needs while supporting high animal welfare and eco-friendly practices.
- Chicken has become the most popular meat in rich countries, with consumption growing 70% since 1990 as it is cheap and versatile.
- Intensive breeding has produced much larger chickens that require less feed to raise. Today's broiler chickens weigh 4 times as much at 56 days old compared to chickens bred in the 1950s.
- While cheap chicken has benefited consumers, animal welfare groups are concerned that cost-cutting has negatively impacted chickens' living conditions and health. There is growing demand for higher welfare, free-range chicken in response.
This document provides an overview of the poultry farming industry, focusing on broiler chicken farms that raise chickens for meat. It describes the different sectors of the industry including hatcheries, farms, and distribution. Broiler farms are classified as either manual farms, which take 60 days with less control, or controlled farms, which complete the process in 35 days but have higher costs. The document outlines the feeding, vaccination, disease prevention, and pricing processes for broiler chicken farms. It concludes with some of the challenges facing the industry and recommendations to address issues like high feed prices.
This document discusses the poultry industry in Pakistan. It provides an overview of the development and growth of the poultry sector from the 1960s to present day. It describes the types of poultry farms and breeds commonly raised in Pakistan. Challenges facing the industry such as disease outbreaks and high feed costs are also summarized.
Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, is an intestinal parasite that infects humans. It lives in the large intestine, primarily in the caecum and appendix. The adult worms are whip-shaped, with males measuring 30-40mm and females 40-50mm. Females can lay 5000-7000 eggs per day. The life cycle is completed within a single human host. People become infected by ingesting soil containing embryonated eggs. Treatment involves administering mebendazole orally for 3 days.
The practise of breeding domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, and turks is known as poultry farming. Large numbers of poultry, particularly hens, are raised. Over 60 billion chickens are slaughtered for human food each year.
This document discusses various diseases, parasites, and health issues that can affect poultry. It provides descriptions of several common poultry illnesses including avian influenza, blackhead disease, coronaviral enteritis, bumblefoot infection, botulism, coccidiosis, fowl cholera, pox, infectious bronchitis, roundworm infection, cecal worm infestation, and chicken mite infestation. The document is intended to educate readers about important poultry health topics.
Disease prevention in desi chicken PPT by Dr chandra shekhar Godara DVM Chandra Godara
Disease prevention in desi chicken PPT by Dr chandra shekhar Godara DVM BIKANER CVAS , bikaner AND PPT submitted to prof. (Dr.) Basant bais mem , Head of LPT DEPARTMENT
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE: HUMANS AND OTHER SPECIES - PRO INTENSIVE ...George Dumitrache
Livestock intensive farming involves rearing animals like cattle, chickens, and pigs in concentrated areas to maximize output. While it significantly contributes to the global economy and food security, intensive farming raises animal welfare, public health, and environmental issues. Animals are susceptible to disease in crowded conditions and antibiotic overuse leads to drug-resistant bacteria. Intensive farming also generates greenhouse gas emissions and animal waste pollution exceeds environmental capacities in some areas. Sustainable intensification aims to address food needs while supporting high animal welfare and eco-friendly practices.
- Chicken has become the most popular meat in rich countries, with consumption growing 70% since 1990 as it is cheap and versatile.
- Intensive breeding has produced much larger chickens that require less feed to raise. Today's broiler chickens weigh 4 times as much at 56 days old compared to chickens bred in the 1950s.
- While cheap chicken has benefited consumers, animal welfare groups are concerned that cost-cutting has negatively impacted chickens' living conditions and health. There is growing demand for higher welfare, free-range chicken in response.
This document provides an overview of the poultry farming industry, focusing on broiler chicken farms that raise chickens for meat. It describes the different sectors of the industry including hatcheries, farms, and distribution. Broiler farms are classified as either manual farms, which take 60 days with less control, or controlled farms, which complete the process in 35 days but have higher costs. The document outlines the feeding, vaccination, disease prevention, and pricing processes for broiler chicken farms. It concludes with some of the challenges facing the industry and recommendations to address issues like high feed prices.
Egiyok presents here the varying poultry farming prevalent. There are detailed descriptions and illustrations, so as to make sure that the viewer could understand the categories. Egiyok is a B to B website that fulfills all the needs of the poultry industry in India.
This document discusses soil-transmitted helminths (intestinal worms) that infect over 1 billion people worldwide. It describes the life cycles of key soil-transmitted helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), and hookworms. The worms are transmitted through eggs passed in feces that contaminate soil in areas with poor sanitation. The eggs hatch into larvae that can penetrate the skin (hookworms) or be ingested (roundworm and whipworm), developing into adult worms in the intestines. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and deworming treatments.
This document discusses an overview of the poultry production module final exam for the Bachelor of Technology Livelihood Education program at Isabela State University. It begins with definitions of key terms in poultry production, descriptions of different poultry orders and species, and a brief history of the development of the chicken industry from backyard flocks in the 1800s to the modern integrated production system. The poultry industry in the Philippines is also summarized, noting that it is dominated by broiler chickens and native Philippine chickens, with layer chickens as the third most popular poultry farming type.
The document discusses poultry health and production. It covers three main types of chicken enterprises: egg production, broiler production, and raising replacement pullets. It outlines advantages like high feed efficiency and fast returns, and disadvantages like disease risks. It also discusses basic poultry nutrition, including protein, carbohydrate and fat digestion. Proper nutrition is key to efficient conversion of feed into meat and eggs.
Parasite Management for Natural and Organic Poultry: CoccidiosisGardening
This document provides information on managing coccidiosis, a parasitic disease, in natural and organic poultry production. It discusses the life cycle and types of coccidia parasites, how they are transmitted through the environment, symptoms and diagnosis of coccidiosis, and management strategies for control. These include promoting natural immunity through low-density housing and pasture rotation, as well as discussing natural treatments, drugs, and vaccines that can be used for treatment and prevention. The document aims to help both small-scale and large-scale poultry producers sustainably manage this disease without relying on drugs.
This document provides information on managing coccidiosis, a parasitic disease, in natural and organic poultry production. It discusses the life cycle and types of coccidia parasites, how they are transmitted through the environment, symptoms and diagnosis of coccidiosis, and management strategies for control. These include using low-density production systems to allow birds to develop natural immunity, careful brooding management like sanitation and space requirements, and alternatives to drugs such as natural treatments and vaccines. The document aims to help both small-scale and larger organic producers sustainably manage this disease without relying on preventative drugs.
The document discusses the history and domestication of various types of poultry. It notes that domestic fowl were domesticated from red jungle fowl over 8,000 years ago and formed the basis for modern breeds by Roman times. It also discusses the domestication of turkeys in the Americas over 2,000 years ago, as well as quail in Japan about 1,000 years ago. The document provides brief histories of other domesticated birds such as guinea fowl, pheasants, ducks, geese, pigeons, and ostriches.
Poultry science is the study of breeding, housing, nutrition, management, disease control and marketing of poultry and poultry products. Poultry includes chickens, ducks, turkeys and other birds that are economically important. Broilers are chickens raised for meat that reach 1.5kg by 6-7 weeks, while layers are chickens raised for egg production that may lay 150-300 eggs per year. Breeders are birds used for breeding to produce chicks. Poultry farming is important as it provides nutritious food and employment opportunities while requiring less space and resources than other forms of animal agriculture.
This document discusses integrating aquaculture with poultry farming in Zambia. It describes raising chickens, ducks, and other poultry with fish in integrated systems. Village chickens and ducks are commonly raised extensively in Zambia, but a semi-intensive or intensive system would be better for aquaculture integration to more efficiently collect manure. Poultry manure is an excellent organic fertilizer for fish ponds. The document provides guidelines on stocking densities of poultry for different pond sizes and manure application rates. Vertical integration of poultry housing directly over ponds allows direct manure deposition but can overload ponds.
This document provides an overview of general parasitology. It discusses that parasites outnumber non-parasitic organisms on Earth and over 50% of living organisms are parasitic at some stage. The major groups of parasites covered are protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. Parasites are studied due to their medical, veterinary, and economic importance. They cause many diseases that impact human health globally and in developing countries. Parasites also have significant veterinary importance by damaging livestock, poultry, dogs and cats worldwide.
Animals raised for food and clothing often suffer due to intensive farming practices that prioritize high production and profits over welfare. Broiler chickens are bred to grow very quickly, straining their legs and often causing burns. Laying hens, whether cage, barn, or free range systems, are subjected to overcrowding and cannot perform natural behaviors. Sows are confined in farrowing crates too small for turning around. Piglets are castrated and docked without pain relief. Dairy calves endure disbudding and castration without anesthetic. All animals face stressful transport and inhumane slaughter conditions, suggesting the need to avoid contributing to these cruel industries.
This document discusses backyard chicken farming, which plays an important role in food security and livelihoods for poor rural households in developing countries. Backyard chickens provide protein, can be sold or bartered, aid in pest control, and are important culturally. However, backyard chicken farming faces challenges like lack of infrastructure, skills, and threats from disease and predators. Improving access to better breeds and training farmers could help address challenges and increase benefits from backyard chicken farming.
Backyard poultry production is important in densely populated developing countries like Kerala, where indigenous breeds are hardier and require lower resources than intensive farms. Keeping desi chickens provides nutritional security and income to many rural households. However, backyard farming faces challenges like decreased space and natural feed. Strategies to improve it include upgrading breeds while avoiding inbreeding, providing housing and balanced diets, disease prevention, and training farmers. The document advocates for projects to conserve desi breeds and develop new varieties suitable for backyard rearing based on traits beyond just egg production.
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
Poultry have been domesticated for thousands of years, with chickens first originating from jungle fowl in Southeast Asia. Ancient Egyptians practiced early forms of incubation to hatch chicken eggs. Modern chickens are selectively bred for high egg production and fast meat growth. Scientific advances like improved nutrition, housing conditions, and health management have increased average annual egg lay to nearly 250 eggs per hen. Mexico maintains over 295 million egg-laying hens on farms each year to meet rising demand, as chicken meat has become more affordable than red meat for many consumers.
Types of mycotoxins and quality of animal feedAbdul Wahab
This document discusses types of mycotoxins found in animal feed and their effects. It describes the major mycotoxin-producing fungal genera, conditions required for mold growth and mycotoxin production. The most common mycotoxins are aflatoxin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, ochratoxin, ergot alkaloids, and fumonisin. Aflatoxins cause liver disease and cancer, while trichothecenes impact immunity, digestion and more. Regulations limit mycotoxin levels in different types of animal feed and food.
This document provides an overview of poultry production. It begins with an introduction to poultry and the importance of poultry farming, particularly for small rural families. It then covers key topics like the domestication of poultry, types of poultry birds, taxonomy and classification of chickens, important chicken breeds, and the reproductive and egg structures of chickens. The document aims to present foundational information on poultry production.
Egiyok presents here the varying poultry farming prevalent. There are detailed descriptions and illustrations, so as to make sure that the viewer could understand the categories. Egiyok is a B to B website that fulfills all the needs of the poultry industry in India.
This document discusses soil-transmitted helminths (intestinal worms) that infect over 1 billion people worldwide. It describes the life cycles of key soil-transmitted helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), and hookworms. The worms are transmitted through eggs passed in feces that contaminate soil in areas with poor sanitation. The eggs hatch into larvae that can penetrate the skin (hookworms) or be ingested (roundworm and whipworm), developing into adult worms in the intestines. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and deworming treatments.
This document discusses an overview of the poultry production module final exam for the Bachelor of Technology Livelihood Education program at Isabela State University. It begins with definitions of key terms in poultry production, descriptions of different poultry orders and species, and a brief history of the development of the chicken industry from backyard flocks in the 1800s to the modern integrated production system. The poultry industry in the Philippines is also summarized, noting that it is dominated by broiler chickens and native Philippine chickens, with layer chickens as the third most popular poultry farming type.
The document discusses poultry health and production. It covers three main types of chicken enterprises: egg production, broiler production, and raising replacement pullets. It outlines advantages like high feed efficiency and fast returns, and disadvantages like disease risks. It also discusses basic poultry nutrition, including protein, carbohydrate and fat digestion. Proper nutrition is key to efficient conversion of feed into meat and eggs.
Parasite Management for Natural and Organic Poultry: CoccidiosisGardening
This document provides information on managing coccidiosis, a parasitic disease, in natural and organic poultry production. It discusses the life cycle and types of coccidia parasites, how they are transmitted through the environment, symptoms and diagnosis of coccidiosis, and management strategies for control. These include promoting natural immunity through low-density housing and pasture rotation, as well as discussing natural treatments, drugs, and vaccines that can be used for treatment and prevention. The document aims to help both small-scale and large-scale poultry producers sustainably manage this disease without relying on drugs.
This document provides information on managing coccidiosis, a parasitic disease, in natural and organic poultry production. It discusses the life cycle and types of coccidia parasites, how they are transmitted through the environment, symptoms and diagnosis of coccidiosis, and management strategies for control. These include using low-density production systems to allow birds to develop natural immunity, careful brooding management like sanitation and space requirements, and alternatives to drugs such as natural treatments and vaccines. The document aims to help both small-scale and larger organic producers sustainably manage this disease without relying on preventative drugs.
The document discusses the history and domestication of various types of poultry. It notes that domestic fowl were domesticated from red jungle fowl over 8,000 years ago and formed the basis for modern breeds by Roman times. It also discusses the domestication of turkeys in the Americas over 2,000 years ago, as well as quail in Japan about 1,000 years ago. The document provides brief histories of other domesticated birds such as guinea fowl, pheasants, ducks, geese, pigeons, and ostriches.
Poultry science is the study of breeding, housing, nutrition, management, disease control and marketing of poultry and poultry products. Poultry includes chickens, ducks, turkeys and other birds that are economically important. Broilers are chickens raised for meat that reach 1.5kg by 6-7 weeks, while layers are chickens raised for egg production that may lay 150-300 eggs per year. Breeders are birds used for breeding to produce chicks. Poultry farming is important as it provides nutritious food and employment opportunities while requiring less space and resources than other forms of animal agriculture.
This document discusses integrating aquaculture with poultry farming in Zambia. It describes raising chickens, ducks, and other poultry with fish in integrated systems. Village chickens and ducks are commonly raised extensively in Zambia, but a semi-intensive or intensive system would be better for aquaculture integration to more efficiently collect manure. Poultry manure is an excellent organic fertilizer for fish ponds. The document provides guidelines on stocking densities of poultry for different pond sizes and manure application rates. Vertical integration of poultry housing directly over ponds allows direct manure deposition but can overload ponds.
This document provides an overview of general parasitology. It discusses that parasites outnumber non-parasitic organisms on Earth and over 50% of living organisms are parasitic at some stage. The major groups of parasites covered are protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. Parasites are studied due to their medical, veterinary, and economic importance. They cause many diseases that impact human health globally and in developing countries. Parasites also have significant veterinary importance by damaging livestock, poultry, dogs and cats worldwide.
Animals raised for food and clothing often suffer due to intensive farming practices that prioritize high production and profits over welfare. Broiler chickens are bred to grow very quickly, straining their legs and often causing burns. Laying hens, whether cage, barn, or free range systems, are subjected to overcrowding and cannot perform natural behaviors. Sows are confined in farrowing crates too small for turning around. Piglets are castrated and docked without pain relief. Dairy calves endure disbudding and castration without anesthetic. All animals face stressful transport and inhumane slaughter conditions, suggesting the need to avoid contributing to these cruel industries.
This document discusses backyard chicken farming, which plays an important role in food security and livelihoods for poor rural households in developing countries. Backyard chickens provide protein, can be sold or bartered, aid in pest control, and are important culturally. However, backyard chicken farming faces challenges like lack of infrastructure, skills, and threats from disease and predators. Improving access to better breeds and training farmers could help address challenges and increase benefits from backyard chicken farming.
Backyard poultry production is important in densely populated developing countries like Kerala, where indigenous breeds are hardier and require lower resources than intensive farms. Keeping desi chickens provides nutritional security and income to many rural households. However, backyard farming faces challenges like decreased space and natural feed. Strategies to improve it include upgrading breeds while avoiding inbreeding, providing housing and balanced diets, disease prevention, and training farmers. The document advocates for projects to conserve desi breeds and develop new varieties suitable for backyard rearing based on traits beyond just egg production.
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
Poultry have been domesticated for thousands of years, with chickens first originating from jungle fowl in Southeast Asia. Ancient Egyptians practiced early forms of incubation to hatch chicken eggs. Modern chickens are selectively bred for high egg production and fast meat growth. Scientific advances like improved nutrition, housing conditions, and health management have increased average annual egg lay to nearly 250 eggs per hen. Mexico maintains over 295 million egg-laying hens on farms each year to meet rising demand, as chicken meat has become more affordable than red meat for many consumers.
Types of mycotoxins and quality of animal feedAbdul Wahab
This document discusses types of mycotoxins found in animal feed and their effects. It describes the major mycotoxin-producing fungal genera, conditions required for mold growth and mycotoxin production. The most common mycotoxins are aflatoxin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, ochratoxin, ergot alkaloids, and fumonisin. Aflatoxins cause liver disease and cancer, while trichothecenes impact immunity, digestion and more. Regulations limit mycotoxin levels in different types of animal feed and food.
This document provides an overview of poultry production. It begins with an introduction to poultry and the importance of poultry farming, particularly for small rural families. It then covers key topics like the domestication of poultry, types of poultry birds, taxonomy and classification of chickens, important chicken breeds, and the reproductive and egg structures of chickens. The document aims to present foundational information on poultry production.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
6. share with you experience
about important viral diseases
impact poultry industry
7. It is believed that poultry
production started in Asia
over 3000 years ago.
8. The breeding of
chickens in captivity dates back to at least
1400 BC
in Egypt. But intensive poultry production
only began in the 20th century.
9. the past 100 years have seen an
impressive growth, chiefly in
the production of chickens and
eggs, turkeys, ducks, and geese.
10. the advent of vaccination for
conditions such as Marek’s disease, in addition
to remarkable improvements in
nutrition,
genetics
management,
that has allowed the poultry
industry to quickly develop since the late 1960s.
11. By the early 1980s, breeding increased
greatly in complexity
About 75% of poultry production
in the world is
done in intensive operations
12. Chicken production
Chicken production is, by far, the
largest source of poultry meat in
the world.
turkey meat production is about 15
times smaller than chicken
production
13. The duck and goose industries
represent about 7.5% of the world
poultry meat production.
14. EGG PRODUCTION
The highly intensive practice of
cage operations dates back to the
1950s. It was first saluted as the
best approach to protect hens from
unfavorable environmental
conditions,
15. Between 1999 and 2009, the
world’s production of table eggs
grew from around 49.8 million tons
to more than 62 million tons, with a
projected 16.5%
increase by 2015 to 71 million tons
16. THE FUTURE OF POULTRY
PRODUCTION
Many current health issues will still
play a significant role in poultry
production
emphasis now and in coming years
will be on improving
Our ability to control diseases
17. Topics
Two scenario success and failure
Impact of viral diseases on poultry industry
How to investigate afield problem
Poultry diseases diagnosis P/M lab
Viral diseases threaten industry
AI/ND/IB/ILT/IBD/MD /DVH/DVE
conclusion
18. How to investigate afield problem Poultry diseases diagnosis P/M lab
Viral diseases threaten industry
AI/ND/IB/ILT/IBD/MD /DVH/DVE
conclusion