- Chicken has become the most popular meat in rich countries, with consumption growing 70% since 1990 as it is cheap and versatile. - Intensive breeding has produced much larger chickens that require less feed to raise. Today's broiler chickens weigh 4 times as much at 56 days old compared to chickens bred in the 1950s. - While cheap chicken has benefited consumers, animal welfare groups are concerned that cost-cutting has negatively impacted chickens' living conditions and health. There is growing demand for higher welfare, free-range chicken in response.

1. International The EconomistJanuary 19th 2019
Chickenomics
Ruling the roost
COLCHESTER AND GREENWOOD
How chicken became the rich world's most popular meat
I
N A SHED on a poultry farm just outside
Colchester, in south-east England, thou-
sands of chickens sit on piles of their own
excremento The facilities will not be
cleaned until after the birds are killed,
meaning they suffer from ammonia burns
and struggle to grow feathers. Ants and
maggots crawl overthe bodies ofthose that
have not made it to slaughter. The chicken
industry is a dirty business, but it is also a
profitabIe one.In the OECD, a club ofmostiy
rich countries, pork and beefconsumption
has remained unchanged since 1990.
Chicken consumption has grown by 70%
(see chart)".
Humans gobble so many chickens that
the birds now count for 23bn of the 30bn
land animals living on farms. According to
a recent paper by Carys Bennett at the Uni-
versity of Leicester and colleagues, the to-
tal mass offarmed chickens exceeds that of
all other birds on the planet combined. In
London, sorne 50 miles west of Colchester,
fried-chicken shops are ubiquitous. Many
are named after American states (includ-
ing Kansas and Montana, not to mention
Kentucky). But schoolchildren and Iate-
night partiers are unfazed by the strange
names. Nor do they worry much about
where their meal carne from.
And why should they? Chicken is cheap
and delicious.Apound of poultry in Amer-
ica now costs $1.92, a fall of $1.71 since 1960
(after adjusting for inflation). Meanwhile
the price of beef has fallen by $1.17 a pound
to $5.80. .
Fans of cheap chicken have seIective
breeding to thank. In the 1940S America
-Taking flight
OECD countries, meat consumption, kg per person
30
25
20
15
10
O¡ ¡ j ¡, I ' I L "1 ' ¡ ¡ i 1 , ¡ I I i j' I I I I I ¡
1990 95 2000 05 10 15 18
Sourc.: OECD
launched a series of "Chicken of Tomor-
row"competitions for farmers. The aim, as
described by a newspaper at the time, was
to produce "one bird chunky eÍlOugh for
the whole family-a chicken with breast
meat so thick you can carve it into steaks,
with drumsticks that contain a minimum
of bone buried in layers ofjuicydark meat,
all costing less instead of more." The result
was something along the lines of the mod-
ern broiler chicken.
Since then chickens have continued to
get bigger. Astudy byMartin Zuidhofofthe
University ofAlberta and colleagues docu-
mented this shift by comparing <;hickens
that were selectively bred in 1957, 1978 and
2005. The authors found that at 56 days old
the three birds had average weights of
0.9kg, 1.8kg and 4.2kg (see chart on next
pagel. As raisinga single bigbird is more ef-
ficient than raising two smaller ones, it
now takes farmers just1.3kgofgrain to pro-
duce lkg of chicken, down from 2.5kg of
grain in 1985.
The intense use of antibiotics means
that farmers no longer need to spend much
time worrying about their chickens' wel-
fare. Before the second world war, most
birds were raised on small pIots. Farmers
kept hens for eggs and sold ·their meat
when they got too old to lay any more. But
prophyIactics have allowed farmers to pack
chickens into conditions that would
once have been considered unthinkably
cramped and dirty. Birds raised in denser
quarters do not move around much, and so
require less to eat.
Farmers have also benefited from the ~~

2. ---- ----- ~ ~ -~- --~----~-- -
64 International
~ healthy reputation ofchicken. In the 1980s
doctors worried that by eating too much
beefand pork people were ingesting lots of
saturated fat, which was then thought to
increase the risk of heart disease. Those
fears have since waned, but new evidence
suggests that red meat might increase peo-
ple's chances of getting colon cancer. In
contrast, poultry's image as a healthy meat
survives unscathed.
Feet and feathers
It is not just fussy Western eaters who in-
creasingly favour chicken. Rising incomes
mean that demand for the meat is growing
even faster in poorer countries.As a result,
chickens are now the world's most widely
traded meato In economic terms theyare,in
effect, the opposite of cars. They are pro-
duced whole. But their value is maximised
once they are broken up.
Though Westerners prefer lean, white
meat; many in Asia and Africa prefer dark
meat, which includes legs and thighs.
These preferences are reflected in local
prices:inAITerica breasts are 88%more ex-
pensive than legs; in Indonesia they are
12% cheaper. Differences in the price of
chicken feet are even starker. The thought
ofeating talons is abhorrent to manyWest-
erners, but they often feature in Cantonese
recipes. China now imports 300,000
tonnes of"phoenix claws"everyyear.
The fact that different countries spe-
cialise in different kinds ofproduction also
boosts trade. America aild Brazil, the
world's two biggest chicken exporters, are
agricultural powerhouses that grow huge
amounts of feed, the main cost in poultry
production. Thailand and China, in con-
trast, dominate the processed-meat market
which requires cheap, skilled labour. Rus-
sia and Ukraine, once net importers of
. chicken, have become net exporters as
their grain industries have grown.
Producers that seU their meat abroad
expose themselves to risks. Chicken has
been a flashpoint in trade negotiations.
China imposed tariffs on American birds in
2010 and then banned aU imports in 2015,
shortly after an outbreak of avian flu. In-
dustry observers are pessimistic the ban
-Pecking order
Broiler chickens, weight at 56 days old
Bred until: 1957 1978
will be lifted, much to the dismayofAmeri-
can farmers who would love to be paid
more for the 20bn chicken feet they pro-
duce every year, which currently become
animal feed.
Similarly, the European Union banned
the import of chlorinated American chick-
en in1997, owing to concern that a chlorine
wash allows lower hygiene standards in
farms. Arguments over chlorinated chick-
ens also proved a big stumbling block in
negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade
and Investment Partnership, a now-failed
trade deal between America and the EU.
Sorne Britons fear that if they leave the EU
any trade deal signed with America would
require them to accept imports of such
chickens.
Although the chicken boom has been
good for consumers, animal-welfare advo-
cates worry that the meat industry's cost-
cutting measures have come at the expense
of the birds. Vicky Bond of the Humane
League, an animal-welfare campaign
group, says the size of modern chickens is
the cause of the worst problems. Broilers
have breast muscles which are too big for
their bones to support, leading to lame-
ness. In Cochester the chickens are so un-
responsive to humans that they resemble
zombies. Indeed, modern chickens have
become so big that their muscles prevent
them from getting on top of each other to
mate (meaning they have to be staived be-
fore they are able to consider romance).
Partly because of advocacy by animal-
welfare charities, and partly because meat
has become so affordable, more consumers
are now willing to pay for meat raised in
better conditions. Sales of free-range and
organic chickens, which-unlike most
broilers-have access to the outdoors, are
surging. In the Netherlands, a recent public
outcry overenormous plojkip (which trans-
lates as "exploded chicken")was so intense
that retailers switched in droves to breeds
thatgrow more slowly.Plojkip's share ofthe
Dutch market plummeted from around
60%in 2015 to 5%in 2017.In Britain sales of
free-range eggs have overtaken those of
cagedones.
Concerns about the health of livestock
Souree: "Growth, effieiency, and yield of commereial broiler.; from 1957,1978, and 2005" by Zuidhof et al.
The Economist January 19th 2019
have also led the EU to pass sorne of the
world's strictest animal-welfare 1aws. Bat-
tery cages for egg-Iaying hens were banned
in 2012, for instance. Legislative reforms
have been harder to come by in America,
especially at the federallevel. Animal-wel-
fare advocates lament the country's con-
gressional system, which gives dispropor-
tionate clout to rural states.Nevertheless,a
rare but significant state-Ievel change
carne last November when Californians
voted to pass Proposition12, which wiU ban .
the production and sale of pork, veal and
eggs from animals kept in cages, bringing
the state's laws roughly in line with those
in the EU. The change affects al! meat pro-
ducers who want to seU in America's big-
gest state, ptÍtting pressure on them to
change their farming practices.
Public companies have been more re-
sponsive than lawmakers to animal-wel-
fare concerns. Activists have achieved re-
markable success in recent years by
threatening companies with the release of
unflattering images and videos of how
their food is produced. Research by the
Open Philanthropy Project, a group which
funds animal-welfare activists, finds that
such campaigns have prompted more than
200 American companies-including Mc-
Donald's, Burger King and Walmart.-to
stop buying eggs from chicken raised in
battery cages since 2015.
An idea is hatched
Farmers are therefore increasingly inter-
ested in improving the lives of their birds.
Richard Swartzentruber owns two chicken
sheds in Greenwood, a small town in Dela-
ware. The company he supplies, Perdue
Farms, has stopped using antibiotics alto-
gether. Mr Swartzentruber's chicken sheds
have plenty of windows and doors that
open onto a fenced grassy field whenever
the weather permits. This comes with
trade-offs:chickens mightlike perching on
trees, but so do hawks. Inside the sheds,
bales of hay, wooden boxes and plastic
platforms are scattered around to entertain
his chickens. Such measures have helped
him gain a good-farming certificate from
the Global Animal Partnership, a charity.
Bruce Stewart-Brown, a food-safety sci-
entist at Perdue Farms, says that his CRm-
pany would love to raise more organic
chickens. His ability to provide higher-
welfare organic meat is ultimately con-
strained by market forces,since the feed le-
gally required is pricey. Although larger
numbers of people might be willing to pay
more for organic or free-range products,
most still preferwhateveris cheapest.And,
despite growing interest in vegetarianism
and veganism, surveys find little evidence
that many people in the rich world are
turning into herbivores. People may like
flitting with plant-based diets. But what
theyreally love is chicken. •