The document discusses the formation and meaning of perfect modals in English. It explains that perfect modals are formed using a modal verb like "should", "could", etc. followed by the auxiliary "have" and a past participle verb. The meaning depends on the modal verb used - "should have" expresses regret about past actions, while "would have", "could have", "may have", and "might have" speculate about possible past situations. Examples are provided to illustrate how changing the modal verb alters the conditional or speculative nature of the statement.

1. PERFECT MODALS:
MEANING AND FORM

2. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…

3. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must

4. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)

5. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)

6. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)

7. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
I HAVE STUDIED FOR 3 YEARS.

8. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
I HAVE STUDIED FOR 3 YEARS.

9. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
I HAVE STUDIED FOR 3 YEARS.

10. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
I HAVE STUDIED FOR 3 YEARS.
Yo HE ESTUDIADO por 3 años

11. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
I HAVE STUDIED FOR 3 YEARS.
Yo HE ESTUDIADO por 3 años

12. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s remember something first…
Modal
Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense
Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past
Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
I HAVE STUDIED FOR 3 YEARS.
Yo HE ESTUDIADO por 3 años

13. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Now, let’s see the same structure but
with the Modal Verb (should, could,
may, might, must)…

14. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)

15. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)

16. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)
Modal
Verbs

17. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)
Modal
Verbs
HAVE
(haber)

18. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)
Modal
Verbs
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in
Past
Participle

19. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)
Modal
Verbs
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in
Past
Participle
This sentence is
affirmative!

20. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
First, let’s concentrate on the grammar structure (the form)
Modal
Verbs
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in
Past
Participle
This sentence is
affirmative!
Shouldn’t = negative
Should Colombia have won…? = Interrogative

21. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
Now, let’s concentrate on the meaning
(debería) (haber) (ganado)

22. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
Now, let’s concentrate on the meaning
(debería) (haber) (ganado)
(but unfortunately, it didn’t)

23. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
Now, let’s concentrate on the meaning
(debería) (haber) (ganado)
We use should + have + verb in past participle to express regrets about past actions.
(but unfortunately, it didn’t)

24. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Modal verbs in perfect form = Perfect Modals
Modal Verbs
Should
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tense Auxiliary
HAVE
(haber)
Verb in Past Participle
Study
(base form)
Studied
(in Past Participle)
Colombia should have won the Copa America of soccer 2011
Now, let’s concentrate on the meaning
(debería) (haber) (ganado)
We use should + have + verb in past participle to express regrets about past actions.
(Usamos should + have + verb in past participle para expresar “pesar” o “lamentar” acciones pasadas)
(but unfortunately, it didn’t)

25. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)

26. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
If I use the modal
verb…
… it will mean…

27. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
If I use the modal
verb…
… it will mean…
SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

28. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
If I use the modal
verb…
… it will mean…
SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
Regrets about past actions
(Lamentarse o arrepentimiento por acciones
pasadas)

29. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
If I use the modal
verb…
… it will mean…
I failed the test!! I should have studied more...
…but unfortunately, I didn’t.
SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
Regrets about past actions
(Lamentarse o arrepentimiento por acciones
pasadas)

30. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
If I use the modal
verb…
… it will mean…
I failed the test!! I should have studied more...
(Perdí el test!! Debí haber estudiado mas)
…but unfortunately, I didn’t.
SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
Regrets about past actions
(Lamentarse o arrepentimiento por acciones
pasadas)

31. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…
Regrets about past actions
(Lamentarse o arrepentimiento por acciones
pasadas)
My car broke down!! I shouldn’t have bought it...
…but unfortunately, I did.
If I use the modal
verb…
SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

32. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…
Regrets about past actions
(Lamentarse o arrepentimiento por acciones
pasadas)
My car broke down!! I shouldn’t have bought it...
(Mi carró se varó!! No Debí haberlo compardo)
…but unfortunately, I did.
If I use the modal
verb…
SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

33. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

34. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

35. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
I should have bought that house. I would have been happy
there.

36. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
I should have bought that house. I would have been happy
there.
(Debí haber comprado esa casa. hubiera sido feliz allí)

37. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
I should have bought that house. I would have been happy
there.
(Debí haber comprado esa casa. hubiera sido feliz allí) I don’t know it for certain. It is a
speculation of what would have
happened.
(No lo se a ciencia cierta. Es una especulación
de lo que hubiera pasado)

38. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
I should have bought that house. I would have been happy
there.
(Debí haber comprado esa casa. hubiera sido feliz allí)
NOTE!!!: Normally WOULD HAVE translates “HUBIERA” in Spanish.
I don’t know it for certain. It is a
speculation of what would have
happened.
(No lo se a ciencia cierta. Es una especulación
de lo que hubiera pasado)

39. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
This computer is terrible!! I could have bought a different
computer.

40. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
This computer is terrible!! I could have bought a different
computer.
I don’t know it for certain. It is a
speculation of what would have
happened.
(No lo se a ciencia cierta. Es una especulación
de lo que hubiera pasado)

41. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
This computer is terrible!! I could have bought a different
computer.
(Este computador es terrible! Pude/podría haber comprado un computador
diferente)
I don’t know it for certain. It is a
speculation of what would have
happened.
(No lo se a ciencia cierta. Es una especulación
de lo que hubiera pasado)

42. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
Our cousin Jake is sick. He may have eaten rotten food.

43. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
Our cousin Jake is sick. He may have eaten rotten food.
I don’t know it for certain. It is a
speculation of what would have
happened.
(No lo se a ciencia cierta. Es una especulación
de lo que hubiera pasado)

44. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Speculate about the past
(Especular sobre el pasado)
WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
COULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MAY+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
MIGHT+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE
Our cousin Jake is sick. He may have eaten rotten food.
(Nuesetro primo Jake esta enfermo. Él pudo haber comido comida podrida)
I don’t know it for certain. It is a
speculation of what would have
happened.
(No lo se a ciencia cierta. Es una especulación
de lo que hubiera pasado)

45. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

46. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Draw conclusions about the
past
(Sacar conclusiones sobre el pasado)
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

47. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Draw conclusions about the
past
(Sacar conclusiones sobre el pasado)
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
David has a nice car. It must have cost a lot of money.

48. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Draw conclusions about the
past
(Sacar conclusiones sobre el pasado)
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
David has a nice car. It must have cost a lot of money.
Probably. But, I don’t know for sure. It’s
a conclusion a draw.
(Probablemente. Pero no lo se. Es una
conclusión que saco)

49. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Draw conclusions about the
past
(Sacar conclusiones sobre el pasado)
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
David has a nice car. It must have cost a lot of money.
(David tiene un lindo carro. Debe haber costado mucho dinero)
Probably. But, I don’t know for sure. It’s
a conclusion a draw.
(Probablemente. Pero no lo se. Es una
conclusión que saco)

50. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Depending on the modal verb we use, the meaining of the sentence is different…
(Dependiendo del Modal Verb que usemos, el significado de la oración es diferente)
… it will mean…If I use the modal
verb…
Draw conclusions about the
past
(Sacar conclusiones sobre el pasado)
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Carl failed the test. He must not have studied enough.
(Carl perdió el test. Él no debió haber estudiado suficiente)
Probably. But, I don’t know for sure. It’s
a conclusion a draw.
(Probablemente. Pero no lo se. Es una
conclusión que saco)

51. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….

52. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….

53. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form

54. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Modal Verbs are:
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must

55. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Modal Verbs are:
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tenses uses
“HAVE” + Verb in
Past Participle

56. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Modal Verbs are:
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tenses uses
“HAVE” + Verb in
Past Participle
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle

57. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Modal Verbs are:
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tenses uses
“HAVE” + Verb in
Past Participle
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must

58. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Modal Verbs are:
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tenses uses
“HAVE” + Verb in
Past Participle
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
“HAVE”
(Haber:
Yo he…
Tu has…
Él ha..
Etc…)

59. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Modal Verbs are:
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
Perfect Tenses uses
“HAVE” + Verb in
Past Participle
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Should
Would
Could
May
Might
Must
“HAVE”
(Haber:
Yo he…
Tu has…
Él ha..
Etc…)
Verb  Past Participle
Eat  Eaten
Go  Gone
Come  Come
Write  Written
Study  Studied

60. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form

61. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle

62. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Perfect Modals in
Affirmative
I should have gone to the movies
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle

63. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Perfect Modals in
Affirmative
Perfect Modals in
NegativeI should have gone to the movies
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
I shouldn’t have gone to the movies

64. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal
verb in perfect form
Perfect Modals in
Affirmative
Perfect Modals in
Negative
Perfect Modals in
Interrogative
I should have gone to the movies
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
I shouldn’t have gone to the movies
Should I have gone to the movies?

65. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal verb in perfect
form
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle

66. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal verb in perfect
form
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Depending on the Perfect Modal we use
the meaning is different
(Dependiendo del Perfect Modal que usemos, el significado es distinto)

67. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal verb in perfect
form
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Depending on the Perfect Modal we use
the meaning is different
(Dependiendo del Perfect Modal que usemos, el significado es distinto)
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

68. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal verb in perfect
form
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Depending on the Perfect Modal we use
the meaning is different
(Dependiendo del Perfect Modal que usemos, el significado es distinto)
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the Perfect Modals
WOULD
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

69. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
Let’s summarize….
A Perfect Modal is a Modal verb in perfect
form
Perfect Modal = Modal Verb + “HAVE” + Verb in Past Participle
Depending on the Perfect Modal we use
the meaning is different
(Dependiendo del Perfect Modal que usemos, el significado es distinto)
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS
ABOUT THE PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the Perfect Modals
WOULD
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

70. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

71. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

72. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have eaten burritos,
lechona and
tamales..

73. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have eaten
burritos, lechona and
tamales..
…now, I have a
terrible
stomachache…

74. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have eaten
burritos, lechona and
tamales..
…now, I have a
terrible
stomachache…
I shouldn’t have eaten
so much food!

75. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to express REGRETS ABOUT PAST
ACTIONS, use the Perfect Modal
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have eaten
burritos, lechona
and tamales..
…now, I have a
terrible
stomachache…
I shouldn’t have eaten
so much food!
I regreat having eaten so much food! Bu unfortunately, I did.
(Me arrepiento haber comido tanta comida! Pero desafortunadamente,
lo hice.)

76. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT

77. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT

78. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT
My job is so boring,
and I don’t make
much money…

79. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT
My job is so boring,
and I don’t make
much money…
…I should have
studied medicine…

80. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT
My job is so boring,
and I don’t make
much money…
…I should have
studied medicine…
I regreat not having studied medicine! But unfortunately, I didn’t.
(Me arrepiento haber estudiado medicina Pero desafortunadamente, no lo hice.)

81. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT
My job is so boring,
and I don’t make
much money…
…I should have
studied medicine…
… I would/could/may/might
have been so happy and rich!
I regreat not having studied medicine! But unfortunately, I didn’t.
(Me arrepiento haber estudiado medicina Pero desafortunadamente, no lo hice.)

82. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to SPECULATE ABOUT THE PAST, use the
Perfect Modals
WOULD – COULD – MAY – MIGHT
My job is so boring,
and I don’t make
much money…
…I should have
studied medicine…
… I would/could/may/might
have been so happy and rich!
I regreat not having studied medicine! But unfortunately, I didn’t.
(Me arrepiento haber estudiado medicina Pero desafortunadamente, no lo hice.)
I think (speculate) that if I had studied medicine, I would have been rich and happy
(Creo (especulo) que si yo hubiera estudiado medicina, hubiera sido rico y feliz)

83. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

84. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

85. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Why is Mark sleeping
here? It’s working
time!

86. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Why is Mark sleeping
here? It’s working
time!
He mustn’t have had
enough time to sleep

87. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Why is Mark sleeping
here? It’s working
time!
He mustn’t have had
enough time to sleep
He must have gone
party last night!.

88. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Why is Mark sleeping
here? It’s working
time!
He mustn’t have had
enough time to sleep
He must have gone
party last night!.The fact
(El hecho)

89. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Why is Mark sleeping
here? It’s working
time!
He mustn’t have had
enough time to sleep
He must have gone
party last night!.The fact
(El hecho)

90. PERFECT MODALS: MEANING AND FORM
If you want to DRAW CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE
PAST, use the Perfect Modal
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Why is Mark sleeping
here? It’s working
time!
He mustn’t have had
enough time to sleep
He must have gone
party last night!.The fact
(El hecho)
These are the conclusions drawn from the fact
(Estas son las conclusiones sacadas del hecho)

91. Thank you!!!!