IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
International business management essay globalizationBobby Darmawan
It is very hard to determine whether globalization is a good or bad thing. But after reviewing some literature, I would have to say that globalization is a good thing, despite all the critics. The most important thing is the usage of globalization to promote end of poverty.
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation refers to rapid increase in the share of economic activity taking place across national borders. It goes beyond the international trade includes goods and services, delivered &sold & movement of capital.
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
Managing the risks of international tradeadnanessa
We all agree that going into business abroad can be risky. That's where we provide you with the necessary checks you need to consider which are often overlooked to prevent you from falling into the pitfalls when doing business abroad.
Since the introduction of globalization process two centuries ago, multinational firms have managed to emerge as central institutions that regulate globalization processes and those that are facilitate trade practices in the global market. To get more details please visit here http://www.mbadissertation.org/sample-paper-on-organizational-behaviour/
dkaj;laksldum;ioahu fihajk.hvkm;asnk
to know more please go to this link:
lkjseklfamdsklgads
asdgva;dfkljglkadmgkladf
dfg;lajdlkgvjadsfg
asgkladfg;akldfg
adfgskdflgj'lk
Northland Wealth Management is proud to have won for the 2nd consecutive year Advisor of the Year (Alternative Investments) at the Wealth Professional Canada Awards; the leading awards event for the Canadian wealth management industry.
It is Northland Wealth’s ability to access ‘best in class’ alternative asset managers from around the word which can help to protect and grow each family’s wealth over generations to come. Our extensive and proprietary network is unmatched by the Canadian banks, investment dealers and advisors.
As we celebrate our 8th Anniversary we welcome you to this edition ofThe Artisan. Our lead story “Revisiting the Value of Value” was published in the Financial Post Magazine this past autumn. We then delve into the sometimes complex subject of financial planning “It’s Not Just About the Math”. While the phrase“May You Live in Interesting Times” is sometimes construed as a curse, in this situation we highlight Northland’s efforts and approach into understanding the global risks or potential ‘black swan’ events to better protect each family’s wealth. We hope that you enjoy these insights along with our Quarterly Market Commentary and more.
Provides an overview of the social and economic forces that have combined to reshape modern organisations creating an imperative for change and renewal. The origins of globalisation are identified, and the heightened anti-globalisation protest activity at the turn of the century is highlighted.
Political leaflets in the Eastleigh 2013 by electionMarcus Leaning
This conference paper provides an account of the number, form and cost (activist time and financial) of door to door political leafleting and direct mail marketing in the February 2013 Eastleigh by-election.
IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
International business management essay globalizationBobby Darmawan
It is very hard to determine whether globalization is a good or bad thing. But after reviewing some literature, I would have to say that globalization is a good thing, despite all the critics. The most important thing is the usage of globalization to promote end of poverty.
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation refers to rapid increase in the share of economic activity taking place across national borders. It goes beyond the international trade includes goods and services, delivered &sold & movement of capital.
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
Managing the risks of international tradeadnanessa
We all agree that going into business abroad can be risky. That's where we provide you with the necessary checks you need to consider which are often overlooked to prevent you from falling into the pitfalls when doing business abroad.
Since the introduction of globalization process two centuries ago, multinational firms have managed to emerge as central institutions that regulate globalization processes and those that are facilitate trade practices in the global market. To get more details please visit here http://www.mbadissertation.org/sample-paper-on-organizational-behaviour/
dkaj;laksldum;ioahu fihajk.hvkm;asnk
to know more please go to this link:
lkjseklfamdsklgads
asdgva;dfkljglkadmgkladf
dfg;lajdlkgvjadsfg
asgkladfg;akldfg
adfgskdflgj'lk
Northland Wealth Management is proud to have won for the 2nd consecutive year Advisor of the Year (Alternative Investments) at the Wealth Professional Canada Awards; the leading awards event for the Canadian wealth management industry.
It is Northland Wealth’s ability to access ‘best in class’ alternative asset managers from around the word which can help to protect and grow each family’s wealth over generations to come. Our extensive and proprietary network is unmatched by the Canadian banks, investment dealers and advisors.
As we celebrate our 8th Anniversary we welcome you to this edition ofThe Artisan. Our lead story “Revisiting the Value of Value” was published in the Financial Post Magazine this past autumn. We then delve into the sometimes complex subject of financial planning “It’s Not Just About the Math”. While the phrase“May You Live in Interesting Times” is sometimes construed as a curse, in this situation we highlight Northland’s efforts and approach into understanding the global risks or potential ‘black swan’ events to better protect each family’s wealth. We hope that you enjoy these insights along with our Quarterly Market Commentary and more.
Provides an overview of the social and economic forces that have combined to reshape modern organisations creating an imperative for change and renewal. The origins of globalisation are identified, and the heightened anti-globalisation protest activity at the turn of the century is highlighted.
Political leaflets in the Eastleigh 2013 by electionMarcus Leaning
This conference paper provides an account of the number, form and cost (activist time and financial) of door to door political leafleting and direct mail marketing in the February 2013 Eastleigh by-election.
Global Campaign Strategy and DevelopmentSimon Hjorth
**Going global and staying local**
As global brands strengthen and the competition for the consumer’s attention intensifies, it’s more important than ever for companies to create effective global campaigns – but there are already questions worth asking:
- What‘s the most effective way to approach a global campaign?
- Are the best campaigns the same all over the world or localized to some degree?
- What strategic and practical considerations need to be made when executing global campaigns?
Get the perspective in this white paper.
1. What exactly is globalization2. What has been the impact of th.pdfamericandigitalshop
1. What are the six steps in the hypothesis testing procedure?
Solution
SIX STEPS FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTING 1. HYPOTHESES State in order:
Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Alternate Hypothesis Recall the difference between a
general research hypthesis which will not be overturned by a single investigation and a simple
null and alternate hypothesis. 2. ASSUMPTIONS include: 1. measurement level of data, 2.
distributions underlying the data, 3. knowledge or lack of about population characteristics 4.
sample size and method, 5. sample characteristics necessary for applying the test statistic, 6.
level of significance for testing 3. TEST STATISTIC (or Confidence Interval Structure) 1.
structure to be used to test significance levels or set of confidence intervals (be sure to include
the equations & notation) 2. special conditions to be met by statistic 4. REJECTION REGION
(or Probability Statement) Expected measure of the test statistic as generated from tables or
critical valve for a confidence interval. Yes, before you start the calculations you should inform
the reader as to how the test will be used to reject of fail to reject the null hypoethesis and the
critical value for making the determination. 5. CALCULATIONS (Annotated Spreadsheet)
Actual test statistic measure or confidence interval generated including specification of all
additional equations used plus notation. May also include sample calculations. Solving any
problem is as much an art as a skill. From the skill side you should break the problem down into
small parts or modules, these you will then want to continually check using sample calculations,
your hand calculator, and other methods to make certain that no errors occur in the solution.
Remeber, in the working world no one will check your work unless a tragic error occurs (then of
course it\'s too late, so instead you must develop skills for continually critiquing whatever you
are doing). Breaking problems into smaller parts not only helps in error checking, but also
enables you to understand how the data is being manipulated and makes the work much less
intimidating. This can provide for further critiquing of the method selected and data set being
used. Finally, sample calculations help to insure that calculations are being properly preformed
and again provides additional insight as to the manner in which the statistic manipulates the data.
Problem solving is also an art. There are very elegant ways of laying out a task which even to the
most uninformed reader makes it look simple! And in fact any problem broken down into its
constituent parts is quite simple. Second, careful constrution of a spreadsheet enables it to solve
more than just the problem at hand. Simple adjustments to the number of rows enables the
number of cases to rapidly be altered and an additional problem solved. Finally, as always
consider your audiance. Have you provided the clarity that enables others (sometimes experts,
sometimes not) to rapidly understan.
Global Marketing Campaign Strategy and DevelopmentSimon Hjorth
**Going global and staying local**
As global brands strengthen and the competition for the consumer’s attention intensifies, it’s more important than ever for companies to create effective global campaigns – but there are already questions worth asking:
- What‘s the most effective way to approach a global campaign?
- Are the best campaigns the same all over the world or localized to some degree?
- What strategic and practical considerations need to be made when executing global campaigns?
Get the perspective in this white paper.
Globalization_- Definition, Processes and Concepts.pdfDhruvita1
Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.
A research paper on overall market information of Asia,Middle East,Africa,Eur...Fariha Noshin
A research paper on overall market information of the following regions
• Asia
• Africa
• Middle East
• Europe
Research paper includes following sections for each region.
• Nature of consumer/ consumer behavior/ customer characteristics
• Barriers
• Recommended marketing strategy
• International brands with brief description)
Schaffer, Agusti, Dhooge, Earle. International Business Law and.docxkenjordan97598
Schaffer, Agusti, Dhooge, Earle. International Business Law and Its Environment, 8th Edition. South-Western, 2011-01-01.
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to International Business
ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE
Many economists and business experts realize that no business is purely domestic and that even the smallest local firms are affected by global competition and world events. The realities of the modern world make all business international. No longer can an economic or political change in one country occur without causing reverberations throughout world markets. A terrorist event in London, or in the Philippines, is reflected on international stock exchanges and brings entire economies to their knees. War in the Middle East brings international shipping to a standstill. A civil war on the African continent affects the price of commodities in London and New York. A change in interest rates in Germany affects investment flows and currency exchange rates in the United States. Disruption anywhere in the supply chain of today’s globally connected manufacturing plants brings distant assembly lines to a halt. The failure of China to safeguard American copyrights on films or software results in the United States imposing retaliatory tariffs and affects the price of Chinese-made clothing in American stores. Terrorist attacks not only affect business operations worldwide but also affect the ability of managers to travel and live safely in foreign lands.
Perhaps nowhere is global economic interdependence more obvious than in the context of the spread of infectious disease. Whether it be “mad cow” affecting English cattle, or infectious respiratory disease affecting people from Toronto to rural China, the impact of infectious disease can now ripple through the world’s economy within days. Indeed, in recent years the effects of terrorism and infectious disease has been felt by international business travel and tourism and affected the global operations of firms on all continents. The world today is more economically interdependent than at any other time in history, and this has led to the globalization of product, service, and capital markets.
Economic interdependence is the result of many factors. Precious natural resources and raw materials are located around the world. Technological advances in travel, shipping and communications, and the Internet have brought people closer together. Nations have moved away from protectionism and increasingly toward free trade, opening markets for goods and services that were once closed to foreign competition. The world has seen a steady movement toward economic integration and the development of free trade areas and “common markets” among nations. Greater political stability in the developing countries has led to increased foreign investment, industrialization, and the integration of those nations into the world economy. Economic interdependence also can be attributed to the sharing of technology and know-how, with paten.
Running Head: GLOBALIZATION 1
GLOBALIZATION 11
Globalization
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Introduction
In past few years globalization has been much discussed issue. In this essay, I would attempt to describe the meaning of word globalization along with I would evaluate the benefits as well as drawbacks of the global world. Globalization has altered the face of world. Apart from that, I would discuss major changes in the trade policies of globalization. And at last, I would evaluate the consequences for migration within the global world.
Globalization
Term ‘A Global Village’ has majorly been related to Marshall McLuhan (Baker, 2011). In its books he terms how world has contracted into single big village. Global Village is called as the effects about globalization, mass media along with information and communication technology. As per this philosopher and sociologist, there would be just major culture left within this world. Capability for somebody for gathering the information quite fast wherever they have been provides impression, which we live in similar virtual place, in similar village.
With increasing standards of world along with the present concepts as well as complexities within the political, economic along with the socio-cultural ideologies, man has often and regularly pondered on aspects about his nature. Unity, equality, trade as well as commerce have been at forefront of complexities of man.
Having those thoughts in mind, man has moved by history thus trying to satisfy its desires in regard to rest of the people. Advent of 21st century has given birth to concept about making world one village, therefore, globalization. World is getting smaller, has been the term utilized quite often for describing the nowadays world along with globalization. Economic growth has grasped majorly all the nations.
Globalization has been the process, which began to appear at finish of 19th century having the emergence of the industrialization. Products had been produced on the bigger scale having export being the target. Globalization has been the scenario through which economies, societies along with cultures have been interrelated. World has been made the smaller place; distances have been no longer the obstacle. Because of globalization borders within nations have been shortening (Jeffery, 2002).
Where word globalization has been used, we most of the time refer it to the economic globalization. Emergence of economic globalization has majorly because of creation of some international companies after the World War 2. Those companies focus to eliminate the borders among nations so as to facilitate trade along with communication within those nations, thus diminishing the chance of upcoming war. Advances within the technology resulted in the reductions within cost of the international trade. Several international companies tried to diminish barriers towards the international trade. Few essential changes are m.
Essay on Cultural Globalization
An Introduction to Globalization Essay
Introduction Globalization
An Overview of Globalization Essay
Essay on Globalization Is Good
Essay On Globalisation
Essay on The History of Globalization
Essay on Globalization
Essay about The Benefits of Globalization
Conference presentation on videos lectures. The paper considers the use of recording lectures and describes a case study in which lectures were recorded for a module. The mean scores and rates of attendance were compared with the same module in previous years. it was found that for the main population the assessment scores did not change,. however the scores for students whose first language was not English did improve. Attenndance was unaffected.
Keynote presentationgiven at the Trail and Error: Journalism and Media Education TWG European Communications Research Association Conference, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
A lecture on how to do a literature review. Covers what a literature is, journal hierachies, H index, I index, types of lit review - narrative, meta and systematic, search startegies, forest, filtering literature, using databases to search and making a search string
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
1. Countries as Brands:Values, History and Strategies. Dr Marcus Leaning University of Winchester Paper presented at the British Council, Tokyo. 2006 Marcus Leaning
2. In this lecture I want to examine three areas: the way in which we may consider countries as brands the history of countries as brands the mechanisms and strategies of country branding Introduction Marcus Leaning
3. Exciting, vivacious, party. Traditional, polite, reserved. Easygoing, friendly, independent. Technological, strict, hardworking. Mix and Match UK Thailand Singapore Brazil
4. When we think of events, objects and people outside of our immediate experience we tend to use general ideas about those events, objects and people. We use general perceptions to tell us about and to help us make sense of the world. We term these perceptions ‘stereotypes’. The idea of countries as brands
5. When we think of a country we make use of stereotypes. There are common perceptions of countries in much contemporary culture. These are shared across the world - they are ‘Global’ perceptions. These perceptions are understood to constitute a country’s brand. Countries are thought to be brands. From stereotypes to brands
6. There are problems in this rather simple interpretation. While in theory brands do the same things for both products and countries - identify, develop and communicate particular aspects to a desired audience – in reality countries and products are different. The image of Russia is practically and psychologically different from Coca-Cola These differences occur in a number of forms. Problems with this idea
10. Countries ‘suffer’ from fixed assets or natural resources. They cannot really launch a new product line very easily. Some countries are either very cold or very hot, they have mountains or beaches. Short of invading another country there is not much they can do. 2. Fixed assets
11. Countries have histories. With the exception of revolutions and wars “New Iraq”, they are not usually ‘new to market’ or launched. Similarly they cannot be ‘pulled’ and re-launched if unsuccessful. 3. History
12. Leaders change with considerable frequency in many countries. Political leaders with often have a limited life and will want quick results and may not work best to long term goals. Moreover, goals and vision change and leads to problems with brand maintenance. 4. Leadership
13. While the end goal of many attempts to establish a better brand for a country is often economic: Inward investment Tourism Exports The means to achieve a better country brand are different to traditional product branding. More on this idea later. 5. Countries are not just products
14. Country and product branding is considerably different. Possibly due to two factors: The difference in nature of products and countries. The emergence of country brands not within the economic sphere but within the political one. Related very much to the history of country brands. Countries and products are different
15. The history of countries as brands is deeply tied to changes in political communication and international relations. Historically the fates of countries and nations have been decided by leaders meeting (often in secret), making decisions which were then presented to those affected. Indeed for many in the less developed world (particularly those without democratic political systems) this is still the case. Country brand history
16. 1884 Otto von-Bismark, the German Chancellor, called together representatives and leaders of: United States of America, Austria–Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden–Norway, Ottoman Empire They then divided much of central Africa between them. Only then did they decide to tell the people of Africa. Example 1:Berlin Conference
17. Towards the end of WWII Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin met in secret in Yalta and decided the fate of the defeated powers and occupied countries. After the war finished these decisions were enforced. Example 2:Yalta
18. Often understood to have really started after WW2. It concerns the willingness of governments to represent themselves to foreign publics as well as to foreign governments. The emergence of ‘Public Diplomacy’
19. The emergence of public diplomacy was strongly tied to two ‘trends’: The spread of democracy as a form of government. The evolution and spread of mass media Why it happened
20. Changes in global political systems – colonial empires perceived as bad method of development. Colonial empires in decline, independence movements the eventual end of Cold war meant that democracy became more widespread. The spread of democracy as a form of government.
21. The post WW2 period has seen a massive increase in the form and volume of mass media. More recently there has been the emergence of new forms of communication technologies. These both contribute to the increased international scrutiny of political and diplomatic activity. The evolution and spread of mass media
22. The idea (if not the reality) is that diplomatic decisions no longer take place behind closed doors. Numbers of ‘summits’ where decisions are reached on topics – climate change, information society, trade. Invite stakeholders to be involved. Lots of arguments that they not really listening. But it is more than before. Public diplomacy
23. Countries become very concerned with their global political face. This influences how they are perceived and treated. Furthermore it influences and is influenced by economic factors. This is where the distinction occurs between products and countries. Countries have a political as well as commercial aspect to them. Political brands
24. There is a political side to the branding process, something that is usually missing in product branding. Acknowledging this is imperative to understanding how country brands operate. Country brands interpretation
25. A country’s brand makes an important difference to a its fortunes and countries go to considerable lengths to shape their brand image. This is particularly evident in wealthy democratic societies - developing and especially underdeveloped countries have relatively little power to shape their brand. For example, many African nations have bad brand images. The perceptions of a country are its ‘Brand’
26. Simon Anholt, possibly the leading expert on the subject, argues that countries will go to considerable lengths to manipulate their brand. The reason certain countries can shape their brand and not others, is due to the resources, techniques and strategies used to develop a brand. The differences in human and financial capital between wealthy and poor countries means that the ability to shape a brand is more available to some countries than others. How brands are shaped and maintained.
27. The following is an adaptation of a model of place branding by Sicco van Gelder and Malcolm Allan, two key branding experts who run the company ‘Place Brands’. It is argued that there are a number of distinct avenues or methods through which a country can develop its branding. Place Brands
28. Two areas to consider: Engagement and action in world political issues - Joining wars, send troops, sending aid, remaining neutral etc all have repercussions. The actions of political leaders in both the foreign and domestic spheres is vitally important. Not only do large political decisions receive lots of attention but small actions by leaders can have considerable influence abroad. Trifling sleights can be exaggerated by an antagonistic foreign press to huge insults. Foreign and domestic policy- state and leaders’ actions
29. Export brands (EBs) present a major commercial opportunity to deploy a ‘positional statement’ in relation to similar brands and can strongly define values. They are also one of the main immediate areas of benefit of a strong brand. However the commercial nature of brands means they are notoriously hard to control. Export brands– commercial face on the world
30. Not necessarily the same thing. They are both indicators of financial health but also of perceptions of: liberty safety lawfulness lifestyle positive associations Investment and Immigration– would you want to live or work here?
31. Another area that can reap major short term benefits. It is possibly the most visible aspect of a country brand and one of the most long lasting in consumer perceptions. However, it is very difficult to ensure a definitively positive experience. Also hard to encourage if perceptions are bad. Tourism– the experience ‘in country’
32. Countries with largely negative diasporas suffer in this way. If the main way a country is known is through dissidents, refuges and outspoken political prisoners and exiles the brand will be badly damaged. Similarly unruly tourists present a problem. People– in what capacity are people encountered?
33. Sporting prowess allow for aspirations. The quest to ‘be like’ is very strong in sports. Also being a ‘host’ brings in lots of trade – Australian has benefited hugely from the Olympics. Sports– sports stars make good global heroes
34. Subject to whims of fashion and history. Some cultures benefit from mature, often 2nd and 3rd generation expatriate communities. E.G Ireland. Others present globally interesting ‘otherness’ to be consumed. Culture and heritagenot just economics - culture is important
35. A strong intellectual presence and tradition offers distinct brand and financial benefits. Noble prize winners, famous scientists, artists and scholars work well to attract lucrative international students and intellectual capital. Investment in this area takes a long time to show dividends however. Education– Noble prize winners and academic leadership
36. Countries as brands present an interesting and very challenging area of work and study. They present a cross over between traditional marketing activity and political analysis. A huge area of growth. Conclusion