Managing the risks of international trade
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Similar to Managing the risks of international trade
Question 1=Please respond to the followingAnalyze the major e.docx
Question 1=
Please respond to the following:
Analyze the major elements of international trade to determine why there is more risk here than in domestic trade. Describe some of the risks you identified (3) at. Make at least one recommendation for mitigating the risk(s) you have identified. Provide arguments to support your response. Cite your sources.
Question 2=
Please respond to the following:
Analyze the major elements of international trade to determine why there is more risk here than in domestic trade. Describe some of the risks you identified. Make at least one recommendation for mitigating the risk(s) you have identified. Provide arguments to support your response. Cite your sources.
The major elements of international trade are balance of payments that is made up of invisibles, visibles, and current accounts for the purpose of recording all financial dealings with foreigners, correcting a deficit, and exchange rates.
Balance of payments is used to monitor international monetary transactions for a specific period and tracks the money going in and out of a country.
The BOP is divided into current, capital, and financial accounts.
The current account captures credits and debits related to the trade of merchandise that are bought, sold, or donated in the form of aid.
The capital account consists of monetary flows from debt forgiveness, the transfer of goods, and financial assets by migrants leaving or entering a country, and other fixed assets.
The financial account relates to monetary flows on business investments, real estate, bonds, and stocks.
Government assets such as foreign reserves, gold, and special drawing rights are also included.
Within the elements of international trade, there are country risk, foreign exchange risk, and fraud.
The political and economic stability of a country, and exchange controls all play into country risk.
If a country experiences civil war or sudden changes in government, they may not keep the terms of trade contracts and may default on foreign debt commitments as a result of these political issues.
According to Boland, (2015), most banks have specialized units dealing with country risk and they control the level of exposure that bank will assume for each country.
Foreign exchange risk as another factor that is a big part of international trade as the trader is always at the mercy of exchange rate fluctuations due to various economic, and political changes amongst other speculative reasons.
Traders must stay connected to trading rooms in banks to keep abreast of the exchange market and enter into forward foreign exchange contracts to guard their profit margin.
Fraud is another risk associated with international trade such as documentation, counterpart, and insurance fraud in addition to cargo theft.
For mitigating risks associated with international trade, buyers should ensure sufficient insurance coverage is in place to guard against risk such as transit risk.
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Managing the risks of international trade
- 2. Understanding and managing the risks of international trade With Sean Haywood
- 3. Additional resources Free eBook: Mitigating the risks of trading abroad + Presentation slides
- 4. Background ● International Key Account Manager for Graydon UK ● Over 27 years’ experience working for some of the country’s leading credit reference agencies ● A member of the Federation of Business Information Services (FEBIS) and FCIB Association (Finance, Credit and International Business)
- 5. About Graydon ● One of the UK and Europe’s leading Business Intelligence providers ● We are driven to help businesses minimise risk when dealing with customers and suppliers across the globe ● We provide valuable insight into 220 million companies internationally
- 6. Expectations in 2010 for 2014 The 2008 Financial Crisis led struggling Western companies into thinking: ● The European economy would be recovering ● ‘Emerging’ BRIC and MINT economies were the answer to their exporting woes ● Asia would be a major agent for economic growth
- 7. But what is the reality? ● The European economy was more stagnant than expected
- 8. 0.02%
- 9. But what is the reality…Cont’d ● Growth has slowed or stalled in most of the BRIC(S) and MINTs ● Asia appears to be more dependent on a strong West than was first realised
- 10. Any good news? ● The IMF identified the UK as a top performer among the world’s leading economies in 2014 ● The UK government is committed to increasing annual exports to £1 trillion by 2020 ● The UK Export Fund (UKEF) has put aside £3 billion to assist UK exporters
- 11. So you want to trade abroad? Trading in an unfamiliar market with a different language, currency and business culture can be risky business.
- 12. Know the prospect country’s business culture Don’t underestimate the scale of difference between business cultures.
- 13. Study their politics and economy Monitor for currency issues or civil unrest For example: ● Venezuela banned currency trading in 2013 ● Political unrest in Turkey adds to the threat of ending 10 years of economic success ● 'Ukraine’s economy choking under Russian pressure' (Washington Post)
- 14. Verify the prospect company ● Beware of the 'information challenge' ● Check that the company and contacts really exist ● Don't be fooled into extending credit without a full background check
- 15. Ensure they are compliant ● Check to see if the prospect company appears on any ‘Watch Lists’ such as the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) ● OFAC or HMRC Financial Sanctions) ● Know your own country’s anti-corruption legislation ● Research the same legislation for the prospect country
- 16. Assess their payment history ● Research the payment culture of the country you’re selling into ● Acquiring Trade References can help
- 17. Protect your interests Consider tools like: ● Trade Credit Insurance: This protects your business against customer default or insolvency (including political risk insurance). ● A Letter of Credit: An agreement between exporter and recipient banks.
- 18. Is your contract watertight? ● Specify your payment terms ● Consider including late payment penalty ● Ensure an arbitration goes through your home country's legal system
- 19. How can a credit reference agency help? ● By confirming the existence of the subject company / authorised personnel ● Giving an independent 3rd party recommendation on credit to be extended (plus their payment experience) ● By providing an insight into the importer’s payment history (where available)
- 20. International debt collection If there's no chance of the company paying their debts, use a reputable debt collection agency with a global presence or partnering network.
- 21. It’s all about forward planning ● Culture / politics ● Early verification ● Compliance ● Credit report ● Contract ● Additional tools
Editor's Notes
- China, Thailand, Japan, Latin America…
- Russia, Lebanon, Thailand…
- Due diligence early…
- OFAC – Office of Foreign Assets Control…
- Example: Italy
- Remember to do your due diligence at the start of the process.