Corruption in develeoping countries challenges & responseShahid Hussain Raja
Although corruption is not an exclusively Third World phenomena as corruption exists both in developed and developing countries in different forms and degrees yet its pervasiveness in the developing countries cannot be denied.
This presentation is an attempt to gauge this pervasiveness in the developing countries, find out its causes and lay down a framework for its minimization, if not total eradication
corruption ,types of corruptions: ,forms of corruption: ,effects of corruption: ,causes of corruption ,corruption rate in pakistan ,how to remove corruption
What is Corruption :
corruption can occur in difference scales. There is corruption that occurs as small fvours between a small number of people, corruption that affects the govt. on a large scale and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society
Scales of Corruption :
There are three types of corruption. Given below
1.petty corruption – petty corruption occur at a smaller scale and with in established social farm works and governing firms
2.Grand corruption - Grand is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political legal and economic system
3. Systemic corruption – Systemic corruption is corruption which is primirally due to the weakness of an organization or process
corruption in different sectors :
There are five types of corruption we can see in different sector of in our country. Such as govt/ public sector, political corruption, judicial corruption, police corruption, Unions.
Now we describe Public sector and political sectors corruption
1.Govt. corruption : Day by day corruption increase in GOVT. sector because of some corrupted officer’s and people’s. public sector corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as the police as well as corruption in process of allocating public funds for contracts grants and hiring “ recent research by the world bank suggests that who makes policy decisions ( elected official or bureaucrats ) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face”
2. Political corruption – Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office or resources by elected government officials for personal gain a political cartoon from Harper’s weekly Janary 26th 1878 depicting U.S . secretary of the interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S department of the interior. The original caption for the cartoon is “ THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES”
Causes of corruption -
cause of corruption are basically rotted deep into the political culture of BANGLADESH also due to the mass psychology under this types of political rule mass people of BANGLADESH are mostly illiterate, uneducated and there are common cause of corruption that is lack of civic senses.
Effect of corruption –
There is a bad effect of corruption in our country. Many people of our country are hampered from corruption now in our country every sectors are corrupted by some people who try to take the advantage from this and for this reason our government our economic system are hampered and for this reason we are TWO times champion in corruption. That is so insulting for our country, for corruption our country can not prosper. Bangladesh is a lower developing country and for corruption there are
Digni is an umbrella organization that annually recieves 160 million NOK (Norwegian kroner) from Norad, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. The money is distributed to more than 100 development projects. Digni ensures that the money is well spent and that projects are performing well.
Corruption in develeoping countries challenges & responseShahid Hussain Raja
Although corruption is not an exclusively Third World phenomena as corruption exists both in developed and developing countries in different forms and degrees yet its pervasiveness in the developing countries cannot be denied.
This presentation is an attempt to gauge this pervasiveness in the developing countries, find out its causes and lay down a framework for its minimization, if not total eradication
corruption ,types of corruptions: ,forms of corruption: ,effects of corruption: ,causes of corruption ,corruption rate in pakistan ,how to remove corruption
What is Corruption :
corruption can occur in difference scales. There is corruption that occurs as small fvours between a small number of people, corruption that affects the govt. on a large scale and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society
Scales of Corruption :
There are three types of corruption. Given below
1.petty corruption – petty corruption occur at a smaller scale and with in established social farm works and governing firms
2.Grand corruption - Grand is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political legal and economic system
3. Systemic corruption – Systemic corruption is corruption which is primirally due to the weakness of an organization or process
corruption in different sectors :
There are five types of corruption we can see in different sector of in our country. Such as govt/ public sector, political corruption, judicial corruption, police corruption, Unions.
Now we describe Public sector and political sectors corruption
1.Govt. corruption : Day by day corruption increase in GOVT. sector because of some corrupted officer’s and people’s. public sector corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as the police as well as corruption in process of allocating public funds for contracts grants and hiring “ recent research by the world bank suggests that who makes policy decisions ( elected official or bureaucrats ) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face”
2. Political corruption – Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office or resources by elected government officials for personal gain a political cartoon from Harper’s weekly Janary 26th 1878 depicting U.S . secretary of the interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S department of the interior. The original caption for the cartoon is “ THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES”
Causes of corruption -
cause of corruption are basically rotted deep into the political culture of BANGLADESH also due to the mass psychology under this types of political rule mass people of BANGLADESH are mostly illiterate, uneducated and there are common cause of corruption that is lack of civic senses.
Effect of corruption –
There is a bad effect of corruption in our country. Many people of our country are hampered from corruption now in our country every sectors are corrupted by some people who try to take the advantage from this and for this reason our government our economic system are hampered and for this reason we are TWO times champion in corruption. That is so insulting for our country, for corruption our country can not prosper. Bangladesh is a lower developing country and for corruption there are
Digni is an umbrella organization that annually recieves 160 million NOK (Norwegian kroner) from Norad, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. The money is distributed to more than 100 development projects. Digni ensures that the money is well spent and that projects are performing well.
Anti-corruption and Judiciary Excellence: The Role of Transformational Leader...Francis George
Anti-corruption and Judiciary Excellence: The Role of Transformational Leadership. How Transformational Leadership contributes to combating Corruption and enhancing Judicial Excellence.
Corruption in the Indian society has prevailed from time immemorial in one form or the other. The basic inception of corruption started with our opportunistic leaders who have already done greater damage to our nation. People who work on right principles are unrecognized and considered to be foolish in the modern society. Corruption in India is a result of the connection between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals. Earlier, bribes were paid for getting wrong things done, but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. Further, corruption has become something respectable in India, because respectable people are involved in it. Social corruption like less weighing of products, adulteration in edible items, and bribery of various kind have incessantly prevailed in the society.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
The algerian economy governed by black corruption an empirical study from 200...sissanim
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to highlight the concept of corruption and analyses our cumulative knowledge about corruption’s effects on the economic growth in Algeria during the period 2002–2015. This article emphasizes the major source of corruption and how the quality of institutions and government policies could mitigate the risk of corruption or increase it. The findings also show the great role of free media in most developing countries which created a new tendency to talk about the effects of corruption especially in recent years. Using a multiple regression model, we find that a 1% decrease in the corruption index CPI level increases the GDP growth rate by approximately 2,005%. The analysis also revealed that there is a negative relationship between the country rank and the economic growth. Finally, the results suggest that more economic freedom, social and political stability lead to less corruption.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Global Perspective Group Project
Outcome: Political Corruption
By Meharbash Kashif, Le Anh Tu and Nguyen
Thanh Long
2. What is political
corruption?
• Political corruption is mainly the
abuse of high power and
authority by government officials
in order to accrue capital or gain
personal benefits such as financial
benefits. Some examples include:
• Bribery
• Embezzlement
• Kickbacks
• Patronage
3. Two forms of political corruption
• Political corruption can be of two forms. The first one
being the withdrawal of capital from private sector
businesses or the general government revenues.
Some examples of this form of political corruption is:
- Pillage
- embezzlement
- Kleptocracy
• The second form is when officials withdraw from
public resources to ensure their hold of power and to
continue their authority into the future. This can be
through means of financial benefits or general
incentives. Some examples of how politicians take
advantage of this type of political corruption is
through:
- patronage
4. Causes of corruption in government
• Many of the politicians strive to become rich
and in the top tier of society. In order to buy
luxury products however, they need high
incomes(3)(IMF, May 1998)
• According to a report by the International
Monetary Fund, ‘workers who don’t receive a
fair wage…may change actual effort…or their
perceived level of remuneration.’(1)(IMF, June
1997)
• Most corrupt governments don’t have a fair
wage system, especially in developing
countries which can lead to officials being
dissatisfied and carrying out corrupt actions to
satisfy their personal greed(2)(Voxeu.org, June
2013).
The table above compares Philippine
government officials salaries to American
counterparts. The US officials are paid
more and are able to afford housing much
better than the Filipinas. This indirectly
indicates that due to the harsh salaries,
Filipinas are more corrupt than the
Americans.(22)(Michaeldselllers, nd)
5. • Another example of this is in India with politician BS
Yeddyurappa(5)(Mensxp, n.d).
• Salary: $180 or 12,000 rupees per month(in
2012)(4)(Indian Express, n.d)
• Position: Chief Minister of Karnataka(Indian province)
• Although his position is quite high, his salary doesn’t
represent that which is why he carried out corrupted
actions like:
- Hiking up his salary by 150% to 30,000
rupees($450)
- allegedly took part in the illegal exportation of iron
ore which transported 3500000 metric tonnes of iron to a
local port without a license to have monetary
gain(7)(Indian Express, July 2010)
- illegally acquiring forest land owned by the
government for his own purposes during his Chief Ministry
between 2008 and 2013(6)(Indian Express, October 2014)
6. Poor Economic Conditions• It has been proven that most developing countries have more political corruption due to
their economic conditions and high dependence on primary industries like materials
exportation. Due to the volatile changes in these markets, governing bodies are usually very
unstable which can lead to a lack of funding. This all indirectly leads to increased poverty as
the government isn’t able to fully invest in developing the country. It can also frustrate the
politicians as their funding gets slashed, affecting their salaries, overall encouraging the
politicians to take alternative, usually corrupt, ways to gain more capital.
• Areas with more foreign aid can also increase political corruption as the government rather
keeps the donations for themselves rather than invest it.
Example: Haiti
• Haiti during the devastating Haiti earthquakes in 2010
• More than $9bn donated from public and private donations to help build the infrastructure
and house the survivors but 85,000 people still in camps according to a 2014 UN
report(8)(NBC news, Jan 2015). 36% of the donations allegedly went to fund the
organizations themselves or private contractors allegedly who have taken are being
politically corrupt.
7. The diagram on the right shows how
corrupt countries are with red
indicating most corrupt. We can see a
direct correlation here, with developing
countries usually regarding their
primary sector as most important being
the most corrupt(eg. Ethiopia,
Afghanistan). This proves our theory
that poor economic conditions and a
high dependency on supplying to
foreign markets can lead politicians to
be more corrupt as the market prices
are fluctuating and can fail at any time.
(20)(Transparency Korea, nd)
8. Effects of corruption on politicians
The politicians are less likely to participate in fruitful political
activity since they can get more than what they pay, just by
participating in political corruption. This leads to disruption
and weakening of the government structure, reducing
governmental productivity and development. Ultimately
political corruption corrupts the politicians and in directly leads
to them losing respect in the public is their ways are revealed.
Overall, creating a high intensity social unrest amongst the
public.
9. Effects of corruption on
people(locally and nationally)
Lack of quality in public services: Due to the high rates of political corruption, less money would be
reserved to invest in public services, therefore lowering their efficiency and quality of services. The
only way to achieve good service would be then be by paying extra for it, lowering the individual's
money but also this money usually just goes towards more corrupt politicians, creating an endless
cycle. South Sudan is one of the most corrupted countries in the world, ended up having the worst
healthcare and education among others. This is seen in many areas like municipality, electricity,
distribution of relief funds etc
Another effect that political corruption has is on public education. In spot of LEDC's, many people
aren't able to afford the expensive private education so public education is their only option but the
quality is again being compromised due to politicians taking money away from their funds. This
leads to a lack of well educated youths, who therefore aren't able to get jobs, increasing
unemployment rates. Due to the corruption at the early 2016 in Philippines, Philippines
unemployment rate stood at 5.8 percent in January of 2016 but it slightly up from the next month
by 0.1 percent.(19)(Mindcontroversy, October 2012)
10. Future: Utopian if corruption is
destroyed
If corruption is destroyed, the entire country will be greatly,
positively affected in many ways:
-increased health and education due to better public services:
-less criminal activity such as bribery, evasion and patronage
leading to public opinion becoming more positive and
supporting the government
-safer environment therefore increasing immigration
-Higher GDP
Likeliness: highly possible and have realistic examples like
Singapore, a previously extremely corruption country that is
now one of the financial capitals of the world and has very low
crime rates.
11. • The graph on the right shows the control
over corruption in many selected countries
around the globe.
• According to the graph, Singapore is a top
tier country when it comes to preventing
corruption.
• Singapore is on the list of the top 4
countries that has the best education
systems in the world. It is said that
Singapore’s system is equally good as the
UK, and potentially surpassing it in the near
future (11).
• Singapore is also known for it’s low crime
rate, top 2 in the world and Asia and holds
the crown in South East Asia (12).
(10)
(15)
12. • South Sudan gained its independence in 2011 after the war
with Sudan. This left South Sudan with a corrupted country
with low education rate and a high crime rate.
• South Sudan on the other hand is one of the most corrupted
countries in the world, ranked 163 out of 168 countries
collected.
• By this mean, it is the least educated country with a literacy
rate of 27% (14).
• In addition to that, South Sudan came second in criminal
activities right after Venezuela.
• Comparing to Singapore, one of the top tier country around
the globe, we can see the differences from the two countries.
The root of the difference is the corruption rate of the two
countries.
• If South Sudan tries to decrease the amount of corruption
that is occurring in its country, the possibility of it becoming
like Singapore is easily achievable.
(13)
(15)
13. Future: dystopian
The most likely scenario is political corruption continues is a dystopian one. This has been seen in many countries like Italy which
was prosperous but collapsed when corrupted officials took over. If not stopped, the future of corrupted countries may hold:
• Increased mafia activity. In relation to Italy, the Cosa Nostra or so called the Sicilian mafia. During the 1990s, the Cosa
Nostra took an advantage of the weakness coming out from the central state of Italy and was able to substitute themselves
from the authorities. Nevertheless, during the post war era, Italy’s government became stronger with the modernisation of
south Italy. This caused changes in the relationship of Cosa Nostra with the government of Italy, making them weaker. What
this shows is that if the authorities are corrupted, the chance of mafia’s taking illegal actions will be increased significantly
(18).
• Increased wealth gap
• Decrease in public service standards. In terms with Italy, corruption has caused them 60 billion Euros annually to be wasted
in public resources, resulting in a lack of funding and therefore a poor public service system.
• Machinery also takes part in this problem. According to the World Economic forum, the suggested year that the first AI will
appear to be 2026, 10 years away from today (16). The development of machinery can create an new era for corruption
where machines can function themselves can continue to corrupt without any trace of human. This reduces the risk that can
be cause to people that are having the state of mind to corrupt (17).(23)
14. Possible Solutions
• Empowering our community and society at all levels(local, national and global) to
have an entirely negative view towards political corruption. Whistleblower
programs(eg. India’s Whistleblower protection program) should be put in place
and strengthened in order for society to get rid of political corruption at the root:
the political activity itself
• Pay enough wages for the authorities in order to give them a state of mind not to
corrupt. Paying wages accordingly to the living conditions of the nation limits
greed and also does not encourage politicians to solicit money illegally.
• Create Anti-corruption Bodies (21).
• Community should have educated votes for which politician should be elected. In
a democracy, ultimately the choice is in the hands of the people themselves so if
they expose and vote a politician out by voting, they can stop political corruption
before it even starts. (25)(Interview Video, nd)
15. Sources
(1)(IMF, Date written: June 1997, Date retrieved: Feb 28th 2016)
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9773.pdf
(2)(Voxeu, Date written: June 2013, Date retirved: Feb 28th 2016)
http://www.voxeu.org/article/higher-government-wages-may-reduce-corruption
(3)(IMF, Date written: June 1998, Date retrieved: Feb 28th 2016)
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9863.pdf
(4)(Indian Express, n.d, Date retrieved: Feb 29th 2016)
http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article432371.ece?service=print
(5)(Mensxp, n.d, Date retrieved: FEb 29th 2016)
http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/5609-10-most-corrupt-indian-politicians.html
(6)(Indian Express, Date written: October 2014, Date retrieved: March 1st 2016 ) )http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/corruption-cases-against-
former-karnataka-cm-yeddyurappa-eshwarappa-family-reinstated/
(7)(Indian Express, written: July 2010, retrieved: March 1st 2016) http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/yeddyurappa-admits-iron-ore-racket/640829/
(8)(NBC news, written: Jan 12 2015, retrieved: March 1 2016)http://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/what-does-haiti-have-show-13-billion-earthquake-aid-
n281661
(9)(The Guardian, n.d, retrieved: March 1st 2016) http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jan/14/haiti-earthquake-where-did-
money-go
(10) (priceschool.usc.edu, n.d, retrieved: March 1st 2016)
http://priceschool.usc.edu/files/2013/08/Lien-forum-Beijing-Speech-JHKedit-2012.pdf
(11) (eblogfa.com,n.d, retrieved: March 17th 2016)
http://eblogfa.com/6616/top-20-best-education-systems-countries-in-the-world
(12) (elist10.com, 2015,retrieved March 17th 2016)
http://www.elist10.com/top-10-countries-lowest-recorded-crime-rate/
16. Sources
(13) (transparency.org, 2015, retrieved March 17th 2016)
https://www.transparency.org/country/#SSD
(14) (insidermonkey.com, 2015, retrieved March 18th 2016)
http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/11-least-educated-countries-in-the-world-347958/
(15) (numbeo.com, 2016, retrieved March 18th 2016)
http://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp
(16) ( weforum.org, 2015, retrieved March 18th 2016)
http://www.weforum.org/reports/deep-shift-technology-tipping-points-and-societal-impact
(17) ( weforum.org, 2015, retrieved March 18th 2016)
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/3-insights-on-the-future-of-corruption/
(18) (bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk, n.d, retrieved March 18th 2016)
http://www.bunker8.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/orgcrim/mafiacor.htm
(19)(Mind Controversy, October 28th 2012, Retrieved: March 18th 2016)
http://www.mindcontroversy.com/impact-effects-corruption-public-life-india/
(20)(Transparency Korea, nd, retrieved: March 18th)
http://www.transparency-korea.org/2014/12/2014-corruption-perception-index-report/
(21)(hubpages.com, nd, retrieved March 18th 2016)
http://hubpages.com/politics/corruption-solutionandcuses
(22)(Michaeldsellers, nd, retrieved: 18th March 2016)
http://www.michaeldsellers.com/blog/2011/11/22/thoughts-on-corruption-in-the-philippines/
(23)( newyorker.com, 2015,retrieved March 19th 2016)
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/19/corruption-revolt
(24)(Global security, n.d, date retrieved: March 18th 2016) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/it-corruption.htm
(25)(Interview Video, 18th March,
retrieved: 18th March)