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1. Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
Obstruction is the action of obstructing or the state of being obstructed. An obstruction disease is a disease that impedes or prevents passage or
progress of blood through the veins or arteries inthe body. Coronary artery disease, also known as atherosclerotic heart disease, is damage or disease to
heart's major blood vessels, the arteries. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by a buildup of plaque. This buildup of plaque causes the arteries to
become narrow and harder, which limits blood flow to the heart. People that get coronary artery disease can be asymptomatic and not experience any
symptoms. But people may experience chest pain, indigestion or nausea, light headness, or sweating, fast heart rate or shortness of breath. CAD has
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2. Pathophysiology: Coronary Heart Disease
Pathophysiology
Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is a dysfunction of the cardiovascular system in which the heart muscle is damaged as
a result of a blocked coronary artery (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.233). This condition includes both partial, temporary cardiac ischemia, or angina
pectoris, and total obstruction of a coronary artery, also referred to as myocardial infarction or heart attack (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.233, 239–241).
Occlusion of the arteries of the heart results in inadequate oxygenation of the myocardium and eventual irreversible damage and cell death.
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of coronary heart disease, starts with an injury and progresses to damaged endothelial cells within an artery. The
damage can be caused by smoking, hypertension, toxins, among other factors. The injury and damage causes inflammation and accumulation of white
blood cells and lipids in the inner lining of the artery (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.234–235). As time goes on, plaque forms and inflammation
continues prompting platelets to stick to the walls of the artery, and eventually causes obstruction of the vessel. (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.235).
Author's Research Focus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their research uncovered that four rare gene mutations lead to a decreased risk of coronary heart disease (Crosby J, Peloso GM, Auer PL et al.,
2014). These mutations, specifically in the gene APOC3, resulted in lower triglycerides. Decreasing triglycerides can have an impact on the
likelihood that a person develops coronary heart disease. In the case of this study, carriers of any one of these four APOC3 mutations had plasma
triglyceride levels that were 39% lower than non–carriers (Crosby J, Peloso GM, Auer PL et al.,
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3. Coronary Heart Disease ( Chd )
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has been a huge drain the United Kingdom's resource's, not only for the long term care and treatment of those with
an existing CHD condition, but also for the continuing public education and campaigning to reverse the negative health trends that cause CHD and
CHD related maladies. The largest natural cause of death in the developed world are deaths under the CHD umbrella, beating communicable
diseases into a cocked hat. CHD is at not an inevitable event. The slow, over the lifetime of an individual slow, buildup of materials, such cholesterol,
dead cells, cell waste and fibrin (see appendix figure 1) can make it worse. Once this plaque starts to accumulate and block or narrow a coronary artery
it is called atheroma, atherosclerosis, from the Greek with translates as thick and porridge, is the name given to the blocked and hardened arteries.
The exact cause of atherosclerosis is unclear. It usually starts in childhood and gradually develops into clogged arteries later in life. It may be caused
by damaged arteries, which are no longer smooth, allowing the accumulation of plaque leading to atherosclerosis. Certainly, smoking, diabetes, poor
diet and a sedentary lifestyle contribute to formation of plaque. Once the buildup has started, unless reversed, the narrowed and hardened arteries
make it impossible for blood flow to be circulated at previous rates, so the heart has to work harder at pumping placing stress on the heart, leading to
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4. Analysis Of Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is somehting that develops because of CAD, so there really isn't a difference in them. It is when your arteries block the
supplies that the heart muscle needs. Arteries carry the oxygen's good blood, witch without this, the cells would not be able to function properly.
Without oxygen, muscle cellswould not be able to survive and would eventually just die out. The heart only has 2 main coronary arteries, the right
and left coronary arteries. These go off into other arteries that are smaller than the ones before in order to provide all of the heart muscle with the
oxygen needed.If anything blocks out the artery, oxygen cannot be delivered to that part of the heart. If it only blocks it partly, the person may
experience
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5. Atherosclerosis: Coronary Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary heart disease, the number one killer of Americans (). The inflammatory process is known to lead to a
myriad of other cardiovascular complications including, coronary heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarctions. It is important
The objective of the circulatory system is to transport blood throughout the human body through a series of interconnected blood vessels. Major
components of this system include the heart, blood and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). Furthermore, in the pulmonary circuit, the heart
works in tandem with the lungs to oxygenate returning venous blood in preparation for distribution throughout the body via the arteries. In the
systematic circuit, blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blockages cause arteries to narrow and weaken resulting in inadequate blood flow to bodily tissue, which can harm major organs that receive
depleted oxygen and nutrient supplies. Plaque is surrounded by a fibrous capsule that may break with increased blood flow or narrowing arteries.
Immune cells trying to repair the arterial wall may result in a blot clot that seals the area. Such repairs can cause major blockages in the coronary
artery supplying the heart resulting in cardiac arrest. Blockages can occur in any region of the body including the major extremities, the heart and
the brain. Restricted blood flow to the heart is known as coronary artery disease and affects the blood supply to the heart muscle, resulting in
Cardiac Ischemia; characterized by decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. These conditions similarly affect the brain in carotid artery
disease and the limbs and lower body in peripheral artery disease. While cholesterol reduces the flexibility of the vessels high blood pressure can
cause thinning of arterial walls due to friction and abrasions, creating weak areas. With aging it takes more effort for the circulatory system to transport
blood causing arteries to become weak, encouraging plaque build up in combination with high fat
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6. Essay on Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries become partially blocked from, cholesterol and fat, circulating in the blood. This causes a
build up inside the walls of the arteries. This only occurs if the levels of fat and cholesterol are extremely high in the blood that there is a greater
chance that it will be deposited onto the artery walls. If the arteries become completely blocked, the patient will have a myocardial infarction,
commonly known as a heart attack. A heart attack can cause permanent damage to the heart muscle, and can sometimes be fatal if immediate treatment
is not given. There are other contributing factors other than fatty deposits which can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To prove the idea that coronary heart disease can be self inflicted by obesity is if you follow a healthy diet. It improves the ratio of high density
lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins cholesterol (3). From doing this cholesterol levels can reduce by 5 to 10%; on average by reducing 1% of
cholesterol in the blood will reduce double the risk of heart disease(4), due to more oxygen being able to be transported to muscles in the heart so it
is never starved. Not only does obesity increase fat levels in the blood it increases hydrostatic pressure within the arteries (5). When your blood
pressure is too high, the arteries become scarred, hardened and less elastic; this is known as atherosclerosis (6). From this we can judge that obesity is
one risk factor caused by upbringing which makes heart disease a more likely illness for someone.
In addition, smoking is another activity which is self inflicted that increases the likelihood of getting coronary heart disease. The exposure to the fumes
produced from the smoke cause free radicals (homolytic fission: bond breaks evenly leaving two reactive radicals) (1). These radicals promote the
growth of plaque inside arteries causing atherosclerosis. Consequently, this problem starves the
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7. Coronary Heart Disease ( Chd )
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an acquired condition characterised by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. CHD is the most common cause of
death globally, and in Australia. However, the prevalence of CHD is disproportionately high in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, at
approximately twice the rate of other Australian populations. There are a number of established risk factors for developing CHD, including
hypercholesterolaemia, obesity and hypertension. These risk factors are especially prevalent in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.
A multifactorial model for the causation of CHD addresses both distal and proximal risk factors for CHD. Whilst the risk factors can be applied
equally to all... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It should be noted that the focus of this paper will be on CHD due to atherosclerosis, which makes up over 90% of all ischaemic heart diseases [1].
CHD is the most common type of cardiovascular disease [2] and was the leading cause of death globally between 2000 and 2012 [3] – accounting for
14.6% of all deaths in Australia in 2011 (21,513 persons) and 7.8% of all disability–adjusted life years (DALYs) in Australasia in 2010 (471,550
DALYs) [4]. In 2011–12, CHD was estimated to affect 585,900 Australians, with the condition being more common in men (3.3%) than women (2.0%)
and among those aged 70 and over (15% compared with 2.2% for those aged 25–69) [4]. In 2008–09 more than $2 billion was spent on CHD treatment
and expenses – more than any other disease in Australia [5].
According to the 2004–05 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, the prevalence rate forIndigenous Australians is approximately
twice as high as that for non–Indigenous Australians [6]. Indeed, the burden of CHD is greater in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations too,
with acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) in adults aged 25 and over occurring 2.6 times more often than in non–Indigenous populations. Death rates
due to CHD are also higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations, factoring in 2.0 and 1.6 times higher for men and women, respectively,
in 2009–2010 [4].
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8. Coronary Heart Disease Essay
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease also known as CHD is a problem which happens inside your coronary arteries. This substance (called plaque or plank) had a
waxy feel and can block or shorten the amount of blood that travels to your heart muscles. This can cause heart failure or angina (discomfort or pain on
your chest).
High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is where the blood pushes against your arteries walls while the heart pumps blood and overtime if you are overweight you have a
greater chance of damaging those walls.
Stroke
This happens when plaque builds up in your arteries and it can break causing a blood clot to form. If this blood clot is too close to your brain, it can
block off oxygen and blood that goes to your brain
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9. Risk Of Coronary Heart Disease Essay
This condition is called atherosclerosis and the fatty material is called atheroma. In time, your arteries may become so narrow that they cannot deliver
enough oxygen–rich blood to your heart. The pain and discomfort you may feel as a result is called angina.
If a piece of atheroma breaks off it may cause a blood clot (blockage) to form. If it blocks your coronary artery and cuts off the supply of oxygen–rich
blood to your heart muscle, your heart may become permanently damaged. This is known as a heart attack. Find out more about how your heart
works Risk factors for coronary heart disease A risk factor is something that that increases your likelihood of getting a disease. There are several
factors that can increase the risk of developing CHD. The main ones are: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though you can't change all your risk factors, there is plenty you can do to reduce your risk and help to protect your heart. CHD diagnosis and
risk assessment You can have a free NHS health check to assess your risk of coronary heart disease if: You're between 40 and 74 years old and live in
England
You're between 40 and 64 and live in Scotland
You live in Northern Ireland (where this is known as a cardiac risk factor assessment)
Free NHS health checks to assess your risk of CHD are not currently offered in Wales, but you can still discuss any concerns with your GP or
another healthcare professional. The health check usually takes place at your GP surgery. Your healthcare professional will check your blood
pressure and cholesterol levels and talk to you about your lifestyle. Based on the results, they will give you practical advice about keeping your heart
healthy. I've got a heart problem already, is there any treatment? Your doctor will discuss treatment options with you, depending on the type of heart
problem that you have. These may vary from taking medication, to having surgery or a medical
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10. Coronary Heart Disease Study
Coronary heart disease is a huge issue in our world today. Many researchers are currently working on finding ways to study and improve our treatments
and prevention methods. This study focuses on how anti–lipoprotein A–I autoantibodies are displayed in patients with no autoimmune disease.
Furthermore, this study could also help potentially discover a new treatment or a new form of diagnosis for cardiovascular diseases. Because this study
was based on an autoimmune response, the population examined needed to have an accurate anti–ApoA–I diagnosis and also needed to have gone to
the emergency room for chest pain. 132 patients were included in this study. The factors used for this study included chest pain which lasted more than
five minutes, without considering age or gender, with no ST–segment elevation. Chest pain that lasted less than five minutes, hospitalization, known
diseases associated with autoimmune disorders or patients with signs of heart failure were excluded. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, one goal of the study was to find a new treatment or diagnosis. The research from this study provided information about the anti–ApoA–I
autoantibody response. Researchers at Geneva University Hospital found that this response is biased to the C–terminal of a protein. This discovery
provides information on how these autoantibodies are displayed in patients without an autoimmune condition. The study provides a possibility for a
new diagnosis and therapy for cardiovascular disease. In addition to the discovery of potential treatments, this study also helps us to understand the
etiology of cardiovascular disease. This study mainly focuses on the autoimmune responses of anti–ApoA–I. That means that there is potentially a
direct link between autoimmune response and cardiovascular disease, putting people with autoimmune disorders at higher risk for chronic heart
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11. Coronary Heart Disease ( Chd )
Introduction
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as ischemic heart disease is the most prevalent form of cardiovascular disease in Australia (Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014). While over 20,000 of deaths in 2011 were attributed to CHD. There were estimated 590,000 Australians 18
years old and above diagnosed with CHD in 2011–2012 (AIHW, 2014; Craft, 2014, pg. 596). Myocardial ischaemia is a common form of CHD. A
sufficient coronary artery blood flow is essential to supply oxygen for normal cardiac activities. Myocardial ischaemia develops when there is an
insufficient supply of blood and oxygen to support the function of myocardial cells (Craft, 2014, pg. 599). A decrease in blood supply can led to the
formation of atherosclerotic plaques by narrowing or occluding the arteries. Other conditions such as hypotension, coronary spasm, dysthymias,
hypoxemia and anaemia can also decrease the blood and oxygen supply to the myocardial cells (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1153)
A common symptom for myocardial ischaemia is angina – chest pain. Angina can occur in two forms: stable or variant angina (McCance & Huether,
2014, pg. 1154). Stable angina is caused by myocardial ischaemia. The symptoms are usually described as sensation of heaviness, pressing or
squeezing pain, and sometimes may radiate to other places such as left shoulder, arm, lower jaw and neck (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1154;
Touhy, Jett, Ebersole, & Hess, 2012, pg. 270). On the other hand,
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12. 3wit Coronary Heart Disease
The role of diet is a very important aspect in the development and prevention of cardiovascular disease. High levels of cholesterol in the blood is
strongly associated 3wit coronary artery disease. If you have a high level of cholesterol in your blood, you need to work with your doctor to make
it lower, or face a high risk of heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular event. Most circulating cholesterol is produced by the liver and cannot be
broken down as easily and by all means you should avoid trans fats which are found in many fast foods, junk foods, and commercial processed foods.
Hydrogenated vegetable oils like margarine, certain coffee creamers, and vegetable shortening are also linked to heart disease. Some researchers suggest
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Many teens consume higher amounts of fat, sodium, and sugar thereby increasing the risk of obesity and diabetes. Obesity is associated with
significally increased risk of more than 20 chronic disease and health conditions including diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease,
stroke, arthritis, and certain cancers. People who are overweight have an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Many studies have looked at the
possibility that specific dietary components or nutrients are associated with increases or decreases in cancer risk. Studies of cancer cells in the
laboratory and of animal models have sometimes provided evidence that isolated compounds may be carcinogenic. One thing I noticed when going
through my first part of my diet project is that I was very low in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy
foods and come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches. Carbohydrates provide the body with
glucose, which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions and physical activity. After reviewing the benefits of
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13. Essay On Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is when the arteries that supply your heart and other parts of your body with oxygen–rich blood are narrowed by the gradual
build–up of fatty materials known as cholesterol within the artery walls. This condition is referred to as atherosclerosis and the fatty material that is
deposited in the arteries is called an atheroma. These fatty deposits that line the artery walls can lead to the clogging of arteries which might result in
blood clotting. This, in turn, can lead to a heart attack if one of the arteries leading to the heart is clogged as the blood flow of oxygen–rich blood is cut
off to the heart causing the cells in the heart to die from the lack of oxygen.
There are many different factors that can lead to an increased chance of you getting heart disease, such as; cigarette smoking, lack of physical
activities or exercise, type 2 diabetes, a family history of the disease, hypertension, obesity and the type of food eaten in your diet. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two types of cholesterol that you find in your body, one of which is low density which lipoprotein 'LDL' and high–density lipoprotein 'HDL'.
The LDL is the negative cholesterol which can lead to plaque forming on the arteries which result on the arteries clogging up. The HDL is the good
cholesterol in the body as this helps remove cholesterol making it harder for the arteries to clog up and helping to lower your chance of getting
coronary and other diseases. The LDL is, therefore, one of the leading factors and most dangerous which can cause coronary heart disease. There is
also another factor that generates to this and it's called cholesterol, this is where your LDL cholesterol is a lot higher than the average person due to
you gaining it genetically from a family
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14. Coronary Heart Disease ( Chd )
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiovascular disease that occurs when the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscles are
narrowed or blocked by fatty materials build–up over time. There are 2 forms of coronary heart disease, angina and myocardial infarction. CHD
results in 70,000 deaths each year, making it the single biggest cause of death in the UK. More than 2.3 million people are currently living with CHD
(British Heart Foundation, 2014). CHD has always been wrongly perceived as a man's disease due to the fact that men more than women have a higher
rate of obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption and other cardiovascular diseases that put them under the risk of developing CHD (Barrett–Connor,
1997). However, social determinants, such as socioeconomic position, employment status and family demand can have significant impact on women's
health profile despite the fact that they seem to be protected from CHD biologically by oestrogen (EDMUNDS, 2000). Sir Donald Acheson mentioned
in his Independent Inquiry into Inequality in Health Report that "Health inequalities are the outcome of causal chains which run back into and from the
basic structure of society"(Acheson, 1998). Employment and family structure being the most basic, however essential components of the human
society can affect women's physical health and shape their psychological characteristics to a great extent. This essay aims to compare the differences of
employment and family structure of
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15. Acute Coronary Heart Disease Essay
Coronary heart disease have three clinical types; Non–ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE–ACS), unstable angina and
non–ST–segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).Among them NSTE–AC have high mortality rate. Correct diagnosis and early
management are important to improve clinical cardiac events in patients with Non–STEMI. The manifestation of serious cardiovascular adverse events
varies markedly in ACS patients with enzyme markers, typical clinical features and electrocardiogram (ECG). Risk stratification may be helpful for
the planning of early treatment program with drugs or coronary angioplasty. However, the accuracy of disagreement risk stratification such as normal
or elevated value of troponin, normal or abnormal ECG is inadequate for prognosis interpretation, more information is needed. Global Registry of
Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) (range 2 to 372) in Myocardial Infarction risk scores have been widely used for prognosis anticipation in patients
with ACS. The factorss of the GRACE risk score are age, heart rate, Killip class, cardiac arrest, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, ST–segment
deviation in ECG and cardiac biomarker status. A prognostic score is calculated based on above mentioned factors to estimates... Show more content on
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In this system, With visual inspection and automated analysis, the Q–, R–, and S–wave amplitudes, Q– and R–wave durations, and R/Q and R/S ratio
were measured and checked against the settled criteria. The QRS scoring system used in this study was based on 50 criteria and it is accomplished
to develop a total of 31 points. Each point in Selvester QRS scoring system has been designed to show approximately 3% MI of the LV. Many
versions of the Selvester QRS scoring system have been described but here we chose to study the ability of the simplified QRS score, measured from
the admission electrocardiogram
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16. Coronary Heart Disease
According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Coronary heart disease is a cardiovascular disease caused by a cholesterol
substance termed plaque, accumulating within the coronary arteries, which is where oxygen–rich blood is delivered to the heart. Progressively, the
flow of oxygen to the heart will suffer if hardened plaque begins to narrow the coronary arteries. Furthermore, blood clots could occur upon the surface
of plaque if it ruptures. Large blood clots will incapacitate blood flow through the coronary arteries. As a result, angina or a heart attack may follow
plaque–blocked oxygen–rich blood flow. The NHLBI refers to CHD as a progressive disease where a destabilised heart can lead to conditions such as
heart failure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 'social gradient of health' is a collective phenomenon, a term portraying those who are wealthy and finely educated as the healthiest in society.
Presumably, people with a higher income appreciate the importance of healthy life choices and behaviours. Additionally, they have the ability to attain
all of their basic needs and pursuits in life plus the best healthcare and nutrition. 'The social gradient of health' is evident through analysis of physical
inactivity between both low and high socio–economic groups. The AIHW's data coincides, "people who live in areas of most socio–economic
disadvantage are less likely to be physically active. In 2007–08, 66% of people living in areas of most disadvantage did not undertake healthy levels of
physical activity compared with 54% of people living in the least disadvantaged areas". Habitual smoking further exhibits 'the social gradient of health';
the AIHW's statistics confirm this. "In the lowest socio–economic areas in Australia, daily tobacco smoking rates among people aged 14 and over were
around 25% in 2010, twice the rate among people living in the highest socioeconomic
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17. Heart Disease And Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Disease is a common term we hear a lot in today's society. Is it because more people are having heart trouble? Is it the way they are eating? Or
simply is just because it is apart of the American lifestyle? Heart Disease is a term that was shortened from Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovascular
Disease or "Heart Disease" is known as a "range of conditions that affect your heart. Diseases under the heart disease umbrella include blood vessel
diseases, which are classified as coronary artery disease, heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), and heart defects (congenital heart defects)" ("Mayo
Clinic," 2014). In other words, all of these factors/conditions are involving narrow or blocked blood vessels that can lead to anginas or even chest pain
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Community Health services that have to be devoted to a largely preventable health issue like heart disease reduce services available for other needs,
and place more of a burden on the community as a whole. This burden comes both in the actual cost to treat patients and in the lost potential of
patients who cannot participate in work and family life because of heart disease. National campaigns to prevent tobacco have them to eat a healthy
diet, and have regular medical check ups all have the benefit of improving heart
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18. Coronary Heart Disease Case Study
1. Use your textbook to define and describe coronary heart disease (CHD).
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) it is also know as Coronary Artery Disease. It happens when the blood vessels delivering to the heart develop
blockage or are narrowed by plaque, which reduces the flow of the blood, oxygen and nutrients supplied to the heart. If this happens the person starts to
feel chest pain (also known as angina pectoris) and then it lead to the person to have a heart attack. It is known to be the main factor to cause cardiac
arrest and it can be fatal unless the heart is restarted in minutes.
2. Use the following website to calculate Sara's lifetime risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD): http://tools.acc.org
/ascvd–risk–estimator/
a. Sara's lifetime risk is: 39%
b. How would her risk change if she had no risk factors? 39% I was shocked that her lifetime risk stayed the same and that it did not change a bit.
3. What are Sara's 3 risk factors for heart disease? Explain how each factor influences risk.
The three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The factors are as follow: I currently have type 2 diabetes, which plays a big factor in heart disease. Secondly, my mother and grandpa have and had
type 1 diabetes that is another factor. Lastly, exercise habits is another factor that are making me a high risk, I have never been a person who does
exercising, but I need to change that in order to reduce the risk of heart disease. Currently, I am following a diet that is helping me reduce my glucose
level in the blood and one of those changes is that I stopped drinking soda for the past year and a half. I never thought that I could stop drinking
soda, but I did. By me making this change in by diet has helped me to reduce my blood glucose tremendously. I know there are more changes that I
need to do in order to live a healthy life, but I have been making a good progress towards a healthy
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19. CABG: Severe Coronary Heart Disease
Surgeons utilize the CABG to treat patient they have severe coronary heart disease (CHD). coronary heart disease is a disease which An waxy
substance called plaque that mean accumulation inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply blood with rich oxygen to the heart. Hardened
plaque narrows the coronary arteries and decrease blood with rich oxygen to the heart. This may lead to cause chest pain or discomfort to patient
called angina. In cause the plaque rupture, a blood clot can form on its surface. A large amount of blood clot can lead completely to block blood flow
through the coronary artery. This is the majority cause of heart attack. CABG is a type of surgery that enhance the blood flow to the heart . CABG is
one of the most
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20. Essay on Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease remains the most common cause of death in the United Kingdom. A statistic from the American Heart Association is that heart
disease claims a life every 24 seconds. [www.americanheart.org] Another is that it is the largest single cause of premature death in the United
Kingdom, responsible for 180 000 deaths annually. [www.americanheart.org] Some cases are related to family history, but in my opinion the majority
of cases are self–inflicted i.e. they are related to diet and lifestyle and I intend to investigate the factors that contribute towards the development of
Coronary Heart Disease.
Coronary Heart Disease is caused by the narrowing of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cholesterol is another contributory factor towards atherosclerosis. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by specific proteins, which direct its
metabolism. In particular Coronary Heart Disease is linked to low density lipoproteins (LDLs) which carries 70% of blood cholesterol. A high level
of LDL cholesterol in the blood [especially if oxidised] can lead to deposits in the arteries, which cause narrowing. High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
on the other hand are beneficial as it transports cholesterol from places where there is too much to the liver where it can be disposed of.
Much attention has been focused on the correlation between a high intake and the incidence of Coronary Heart Disease. Overweight and obese
people are the most likely to be at risk especially those who have extra weight around there middle which is 'apple shaped' as opposed to those who
have much of their weight around their hips and thighs, these people are said to be 'pear–shaped'.
A factor corresponding to obesity is the role of exercise. Many people in the UK lead very inactive lifestyles – few people have physically active jobs
or do significant amounts of exercise out of work. [www.nutrition.org.uk] Therefore, any form of exercise is encouraged to increase energy output, as
well as reducing energy output obtained from the diet.
High Blood Pressure, or Hypertension, has been related to
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21. Coronary Heart Disease Analysis
Introduction
Coronary heart disease is having a significant impact on the health of individuals in Australia and a burden of disease costing the public health system
millions. CHD is associated with being preventable based on corrections to lifestyle behaviours like a balance diet, social support, and policy making.
This essay will discuss coronary heart disease and the effect it has on public health awareness. The essay will begin by discussing the magnitude of
coronary heart disease death worldwide and in Australia. It will then explain the individual determinants effect coronary heart disease. It will then
explain how coronary heart disease can have significant effects on social support and psychological outcomes. The essay will then turn ... Show more
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In 2012, 31% of global deaths were lost to coronary heart disease and 64,891 potential years lost in just one year in Australia. Finally, the study
highlights key individual, social and environmental determinants to overcoming the public health issue that is coronary heart disease. It accumulates
findings that require a significant level of policy making input, education, and awareness of lifestyle behaviours that effect health and greater need to
prevent
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22. Have A He ‚ù§ Rt Coronary Heart Disease Campaign
HAVE A HEв
ќ¤RT Coronary Heart Disease Campaign
Patti Maisner
Kaplan University
Introduction Healey and Zimmerman state (2010) that an innovative program will require not only team effort, but input from community leaders as
well as collaborative partners, that will aid in the development, implementation, evaluation of a community education campaign, as well as the program
continuance, including funding. The campaign should be built constructed on strong and understandable messages, so that the target population can
take action and pass on the message from its memorable key components. An effective campaign then, will devise under the campaign logo what the
problem needs to be changed, how the campaign will go about making this change, the consequences of not taking action, and the action to be taken to
achieve the message of the proposed campaign (UN Women, 2012).
Campaign Title and Slogan The number one cause of death in the subsection (SPA 2 [Service Planning Area 2]) ofLos Angeles County (LA County) is
Coronary Heart Disease CHD (Los Angeles County of Public Health, 2013). The title of the campaign is "HAVE A HEв
ќ¤RT Coronary Heart Disease
Campaign", with the slogan: HAVE A HEв
ќ¤RT. The title and name are memorable, especially the slogan which can be recognized by all languages
because of the heart symbol. The phrase, HAVE A HEв
ќ¤RT, speaks the problem: heart disease, and it begs the audience to have a heart when it comes
to health, not only with themselves but
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23. Coronary Heart Disease Risk Analysis
According to the CDC's website, heart disease or Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the number 1 killer in the United States for both men and women.
For women though, there is a higher risk of dying from heart disease. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1 in 4 women dies
from CHD. Studies have shown that men are more likely to develop CHD at a younger age than women, but they tend to bounce back from
complications better than women do. Coronary heart disease occurs when plaque builds up on the walls of the coronary arteries. Blood, rich in
oxygen, flows through these arteries to the heart, so when the plaque builds up on the walls, it narrows and blocks blood flow. If a blood clot forms
from a ruptured plaque buildup, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, they realized these things were so bad after they had already had heart attacks. What I think is very disturbing is the fact of their
EKG's came back normal and Still went to her doctor five times in two weeks. All three were later diagnosed with diabetes, high blood pressure, and
high cholesterol. Krolikowski's message to any women is to "listen to your inner voice when you know something is wrong." Alexander–Wright's
message is to be persistent if you feel something isn't normal for your body, don't always brush it off as being stress. Lastly, Still's message is to
educate yourself, because "women get inferior medical care because doctors don't take our symptoms
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24. History Of Coronary Heart Disease
The student nurse had encountered a patient with heart problems. The patient has a Coronary heart disease. It is a heart condition that affects the
coronary blood vessels that supply the heart with nutrients and oxygen (Craft & Gordon, 2015). The patient also has a history of Diabetes mellitus,
which is an important risk factor for Coronary heart disease and a history of Stroke, which is a chronic complication of Diabetes mellitus.
The patient stated that he is still recovering from his stroke. That's why patient's right arm is still paralysed and weak. This shows that the patient has a
left–brain stroke or it was the left side of the patient's brain that got damage (Craft & Gordon, 2015). Furthermore, it also shows that patient's stroke
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25. Coronary Heart Disease Correlation
Exercise and the Correlation of Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease What is the correlation of obesity and coronary heart disease? Obesity and
coronary heart disease goes hand in hand sometimes. Obesity can be a leading factor in coronary heart disease. How can a person prevent obesity?
Furthermore, what can be done if a person is already obese? What is obesity? Obesity is the condition of being very fat or overweight (obesity, n.d.).
Obesity is determined based off of a chart developed by researchers. An average has been calculated based off of height, weight and gender. Anyone
who does not weigh within the averages on the chart is considered either under or over–weight. Obesity has been defined and explained now we will
turn our focus on... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Screening is done for preventative purposes in hopes the patient would be made aware of their risk of heart disease. The screening would determine
the risk of the patient. The book also includes strategies of having heart disease and the cost benefit of having the screening done (Oliver,
Ashley–Miller and Wood, 1987). Improving outcomes in heart failure and interdisciplinary approach concentrates on how to live with heart failure.
The editors of the book have provided information to those who read the book to have a better quality of life, treatment and effective education for
the patient and family. The book entails information for a patient suffering from heart disease to explore other avenues than pharmaceuticals. The
main goal of the editors is to educate heart failure patients to be able to manage their disease (Moser and Riegel, 2001). Antioxidants and stem cells
for coronary heart disease entails various methods of research on the effects of antioxidants and stem cells for coronary heart disease. The book is
written in a simplified form to make it easy to read and understand. This book is relevant to heart disease due to the two treatment options which have
been researched and tested. The information being used in the research paper is the possibility of treatment for coronary heart disease (Philip,
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26. Coronary Artery Disease Is The Most Common Type Of Heart...
Coronary Artery Disease is the most common type of heart disease and is the leading cause of death in the United States in both men and women. It
is caused by a buildup of cholesterol and other materials on the inner walls of arteries. The buildup is called atherosclerosis. As the buildup grows the
heart gets less and less blood supply thereby depleting it of oxygen. This eventually leads to chest pain (angina) or a heart attack which is usually
caused by a clot that suddenly breaks off the hearts blood supply which causes permanent heart damage. Over time, if this condition continues it can
eventually lead to heart failure and arrhythmias. An arrhythmia is a change in the heart's normal beating process (MedlinePlus 2015). Coronary Artery
disease is caused by damage or injury to the inner layer of a coronary artery and can be caused by a number of factors. Some of them are; smoking,
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or insulin resistance, and/or a sedentary lifestyle. After the wall of an artery is damaged it makes it
much easier for fatty deposits (plaque) such as cholesterol and other fatty waste products to build up on the linings of artery walls. This process is
known as atherosclerosis. If this plaque breaks or ruptures platelets will clump at the site to try and repair the artery, but this can also block the
arteries which can lead to a heart attack. The main factors that place a person at risk for this disease are age, as getting older is
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27. Causes Of Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is very prevalent in the United States. It has caused serous illness and death within my family. It is the number one
cause of death for both men and women in the United States. I feel that people should be informed about the disease because there are certain things
that one can do to reduce the risks of getting it. Although genetics contribute to a person's risk, this should not be used as an excuse, but more as a
motivator to live a heart healthy lifestyle. CHD is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside ones coronary arteries. Coronary
arteries supply oxygen filled blood to the heart muscle. The thickened walls of the arteries slow down blood flow and make the heart have to work
harder to get blood to the places it's needed throughout the body. Most times the symptoms of CHD are very noticeable, but in some cases one can
have the disease and not even know it. Symptoms of CHD include: chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and general weakness. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It all depends on how severe the disease is. It is important for one to have regular health exams to help detect early signs of CHD, especially if it
runs in the family. It is important to have cholesterol checked at a young age if this has been a problem for relatives. Many times doctors prescribe
medication to treat high cholesterol if a person can't reduce it through a lower fat diet and exercise, since it is a known contributor to the CHD.
Doctors also look for diabetes and high blood pressure since these can also be contributors. There are many surgeries that can be done to treat CHD
once it's been diagnosed. These include: stent placement, minimally invasive heart surgery, and bypass
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28. What Is The Cause Of Coronary Heart Disease
The country of Greece is beautiful, with towering mountains and sparkling seas. But is it really the paradise it is portrayed to be? The answer is
hard, because it is known to be a wonderful place for getaways and honeymoons. There are even diets that advertise the healthiness of the greek diet
and how it'll make you live forever. Contrasting, the statistics of the country tell another story, one of unhealthiness and disease. What are the causes,
what could be causing so many people to die from Coronary Heart Disease? When Coronary Heart Diseases main causes are bad habits such as
unhealthy diets and smoking, and other bad life choices. Could it be that Greece is in poverty? Could the actual majority of citizens be eating
unhealthy? Or is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the health care system isn't very good. If someone needed an operation immediately they would have to wait at least a month. Government
unemployment only lasts a year and after that, the government doesn't do much to help them. Many Greeks may be eating as best they can, but
it's not good enough. They have to wait to be seen by a doctor and wait even longer for an operation. They smoke and drink and eat fast food and
cheap things from the grocery store that can be heated up. This is called Greek diet is what is eaten by tourist, and the rich of Greece. Not the
people living their life, majority of the population. Smoking is a very common habit in Greece. And it is one of the leading causes of Coronary
heart disease. CHD is considered to be the disease that you can change. And it's all based on life choices. If an entire country of people are all
stressed and trying to get money for rent, mortgage or even dinner, It is likely they will start to form unhealthy habits such as drinking or smoking.
These habits on top of being stressed, and not eating fresh fruits and vegetables everyday leads to Coronary Heart disease. They are eating cheap
fast food, Mcdonald's is all over Greece, and so are many other fast food places. On top of this the healthcare isn't the best, all these factors are why this
disease is the top killer. In other words you could just say the top cause of death is stress and
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29. Coronary Heart Disease Essay
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is the most common form of heart disease. It is a general term for both heart attack and angina. Many people suffer from it
and 500,000 Americans die from it each year. It is much more common in older people and in males. However, women tend to be older and sicker
when they are first treated for a heart attack.
Coronary heart disease occurs when some of the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle become narrowed with fatty deposits. In this condition
fatty deposits called plaque, composed of cholesterol (see later) and fats, build up on the inner wall of the coronary arteries. When arteries are
narrowed, the heart is not fully supplied with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major Risks of Coronary Heart Disease =====================================
В· Increasing Age About 80 percent of people who die from coronary heart disease are aged 65 or older.
* Heredity Children with parents who have heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves.
* Cigarette and tobacco smokers' risk of developing heart disease is twice that of non–smokers. Smokers who have a heart attack are more likely to die
within an hour of the heart attack than non–smokers. Studies have shown that after five years of giving up smoking, the risk of developing heart
disease is the same as for someone who never smoked!!!
* High blood pressure increases the workload of the heart causing it to enlarge and weaken over time.
* The risk of coronary heart disease increases as blood cholesterol levels increase. This is considered the major cause of heart disease, the one some
people are most worried about.
Cholesterol ===========
Cholesterol is produced in the liver, the adrenal glands and reproductive organs. The liver produces about 80% of the cholesterol in your body.

30. Cholesterol is a natural and necessary component of your body cells
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31. Pathogenesis of Coronary Heart Disease
Introduction Coronary heart disease is caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries which is because of the deposition of fats and cholesterol
on the inside lining of the arteries. These deposits which also cause hardening of the walls of the arteries also block the flow of oxygen to the
heart. This deprives the heart of the needed oxygen that is required for its proper functioning. Pathogenesis of Coronary heart disease Studies have
been conducted on the pathogenesis of the Coronary heart disease and most of these studies have highlighted metabolism mechanism of fats. The
studies have revealed that as there is a need to feed special diets to the patients with Coronary heart disease; these diets are to be designed in a way
that the level of total blood lipid can be maintained within the healthier limits (Vlodaver, 2012, p. 45). It has been observed that if the daily intake of
fat in the Coronary heart disease patients is limited to 50gm, than the maintenance of total bloody lipid levels can be assured. Signs and Symptoms
One of the most common symptoms in these cases includes chest pain which is also referred to as angina. It is due to the lack of oxygen in the heart.
The pain in the chest can vary from one person to the other. The pain is generally observed under the breast bone. It is seen that the pain is mainly
triggered with increased motion and activity. In the case of women, the symptoms can be fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Angina is the sign
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32. Essay On Coronary Heart Disease
On Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease makes up 56% of all deaths relating to heart conditions. The heart pumps blood around the body carrying oxygen and other
essential nutrients to the areas in the body where they are needed.1 Coronary Heart disease is when this process is restricted or interrupted. The
coronary arteries come off the main aorta, which are the first arteries to receive freshly oxygenated blood. They pass over the surface of the heart and
supply it with oxygen. The process becomes restricted because the walls of the arteries become narrowed by a gradual build–up of atheroma (fatty
material). This can quite often result in serious illness or death.3
The risk of heart disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, if the smoker was uninformed of the harmful effects of smoking, then it can't be the smoker's fault. Many years ago people actually thought
that smoking was good for you. This was because little scientific research had been done into the effects of smoking. The responsibility should have
been that of the tobacco companies and the government. This meant that people had been misled into thinking that smoking was beneficial to their
health, which means that if they developed heart disease, then this was the fault of the tobacco companies and the government. Recently in America
smokers have attempted to sue tobacco companies on this basis.12
Personally I think that if heart disease has developed in a smoker at this time then it is the fault of the smoker. There are warnings on the front of all
cigarette packets now and everyone is educated on the effects of smoking.
If a person has a high intake of LDL (low density lipoprotein), a high intake of alcohol, and generally a poor diet then they will have a high risk of
developing coronary heart disease. The process of coronary heart disease begins when the coronary arteries become narrowed by a build–up of fatty
material. This condition is called atherosclerosis. If this process continues the arteries may become too narrow to deliver the oxygen rich blood that the
heart
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33. What Is Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
1. Coronary heart disease is a condition when a plaque is formed in a coronary artery. The plaque stuck in the coronary artery can narrow the artery
and therefore the oxygen–rich blood flow is reduced. In another case, the plaque can break open and a blood clot can be formed which blocks the artery
and prevents the supply the heart with oxygen rich blood. In such situation a heart attack may occur. Coronary Heart Disease is usually caused by poor
eating habits and lack of exercise.
2.
Lack of warming up or cooling down raises the risk of nausea or shortness of breath during exercise.
There is a risk that high–intensity exercising can cause sudden raise of blood pressure.
If the Coronary Heart Disease is in a
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34. The Main Cause Of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Coronary heart disease: It is the condition when the arteries are not able to deliver enough oxygenated blood to the heart because of the blockade or
the interruption of the arteries' walls by fatty material that have been build up over the years.
This condition is called arteriosclerosis
The main cause for arteriosclerosis is the lifestyle and the nature of the nutrition.
It is usually diagnosed after a risk assessment and some further tests.
The CHD is one of the most common reasons for death in the United kingdom and it's spreading worldwide.
About 1 in 6 men and die from CHD.
Usually, chest pain is the main symptom for CHD , heart attack , and heart failure.
But some people don't experience any symptoms before CHD is diagnosed.
Although ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
decrease the volume of simple carbohydrates (foods containing white flour such as bread, as well as white rice, pasta, sugar, and potatoes) in the diet.
2..Decrease or eliminate the intake of foods containing animal fats (beef, lamb, and pork) in the diet .
3.Use free quantities of olive oil or peanut oil in the diet.
4.Eat free quantities of fruits and vegetables each day.at a rate of 6 to 9 servings of fruits and/or vegetables daily.
5.Take seafood as the main source of protein in the diet.
6.Bean curd products such as tofu are highly recommended sources of protein and complex carbohydrate.
7.Ingest only modest quantities of foods containing sugar or corn syrup, because this can lead to rapid rises in blood sugar with a resultant vigorous
pancreatic insulin response resulting in appetite stimulation.
8.Advocate for daily exercise for 40 or more minutes per day. Aerobic exercise such as walking, jogging, swimming, rowing, etc. are ideal..
9.Decreasing dietary saturated fat and cholesterol.
10.Increasing dietary fiber. Soluble fiber, as is found in oats, barley, and beans, is particularly helpful in this
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35. Coronary Heart Disease Study
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in most developed countries including the US. Individuals of all ages, races and backgrounds are
prone to this condition. According to a 2015 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 610,000 people die of heart disease
in the United States annually, which is one in every four deaths. Moreover, it is the leading cause of death for both women and men with more than
half of the deaths resulting in men. The risk factors for heart disease, according to CDC, include having high cholesterol, high blood pressure, poor diet,
overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol intake among others.
To address these risk factors dietary interventions has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Balancing a meal with fruits and vegetables helps reduced the rate of CHD. As seen the more servings the better the benefits. Moreover an individual
needs to have a balanced diet because the tissues and organs of the human body require those nutrients, which could be neglected, to function
effectively. Deprived of these nutrients, the body becomes prone to illnesses such as diabetes, stroke, and heart disease, which are potentially
preventable that may ultimately result in death(s) in the US as a result of poor diet and lack of exercise.
While a vegan diet is best for positive health benefits, it is deficient in vital nutrients such as vitamin B12, minerals such as calcium, iron and
omega–3–fatty acids that are important for heart health. So in order to meet these nutrient requirements, a person can take supplements or fortified
foods to improve the amounts of those vital nutrients in the diet. Additionally, evidence shows that an optimal vegan diet helps to reduce the risk of
heart disease, high cholesterol and high blood pressure.5 An optimal vegan diet ensures that all at risk nutrients such as protein are met within the
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36. The History Of Coronary Heart Failure And Chronic...
Introduction T.S. is a 75–year–old male who has a history of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, myocardial infarction, renal failure, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, and severe cervical spinal stenosis C4–5.
He underwent many procedures in the past, including coronary artery bypass graft, implantation of IV dual chamber permanent pacemaker,
exploratory laparotomy, and cardiac pacemaker in situ. TS came into the ER at MMMC with complaints of nausea and vomiting, on March 21,
2017. He has been feeling nauseated and not feeling well for 3 days. When TS arrived at the ER, his peripheral capillary oxygen saturation or SpO2
was 80%, so 3L of oxygen... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TS has not been tolerating his hemodialysis, and has been hypotensive. During my shift, midodrine was given prior to going to his hemodialysis
to increase his blood pressure. TS's diabetes is not well controlled; he had capillary blood glucose of 178 on March 22. He is currently receiving a
sliding scale injection of Humalog. TS is not able to ambulate, stating, "they use hoyer lift to transfer me." During his swallowing evaluation, I
noticed that he was not able to lift up his right hand, and both of his upper and lower extremities were swollen. I also noticed that he had healing
ulcers to his left and right second toes, and on the plantar surface of his fourth toe. He also had abrasion on his right shoulder, and a blister on his
right elbow, covered with a dressing. After his session with the occupational therapist, we helped him reposition to reduce excessive pressure on his
bony prominences. When I peeked at TS's room after we documented his swallowing evaluation, he was staring at the window. He has depression, and
a history of suicidal attempt. It would have been helpful to have a therapeutic communication with him, to help him express his feelings about his
situation. Reflection Unfortunately, I was only with TS during my PT and OT experience for his swallowing evaluation. I was able to assist the
occupational therapist with TS's evaluation. During my hospital experience, TS went to his dialysis. I was not able to do a lot of interventions for his
multiple
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37. Cardiovascular Disease: Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a type of cardiovascular disease that may be referred to by several other names such as: coronary artery disease,
ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, or simply heart disease, and is a pathological condition where plaque (a waxy substance) has accumulated over
time in the coronary arteries and has built up to the point where it reduces oxygenated blood flow to the heart (National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute, 2016).
CHD is responsible for the highest mortality rate of any disease in the United States and takes its deadly toll on approximately 370,000 individuals
every year (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2016). The mechanism to blame for the high death rate from this disease is a heart attack; ...
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In the case of CHD, one study has characterized the majority of very susceptible individuals as being the ones who have issues with several of the
following risk factors: elevated low–density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, stress, lack of meaningful physical activity, being overweight, high
blood–sugar levels, and high blood pressure (Castelli, 1984). Further, it is important to note that interventional trials have determined that; although
decreasing a risk factor typically lowers the incidence rate of CHD, caution must be exercised in risk management to avoid exasperating one risk by
while managing another (Castelli, 1984), which may be challenging due to the number of interrelated contributing risks.
The next progression is the stage of subclinical disease; where pathological disease now exists, however, the individual is unaware of this occurrence
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012a). The pathology of coronary atherosclerosis reportedly happens early in life and by puberty, it has
been reported that most children have early signs of endothelial lipid retention (Fuster, Badimon, L., Badimon, & Cheseboro, 1992). Therefore, clinical
evidence of sclerosis has probably occurred in nearly everyone by this time, but is asymptomatic and unbeknownst to
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38. The Effect Of Two Multicomponent Lifestyle Interventions...
The objective of the PREMIER research was to study the effect of two multicomponent lifestyle interventions on estimated coronary heart disease
(CHD) risk compared to advice alone intervention.1 The study also evaluated whether the differences can be detected in the effects of the lifestyle
interventions among subgroups defined by baseline variables.1 The results from the study can help future researches to focus on the intervention that
has proven to be effective in reducing the heart disease risk.
The PREMIER study was a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) sponsored, multicenter, 3–group, parallel–arm randomized trial
conducted in the United States.1 For the study, a total of 810, of which 62% were women and 34% were black, healthy adults with untreated
prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension who met the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
criteria for a 6–month trial of nonpharmacological BP treatment, were recruited.1 The participants were randomized to 1 of 3 intervention groups: An
"advice–only" group, an "established" group (EST) that used established lifestyle recommendations for blood pressure control (reduced sodium intake,
weight loss, and increased physical activity), or an "established–plus–DASH" group (EST+DASH) that combined established lifestyle changes with the
DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet.1 The mean age of the participants were 50 years, the mean systolic/diastolic
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39. A Brief Note On Coronary Heart Disease ( Chd )
Introduction
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of the most common disease in the United States with high mortality rate. There reported cases of fatal or
non–fatal myocardial infraction or instances that have led to the death of patients caused by sudden CHD summing to a million each year. The most
common symptom that is associated with CHD is angina. The estimated number of middle–aged men suffering from Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is
between 1 to 2 million thus increasing their risk of them suffering from CHD (Thaulow et al., 1993). CAD is greatly influenced by the lifestyle of
individual patient. To minimize the risk involved change in lifestyle is crucial, aspirin intake and cholesterol management. Studies show that these
factors when controlled properly lowers cardiac events drastically. Lowering the risk attached, it is important to detect subclinical atherosclerosis early
so that proper measure can be put in place to prevent the disease from progressing and acute myocardial infraction.
Literature Review
Deposits of calcium in the coronary artery can be viewed as part of atherosclerosis process. The introduction of Electron–Beam Computer Tomography
(EBCT) has enable physicians to detect calcium deposits in the coronary artery. The calcium deposits in the coronary artery are responsible of chest
pains that patients. EBCT has a high sensitivity towards detecting calcium in the coronary artery. Calcium is absent in normal functioning arteries.
EBCT has an electron
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40. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is when blood flow to the heart is temporarily or permanently blocked. This is problematic to the wellbeing of one's
heart, because blood transports the materials (nutrients, minerals, oxygen) that are required for heart muscles (or any muscle) to contract and sustain
the life of those cells. Caption #1 shows the muscles in the heart that are affected by CHD. Coronary Heart Disease can be caused by the buildup of
plaque (cholesterol) in the arteries which direct blood to the heart, and by the increase in blood pressure.
Caption #1: Shows the muscles that are damaged by CHD
Caption #2: Shows the changes on a fatty acid after hydrogenation.
Plaque building up in the arteries, also called atherosclerosis, is mainly affected by one's diet, specifically in the ingestion of lipids. The lipids that are
likely to cause CHD are: saturated fats, and trans fats. Trans fats are created artificially from hydrogenated vegetable oils, which would usually be
unsaturated, which changes the physical properties of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smoking regularly may raise blood pressure (caused by nicotine), damage the lining of one's blood vessels, and (similar to trans fats) increases
LDL while lowering HDL. Physical activity can help reduce the risk of CHD by regulating blood pressure and the levels of lipids in blood cells.
Without regular physical activity, these benefits are not being exploited, and a high blood pressure and high lipid concentration may lead to CHD.
Diabetes is a risk for CHD because it promotes high glucose levels in blood cells. This is because the hormone insulin, that helps transport glucose to
other cells, is not being created or isn't being used properly. The result could be an abnormal level of sugar in blood cells. These symptoms can lead
to CHD, because it also promotes hypertension and abnormal lipid levels in the
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