The states were given the power to sanction segregation through several Supreme Court cases in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 established the "separate but equal" doctrine, allowing racial segregation in public facilities as long as the facilities for each race were equal. Later cases like Cumming v. Board of Education and Berea College v. Kentucky extended this to public education. It was not until Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 that the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal", overturning the doctrine of "separate but equal".

1. With whom was the power given to sanction segregation?

2. Our constitution is colorblind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among its citizens…it does not require integration. It merely forbids segregation.

3. Plessy v. FergusonReasonable to separate because of established customs, usages, and traditions.No matter how blatantly and objectionable the law affects a “particular classification of people”.S

4. Cumming v. Board of Ed. of Richmond CountyOnly interest of federal judiciary is to ensure that all citizens should share equitably in the tax burdenWhere would black high school students be taught?

5. Borea College v. Kentucky Both races could not receive instruction from any institution as a corporation unless it was done so 25 miles apart.

6. The constitution is a colorblind document, yet …These 3 cases established that the states could constitutionally maintain separate systems of education for blacks and whites, and in addition to this they could reach into private education and allow it to be segregated as well.

7. With whom was the power given to sanction segregation?The States

8. Is Separate Equal?

9. NAACP-1930Gains v. Canada-19381950 Supreme Court case-rocked the foundation of Separate But EqualBrown v. Board of Education of TopekaSeparation inherently unequalAftermath of this landmark decision

10. NAACP 1930

11. Gains v. Canada

12. 1950 Supreme Court Case

13. Brown v. Board of Education

14. Separation Inherently Unequal

15. Aftermath of decision

16. Quotas and Busing Image From: http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/...

17. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education Students were bused to schools outside their attendance area Meant to further integrate schools End of Dual school systems Imposed racial balance 71% -29%

18. Results of busing…Students were subjected to dangerous situations.Resulted in “White Flight.”Decreased probability of students to participate in extra curricular activities.

19. Historical ExampleIntegration of Boston’s Public SchoolsAs police stand guard, black students arrive atpredominately white South Boston High School, on the first day of court-ordered desegregation, September 12, 1974.Police wearing their riot helmets line the street in south Boston as women, led by anti-busing advocate Louise Day Hicks march and pray to protest the busing of students, September 12, 1975.

20. Quotas and Busing 25 Years LaterMost schools have voted to end race based assignmentsStudents no longer denied access to school based on mandated “quota”

22. Has the law failed to undothe segregation that was originally caused by the law?

23. The most segregated group in the nations public schools is white students.True or False

24. TRUE. While white students are attending schools with slightly more students of colorthan in the past, they remain the most isolated of all racial groups.

25. Due to the history of slavery and segregation in the South, southern states are themost segregated states for black students.True or False

26. FALSE. In 2009, the top five segregated states where black students attended majority minority schools (where greater than 50% of students are of color) are California, New York, Illinois, Maryland and Texas. The first southern state in this ranking is Texas, in fifth place.

27. Demographics of segregation today

28. More than five decades later, throughout the nation, more schools have become more segregated than before.

29. Racial segregation of neighborhood schools remains the norm in the U.S.

30. What steps can we take to move forward in providing equal educational opportunities to all?

31. Voluntary integration plans among school districtsLeaders making the case that desegregation properly implemented is valuable to all students More progressive civil right agencies

32. ReferencesImages Fromhttp://www.bing.com/imageshttp://www.office.microsoft.com/en-us/imageshttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.htmlhttp://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/Video FromPBS(producer).(1974).Eyes on the prize :School desegregation in Boston[video]. Available from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/21_boston.htmlOther Resourceshttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_gaines.htmlhttp://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1949/1949/1949_44