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Copper treat
1. Joint Accessions Research and Best Practices Symposium – April 18, 2007
Innovative Technology For
Medicine
COPPER
Richard C. Zatcoff, D.P.M.
DABPS, FACFAS, FACFAOM
2. Historic Perspective
• The ancient Greeks (400 BC) discover the
sanitizing power of copper. They prescribed
copper for pulmonary diseases and for purifying
drinking water.
• Copper strips were nailed to ships’ hulls by the
early Phoenicians to inhibit fouling.
• American Pioneers put silver and copper coins in
large wooden water casks to assure safe drinking
water.
3. • In World War II, Japanese soldiers put
pieces of copper in their water bottles to
help prevent dysentery.
• NASA uses copper for water
purification
4. Resistance to copper
While copper has been used for thousands of
years, as opposed to antibiotics, no micro-
organism has evolved which is resistant to
constant exposure to copper.
Although some organisms have reduced
sensitivity to excess copper, as a rule, exposure
of micro-organisms to high concentrations of
copper results in damage to cellular components.
6. Essential Metals for Human Health
Copper Calcium
Cobalt Chromium
Iron Potassium
Magnesium Manganese
Sodium Nickel
Zinc
7. The adult body contains
between 1.4 – 2.1 mg of copper
per kilogram of body weight.
8. •Highest concentration of copper
found in brain and liver
•Approx. 50% of total copper
content of the body is found in
the bones and muscles
9. Absorption
•Newly absorbed copper is transported to
body tissues by plasma protein carriers
especially ceruloplasmin
•Copper combines with certain proteins
to produce enzymes.
Linder, Wooten, et. al., AM. J. CLIN. NOTR. 67.1998
Levenson, AM. J. CLIN. NOTR. 67.1998
14. Cell membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation.
Displacement of essential metals from their native
binding sites.
Interference with oxidative phosphorylation and
osmotic balance.
Alterations in the conformational structure of nucleic
acids and proteins.
Redox cycling between Cu+2 and Cu+1 catalyzes the
production of highly hydroxyl radicals, with
subsequent damage to biomolecules, such as
lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA.
Borkow G, et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2005;12:2163-2175
18. • Bacteria require Cu+1 and Cu+2 to
survive
• CsoR – protein that allows the
causative agent of bacteria including
TB and S. aureus to respond to Cu
Giedroc D, Chem and Eng News, Dec 11, 2006, Vol 84: #50, pg 12
19. Cu+1 or Cu+2
CsoR- Settles back
on bacterial DNA
blocking further gene
transcription
CsoR
Bacterial DNA
CsoR Cu+1or Cu+2
Bacterial transcription - genes, leading to
a protein pump that kicks out copper
Decreased
Cu
Possible Primary Cu Sensing Protein in Majority of Bacteria
Giedroc D, Chem and Eng News, Dec 11, 2006, Vol 84: #50, pg 12
20. Requirement for Cu in angiogenesis
Ziche M, et al. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1982 Aug; 69(2):475-482
Harris E.D., Nutr Rev 2004 Feb; 62(2):60-4
21. Wound Healing
• Copper helps to form cross-links in
collagen and elastin.
• Helps promote, maintain, and
repair connective tissues.
• Active during proliferation and
remodeling phases.
Diegelmann, Evans, Front. BIOSCI. 2004
24. Start treatment 2Weeks of treatment
4Weeks of treatment 10 Weeks of treatment
71 YO WM Diabetic
25. 4 Months of treatment
Start treatment 2 Weeks of treatment
55 YO WF Diabetic
9 Months of Treatment
1-30-2007
26. 5 Months of treatment
2 Weeks of treatmentStart treatment
75 YO WM Diabetic,PVD
27. #160 04-03-06
3 months before treatment
2 months of treatment
12 months of treatment
81 YO WM Diabetic, PVD
28. Biocidal, not just biostatic
Broad spectrum:
Destroy Gram+ and Gram- bacteria
Destroy fungi
Destroy viruses
Last for the life of the fabric
Be durable:
Withstand chemical exposure
Withstand hot water exposure
It must be safe for human use
Qualities that an anti-microbial fabric should have
29. Plating of Cellulose with Copper
Oxide Compounds
a
X 2,000
b
Cellulose Fiber
c
X 2,000
d
Copper-Coated Fiber
X 2,000
e f
Washed Copper-
Coated Fiber
30.
31. X 200
X 1,500
Inclusion of Copper Oxide into
Polymeric Materials
• Polyester,
• Polypropylene,
• Polyurethane,
• Polyolefin,
• Polyethylene, and
• Nylon fabrics
33. Staphylococcus aureus
CFU per sample
103
104
105
106
120 min
0 min
Production Fabrics
Printed Cupron
Fabric
Control Fabric
(no copper)
Dyed Cupron
Fabric
Anti-bacterial Activity
Subcontract laboratory performing tests:
AminoLab Laboratory Services, Weizman Industrial Park, Nes Ziona 79400, Israel
Gram+
34. Escherichia coli
CFU per sample
103
104
105
106
120 min
0 min
Production Fabrics
Printed Cupron
Fabric
Dyed Cupron
Fabric
Control Fabric
(no copper)
Subcontract laboratory performing tests:
AminoLab Laboratory Services, Weizman Industrial Park, Nes Ziona 79400, Israel
Gram-
37. e.g. Inactivation of Viruses:
• Bronchitis Vaccine Virus - Jordan & Nassar (1971)
Vet. Rec. 89:609-10.
• Herpesvirus types 1 and 2 - Coleman et al (1973)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 4:259-62.
• Poliovirus - Totsuka & Ohtaki (1974)
Jpn. J. Microbiol18:107-12.
• Bacteriophages - Yamamoto et al (2001)
Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 91:257.
• HIV-1 – Sagripanti & Lightfoote MM (1996)
AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12:333-7.
• Enteroviruses, Rotaviruses, etc.
Copper Biocidal Activity
Is Very Well Documented
38. Antiviral potency
of Cupron Filters
Virus Infectivity
Reduction
HIV-1 >99.99%
Punta Toro >99.99%
Rhinovirus 2 99.99%
Pichinde 99.99%
CMV 99.95%
Measles 99.95%
Influenza A 99.5%
WNV 99.5%
RSV 99%
Parainfluenza 3 96%
Yellow Fever 95%
VEE 94%
Vaccinia 80%
HIV-1 - Dr. Borkow at the Kaplan
Medical Center;
CMV - Dr. Yonat Shemer, Ben
Gurion University;
WNV – Harlan Laboratories;
Other viruses - Dr. Robert W.
Sidwell,
Director of The Institute for
Antiviral Research, Utah State
University, Utah, under a
subcontract from the NIH.
Percent of reduction of
the infectivity of viruses
following their passage
through Cupron filters
39. Animal Studies
Guinea Pig Maximization Test (ISO 10993-10
(1994) guideline). BSL Bioservice Scientific
Laboratories GmbH, Munich 80797, Germany
Rabbit Skin Irritation Test. (Biological Evaluation
of Medical Devices – ISO 10993-10) Harlan
Biotech Israel, Kiryat Weizmann, Rehovot
No Skin Irritation or
Allergenicity
48. 56 Patient-Clinical Study*
Clinically Tested
Patients were compared to historical controls.
Patients with Cupron® yarn socks were observed for
improvement or resolution in the following conditions:
-Erythema -Vesicular eruptions
-Burning/itching -Fissures
-Scaling -Drainage
-Edema -Odor
*2004-2005 Study,
R.C. Zatcoff, D.P.M.
Upstate Podiatry,
Greenville, SC
49. Another Observation
9-9-04 10-7-04
*Dr. Zatcoff, Upstate
Podiatry, Greenville, SC
The healing power of copper-ion
technology first eliminates microbial
growth and then commences
angiogenesis.
62. Mitigating Factors
Participant Compliance – Wear Time
Possible degradation of Cupron Fibers
Persistent infection from nail reservoir
Co-morbidity effects
63. A. ERYTHEMA (51 patients):
All 51 patients improved; 22 (42%) resolved completely over an
average period of 9 days (range 4-28 days). The 95% confidence
interval for resolution was (0.29, 0.58).
ERYTHEMA, 9 DAY AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
64. A1. Longer term study (22 patients):
Nineteen (86%) maintained their improvement or resolved, 95% CI
(0.65, 0.97). Three patients (14%) did not maintain improvement or
reverted to “present”, 95% CI (0.03, 0.34). The average length of follow-
up was 36 days. Diabetics and patients older than 65 shared in the
improvement, both early and long-term.
ERYTHEMA, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF 36 DAYS
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
65. B. SCALING (56 patients):
Fifty-five (55) of the 56 improved (98%), 5 resolved (9%), and 1 stayed
the same. The 95% confidence interval for some improvement is (0.90,
1.00); for resolution (0.03, 0.20). Both of the p-values are highly
significant for efficacy.
SCALING, AVERAGE TREATMENT OF 9 DAYS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
66. B1. Longer term study (24 patients):
Twenty-one (88%) held improvement or resolved, 3 reverted with an
average follow-up of 34 days. The 95% confidence interval is (0.68,
0.97) with a p-value <0.001. Again, diabetics and elderly shared in the
improvement.
SCALING, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP 34 DAYS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
67. C.FISSURING (37 patients):
All 37 patients improved; 15 (40%) resolved completely with an average
follow-up of 10 days, 95% CI (0.25, 0.58). This is highly significant.
FISSURING, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF 10 DAYS
0
5
10
15
20
25
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
68. C1. Longer term study (17 patients):
All 17 patients improved, 6 (35%) resolved completely in an average
follow-up of 39 days, 95% CI (0.14, 0.62). Again, diabetics and elderly
shared in the improvement.
FISSURING, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF 39 DAYS
0
5
10
15
20
25
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
69. D. BURNING OR ITCHING (23 patients):
Nineteen of the 23 improved (83%), four stayed the same or reverted in
the average follow-up period of 8 days. The 95% confidence interval is
(0.61, 0.95) with a p-value of 0.003, again highly significant.
BURNING OR ITCHING, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF 8
DAYS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
70. D1. Longer term study (8 patients):
All 8 patients were unchanged over an average
follow-up of 46 days, meaning that their initial
improvement was maintained. The numbers were too
small to study diabetics and elderly.
BURNING OR ITCHING, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF
46 DAYS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
71. E. VESICULAR ERUPTIONS (23 patients):
All 23 patients improved; 13 (56%) resolved
completely, 95% CI (0.34, 0.76).
VESICULAR ERUPTIONS, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF
8 DAYS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
72. E1. Longer term study (10 patients):
All 10 patients maintained their improvement or
resolved (6) over an average follow-up of 45 days.
The proportions were similar for both diabetics and
patients over the age of 65.
VESICULAR ERUPTIONS, AVERAGE FOLLOW-UP OF
45 DAYS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SAME OR WORSE IMPROVED RESOLVED
NUMBERSOFPATIENTS
73. CONCLUSION
Compared to historical controls, patients with Cupron ® socks
had significant improvement or resolution in the following
conditions:
- Erythema - Vesicular eruptions
- Burning/itching - Fissures
- Scaling - Drainage
- Edema - Odor
Moreover, since nearly 40% (19 of 51) of the group was either
diabetic or older than 65 (10 were both diabetic and older than
65), this study is statistically significant for improvement or
resolved for all the above conditions for people with diabetes,
including elderly diabetics.
Statistical Review – Michael S. Smith, MD MS
74. Continuous Antimicrobial
Product Protection
The Widest Spectrum anti-microbial
known today
Anti-odor
Anti-microbial
Anti-Fungal (including Athlete’s Foot,
Yeast Infections, Ring Worm)
Anti-Mite
Anti-Viral (including HIV, SARS, West
Nile, Hepatitis, Influenza)
Promotes Healing of Sores and Wounds
Fully Patent Protected
Available in Polyester, Nylon,
Polypropylene, Cotton, Tencel
Published in the Yale Medical Journal
A solution based product
Biocidal, not just biostatic
Broad spectrum in its ability
to destroy Gram+ (MRSA)
and Gram-(VRE) bacteria
Broad spectrum in its ability
to destroy fungi
Broad spectrum in its ability
to destroy viruses
Ability to promote wound
healing
Cosmetic benefits of better
looking skin
Fungi Bacteria