This document discusses quantitative and qualitative media content analysis. It provides definitions of content analysis and outlines the key elements of conducting quantitative media content analysis, including objectivity, validity, generalizability, replicability, and sampling. Quantitative content analysis aims to be scientific while qualitative analysis seeks to understand deeper meanings and interpretations. Both approaches are seen as complementary ways to analyze media content.
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Approaches: Development Communication
Magic Multiplier
Diffusion of Innovation
Localized Approach
Awareness
Interest
Evaluation
Trial
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
What are social realities and mediated realities .pdfFakiha Naseer
What are social realities and mediated?
social realities
Example
social construction of reality
Example
Mediated realities
According to Gerbner's
Example
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Approaches: Development Communication
Magic Multiplier
Diffusion of Innovation
Localized Approach
Awareness
Interest
Evaluation
Trial
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
What are social realities and mediated realities .pdfFakiha Naseer
What are social realities and mediated?
social realities
Example
social construction of reality
Example
Mediated realities
According to Gerbner's
Example
Traditional Media Vs Digital Media (Online Journalism) Mujeeb Riaz
Traditional Media Vs Digital Media (Online Journalism)
,traditional media ,old media vs new media ,online journalism ,social media management ,digital media management ,hyper media ,multimedia ,linear multimedia and non linear multimedia ,interactive media ,online media ,social media ,virtual media ,hybrid media ,owned media
What is Content Analysis in Mass Media Research.pptxMuhammad Awais
The method is popular with mass media researchers because it is an efficient way to investigate the content of the media, such as the number and types of commercials or advertisements in broadcasting or the print media. Beginning researchers will find content analysis a valuable tool in answering many mass media questions. The first example of content analysis was probably an examination of 90 hymns published in Sweden in 1743.
Traditional Media Vs Digital Media (Online Journalism) Mujeeb Riaz
Traditional Media Vs Digital Media (Online Journalism)
,traditional media ,old media vs new media ,online journalism ,social media management ,digital media management ,hyper media ,multimedia ,linear multimedia and non linear multimedia ,interactive media ,online media ,social media ,virtual media ,hybrid media ,owned media
What is Content Analysis in Mass Media Research.pptxMuhammad Awais
The method is popular with mass media researchers because it is an efficient way to investigate the content of the media, such as the number and types of commercials or advertisements in broadcasting or the print media. Beginning researchers will find content analysis a valuable tool in answering many mass media questions. The first example of content analysis was probably an examination of 90 hymns published in Sweden in 1743.
Content Analysis Overview for Persona DevelopmentPamela Rutledge
After developing an Ad Hoc persona as the core of your engagement strategy, it's important to test your assumptions against real people and real data. Content analysis is a methodology for evaluating text-based data that can be gathered from social media tools.
The Media Researcher as Storyteller: Working with Digitized Audiovisual SourcesBerber Hagedoorn
This study offers a first exploratory critique of digital tools' socio-technical affordances in terms of support for narrative creation by media researchers. We reflect on narrative creation processes of research, writing and story composition by Media Studies and Humanities scholars as well as media professionals (journalists, television/image researchers, documentary filmmakers, digital storytellers, media innovation experts) working with cross-media and audiovisual sources, and the pivotal ways in which digital tools inform these processes of search and storytelling. Our study proposes to add to the existing body of user-centered Digital Humanities research by presenting the insights of a cross-disciplinary user study. This involves, broadly speaking, researchers studying audiovisual materials in a co-creative design process, set to fine-tune and further develop a digital tool that supports audiovisual research through exploratory search. This article focuses on how researchers – in both academic as well as professional settings – use digital search technologies in their daily work practices to discover and explore (crossmedia, digital) audiovisual archival material, specifically when studying 'disruptive' media events . We focus on three user types, (1) Media Studies researchers; (2) Humanities researchers that use digitized audiovisual materials as a source for research and (3) media professionals who need to retrieve audiovisual materials for audiovisual text productions. Our study primarily provides insights into the search, retrieval and narrative creation practices of these user groups. However, a user study such as this in which qualitative methods (co-creative design sessions, focus groups, research diaries, questionnaires) are combined, affords fine-grained insights, and informs conclusions about the role of digital tools in meaning-creation processes around working with audiovisual sources.
Reference to our related journal article: Berber Hagedoorn and Sabrina Sauer, ‘The Researcher as Storyteller: Using Digital Tools for Search and Storytelling with Audio-Visual (AV) Materials’, submitted for review to VIEW: Journal of European Television History and Culture (2018)
5Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research Statistical.docxtroutmanboris
5
Statistical Methods in Qualitative Research
Statistical Method
What is measured by this method
Circumstances for Use
Examples of use in Research Studies
Qualitative Content Analysis
Analyzes narrative data, and in-depth interviews. Can evaluate large volumes of data with intent to identify recurring themes and patterns. Attempts to break down elements of data into clusters. May be concurrent or sequential (Polit &Beck, 2017).
Good method for evaluating personal histories, perspectives, experiences. Best method for studying personal, sensitive situations (Sauro, 2015).
Examples of this methodology include evaluation of the experience of a rape victim, what it feels like to have an abortion, how it feels to have lived through a disaster.
Ethnographic analysis
Evaluates cultural phenomena, patterns, perspectives. Requires “participant observer” technique. No preconceived hypothesis. May take months or years to complete. Maps and flowcharts are tools to help illustrate findings (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method to “acquire a deep understanding of the culture being studied” (Polit & Beck, 2017 p. 538).
An example of ethnographic analysis could include a research study with ethnographers integrating with Native Americans living on a reservation while observing everyday life seeking to extrapolate overlying cultural issues.
Phenomenologic Analysis
Attempts to understand the essence of experiencing a particular phenomenon by observation, interviews, and outside research. Descriptive analysis
Method for understanding individual perspectives of experiencing a certain phenomenon. Seeks to extrapolate commonalities and themes among subjects (Sauro, 2015).
Conducting interviews with persons who have experienced hallucinations, with the intent to understand their perspective and experience of the phenomenon, is an example of this method of research.
Grounded Theory Analysis
Aim is to provide theories and explanations for phenomena based on previously coded information Uses interviews and previous accepted research. Unlike Qualitative content analysis, which seeks to break down information, Grounded theory strives to put information back together (Polit & Beck, 2017).
Method for development of theories, Could be used meta-analyses or systematic reviews.
An example of a grounded theory analysis is” Beck’s (2002) model of mothering twins” as cited in Polit & Beck (2017).
Focus Group Analysis
Analyzes group data in relation to a specific topic. Group interviews, recordings, and field notes .are instruments for conducting this type of research.
May be used for evaluation of a potential survey tool, consensus on a new product. Researchers seek to extrapolate recurring themes.
An example of a focus group analysis might be to evaluate perceptions of a new product being marketed to test for general consensus of its desirability.
Quasi-statistics: a tabulation of the frequency with which certain themes or insights are supported by the data
Qualitat.
Media Effects Research Paper Guidelines Media effects, als.docxARIV4
Media Effects Research Paper Guidelines
Media effects, also known as media influence are ideas and theories about how mass media influence people as
individuals, as families, as communities and as nations. (Sterin 498) Many different theories help to illuminate
this phenomenon. Theories of exploration include but are not limited to; uses and gratification, magic bullet,
social penetration, cumulative effects, cultivation, and media hegemony. Your task will be to select a group of
people who are effected by the media and provide an in-depth term paper which describes who is effected, how
they are effected, and what this means on a greater social level. Your process will involve seeking sources of
information that may include facts, statistics, historical writings, and current media influences. A research paper
presents the results of your investigations on a selected topic. Based on your own thesis and the facts and ideas
you have gathered from a variety of sources, a research paper is a creation that is uniquely yours. The
experience of gathering, interpreting, and documenting information, developing and organizing ideas and
conclusions, and communicating them clearly will prove to be an important and satisfying part of your
education and are most certainly valuable in the field of Communication Studies.
Suggested Topics Are Media Effect On: Violence, Obesity, Eating disorders, Trends and consumerism,
Language, Gender roles, Crime, Politics, Video games, Education, Food Industry, Treatment of animals,
ETC ...
Research Paper Requirements
4-6 pages in length
5-10 academic sources
Typed
Use the font Times New Roman only
Use 12 point font
One inch margins
Double spaced
Works cited page (and labeled as such)
Cite your sources according to MLA style
No title page
10
Media Effects Research Paper Format Procedure
Directions: Your paper should be written using-the following guidelines as a roadmap for your format. Follow
these suggestions to ensure a thorough and cohesive research paper.
Introduction
• Identify the group you are researching
• Provide a basic introduction of how the media effects that particular group
• State your focus (thesis statement)
Body
• Analyze and provide the history of this particular group and how it is portrayed in the media
• How the media specifically effects this group (theory and application are necessary)
• Offer a chronological account which explains events of media effect over time
• Cite authorities who have also investigated this phenomenon including citations and paraphrase
Conclusion
• Reaffirm your thesis statement and answer the question you presented in your paper
• Discuss the consequences of this specific media effect to the world
• Thoughtfully conclude with a fact, opinion, or call-to-action for the future
Sample Rubric Below:
11
Media Effects Research Paper Rubric
Introduction to Mass Media CMST & 102
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5=Excellent 4=Goo ...
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
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How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
www.nidmindia.com
The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
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Unlock TikTok Success with Sociocosmos..SocioCosmos
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Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
2. Mass media are believed to cause violence,
sexual promiscuity and contribute to
discrimination against women.
Media advertising is used to sell products and
services.
3. News in leading media has been shown to
significantly
affect stock prices;
lead to corporate collapses;
cause falls in sales of products;
result in the resignation of senior office-holders –
even bring down Presidents.
4. Sociologists have been interested in mass media
content since the early 20th century,
startingwith Max Weber who saw media content
as a means of monitoring the ‘cultural
temperature’
of society (Hansen, Cottle, Negrine & Newbold,
1998, p. 92).
5. Media content analysis
Media content analysis is a specialized sub-set of
content analysis, a well-established research
methodology.
6. Content analysis is used to study a broad range
of ‘texts’ from transcripts of interviews and
discussions in clinical and social research to the
narrative and form of films, TV programs
and the editorial and advertising content of
newspapers and magazines.
7. Media content analysis was introduced as a
systematic method to study mass media by
Harold Lasswell (1927), initially to study
propaganda.
Media content analysis became increasingly
popular as a research methodology during the
1920s and 1930s for investigating the rapidly
expanding communication content of movies.
8. Definitions of content analysis include:
“Content analysis is any research technique for
making inferences
by systematically and objectively identifying specified
characteristics within text”
(Stone, Dunphy, Smith &
Ogilvie, 1996, with credit given to Holsti, p. 5);
9. Weber (1990) says: “Content analysis is a
research method that uses a set of procedures
to make valid inferences from text” (p. 9);
10. • Berger (1991) says: “Content analysis … is a
research technique that is based on
measuring the amount of something
(violence, negative portrayals of women, or
whatever) in a representative sampling of
some mass-mediated popular form of art” (p.
25);
11. Neuman (1997) lists content analysis as a key non-reactive
research methodology (i.e. non-intrusive) and describes it as:
“A technique for gathering and analysing the content of text.
The ‘content’ refers to words, meanings, pictures, symbols,
ideas, themes, or any message that can be communicated.
The ‘text’ is anything written, visual, or spoken that serves as
a medium for communication” (pp. 272–273);
12. Kimberley Neuendorf (2002) provides this
definition:
“Content analysis is a summarizing, quantitative
analysis of messages that relies on the scientific
method … and is not limited as to the types of
variables that may be measured or the context in
which the messages are created or presented”.
13. • Shoemaker and Reese say that social scientists
taking a behaviourist approach to content
analysis rely mostly on quantitative content
analysis, while humanist approaches to media
content tend towards qualitative analysis.
14. Purposes of Content Analysis
Berelson (1952) suggested five main purposes of
content analysis as follows:
To describe substance characteristics of
message content;
To describe form characteristics of message
content;
15. To make inferences to producers of content;
To make inferences to audiences of content;
To predict the effects of content on audiences.
16. Carney (as cited in Neunendorf, 2002) broadly
agreed with this view summarizing the three
main uses of content analysis as (a) descriptive;
(b) hypothesis testing and (c) facilitating
inference (p. 52).
17. • Neuendorf concludes that there are four main
approaches to and roles of content analysis:
Descriptive;
Inferential;
Predictive (p. 53).
18. Quantitative Content Analysis
Shoemaker and Reese (1996) note that media content is characterized
by a wide range of phenomena including the
medium,
production techniques,
messages,
sources quoted or referred to, and context, and
They say that the task of content analysis is “to impose some sort of
order on these phenomena in order to grasp their meaning.”
19. • This type of analysis collects data about
media content such as
• topics or issues,
• volume of mentions,
• ‘messages’ determined by key words in
context (KWIC),
• circulation of the media (audience reach) and
frequency.
20. • Quantitative content analysis also considers
visual media such as television use more
sophisticated semiotic systems than printed text
and, thus, are generally regarded as having
greater impact.
• Neuendorf (2002) says: “What’s important is that
both content and form characteristics ought to be
considered in every content analysis conducted.
21. Qualitative Content Analysis
• QCA examines the relationship between the text
and its likely audience meaning,
• Recognizing that media texts are polysemic – i.e.
open to multiple different meanings to different
readers – and tries to determine the likely
meaning of texts to audiences.
• It pays attention to audience, media and
contextual factors – not simply the text.
22. • Accordingly, qualitative content analysis relies
heavily on researcher ‘readings’ and
interpretation of media texts.
• This intensive and time-consuming focus is one of
the reasons that much qualitative content
analysis has involved small samples of media
content and has been criticized by some
researchers as unscientific and unreliable.
23. Summary Quanti and Quali
• Quantitative content analysis can conform to
the scientific method and produce reliable
findings.
• Whilst qualitative content analysis is difficult
and maybe impossible to do with scientific
reliability.
24. • But qualitative analysis of texts is necessary to
understand their deeper meanings and likely
interpretations by audiences – surely the
ultimate goal of analyzing media content.
25. • Media researchers and academics such as
Newbold et al. (2002), Gauntlett (2002) and
Curran (2002) refer to quantitative and
qualitative content analysis and most view the
fields as complementary and part of a
continuum of analysing texts to try to
determine their likely meanings to and impact
on audiences.
27. Objectivity
• A major goal of any scientific investigation must be to
provide a description or explanation of a phenomenon in a
way that avoids or minimizes the biases of the investigator
and, while true objectivity may not be possible, it should
strive for consistency (Babbie, 1986, p. 27; Lindlof, 1995 as
cited in Neuendorf, 2002, p. 11).
• Objectivity is maximised by selection of a representative
sample.
• It is also maximized by making sure that measurement,
and coding rules must be made before the observation
begins” (Neuendorf, 2002, p. 11).
28. • An inductive approach which measures variables
after they have been observed leads to major
biases and invalidity in a study.
• In effect, it allows issues, topics and messages to
be added to the list of those tracked at the whim
of the researcher, and those added during a study
may have been present from the outset but not
observed, leading to inaccuracies in data.
29. • Thus, a grounded theory approach, as explained by Glaser
and Strauss (1967) and Strauss and Corbin (1990),
• Can be applied to identify issues and messages appropriate
for analysis through preliminary reading of existing
research literature in the field and reading of a sub-sample
of the media content to be studied.
• In media content analysis, a prior design is operationalised
in a Coding System. A key component of a Coding System is
a comprehensive written Code Book or Coding List.
30. • Containing a the list of variables (units of
analysis) to be researched and provides
researchers involved in the project with a
consistent framework for conducting the
research.
• The primary units of content analysis (variables)
are messages expressed as words or phrases –
e.g. ‘violent’, ‘leader’, ‘funding should be
increased’, etc.
31. • Validity
• Validity of content analysis is achieved through
thoroughly understanding the research
• objectives, preliminary reading of a sub-set of
relevant content and careful selection of the
sample of media content to be analysed.
32. Generalizabilty
Generalizability refers to the extent to which
research findings can be applied to and taken as a
measure of the target population generally
Generalisability is largely determined by selection
of a representative and sufficiently large sample, as
well as the overall thoroughness of the
methodology. (See ‘Media content sample’)
33. Replicability
• Replicability, the ability and degree of difficulty or
otherwise for other researchers to replicate the
research to confirm or challenge the results, is a key
criterion for all scientific research.
• Replicability is determined by full disclosure of
information on methodology and procedures. In the
case of content analysis, this should include the Code
Book/Coding List; coding guidelines and instructions to
coders; method of coding used in the case of human
coding; details of any software programs used; and all
data supporting conclusions.
34. Media Content Sample
Sampling for media content analysis comprises three steps,
Newbold et al. (2002) propose:
1. Selection of media forms (i.e. newspapers, magazines,
radio, TV, film) and genre (news, current affairs, drama,
soap opera, documentary, and so on);
2. Selection of issues or dates (the period);
3. Sampling of relevant content from within those media (pp.
80–81).
•
35. • The simplest form of selecting content for
analysis is a census – i.e. selection of all units
in the sampling frame.
• This provides the greatest possible
representation.
36. • However, a census may not be possible in
some cases – e.g. where a large volume of
media coverage has to be analysed such as a
study over many months or years.
• In such cases, a sample of media content may
be selected.
37. Sampling needs to be conducted in an objective way,
ensuring reliability is maintained.
Typical methods of sampling for media content analysis
include:
Systematic random (selecting every nth unit from the
total population of articles or
advertisements/commercials for study);
38. Purposive such as selecting all articles from key
media and not from less important media.
This is valid provided there is some basis for the
criteria applied);
39. Quota such as selecting a proportion of
articles from each of several regions or areas
(either geographic, demographic),
Stratified composite samples constructed by
randomly selecting units for analysis (articles
or ads) from certain days or weeks over a
period.
Editor's Notes
Further information on the effects of mass media is provided in Macnamara (2003), Mass Media Effects: A Review of 50 Years of Media Effects Research.